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1دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Maziar, Aida, Critch, Tristian NRHY, Ghosh, Sourav, Rajani, Vishaal, Flynn, Cassandra M, Qin, Tian, Reinhardt, Camila, Man, Kwun Nok Mimi, Lee, Amy, Hell, Johannes W, Yuan, Qi
المصدر: Cerebral Cortex. 33(4)
مصطلحات موضوعية: Biological Psychology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Psychology, Mental Health, Behavioral and Social Science, Neurodegenerative, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Aging, Neurological, Humans, Rats, Animals, Aged, Nimodipine, Piriform Cortex, Pyramidal Cells, Hippocampus, Calcium Channels, L-Type, aging, hippocampus, L-type calcium channels, piriform cortex, Cognitive Sciences, Experimental Psychology, Biological psychology, Cognitive and computational psychology
الوصف: Aging is associated with cognitive decline and memory loss in humans. In rats, aging-associated neuronal excitability changes and impairments in learning have been extensively studied in the hippocampus. Here, we investigated the roles of L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) in the rat piriform cortex (PC), in comparison with those of the hippocampus. We employed spatial and olfactory tasks that involve the hippocampus and PC. LTCC blocker nimodipine administration impaired spontaneous location recognition in adult rats (6-9 months). However, the same blocker rescued the spatial learning deficiency in aged rats (19-23 months). In an odor-associative learning task, infusions of nimodipine into either the PC or dorsal CA1 impaired the ability of adult rats to learn a positive odor association. Again, in contrast, nimodipine rescued odor associative learning in aged rats. Aged CA1 neurons had higher somatic expression of LTCC Cav1.2 subunits, exhibited larger afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and lower excitability compared with adult neurons. In contrast, PC neurons from aged rats showed higher excitability and no difference in AHP. Cav1.2 expression was similar in adult and aged PC somata, but relatively higher in PSD95- puncta in aged dendrites. Our data suggest unique features of aging-associated changes in LTCCs in the PC and hippocampus.
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URL الوصول: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4xw837mc
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المؤلفون: Guo-Qian Zhang, Fu-Dong Shi, Chun-Sheng Yang, Hui Zhai, Nan Wang, Ting Li, Ming Yi, Yue Li, Yuan Qi, Li Yang, Shu-An Dong
المصدر: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 85:6-12
مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Dose, medicine.medical_treatment, Gastroenterology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Refractory, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, Myasthenia Gravis, medicine, Humans, Immunologic Factors, Receptors, Cholinergic, Aged, Autoantibodies, Acetylcholine receptor, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, business.industry, Autoantibody, General Medicine, Immunotherapy, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Myasthenia gravis, Neurology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Meta-analysis, Female, Surgery, Rituximab, Neurology (clinical), business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, medicine.drug
الوصف: Background Rituximab (RTX) is a mouse-human chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody and has been increasingly used for preventing relapses in myasthenia gravis (MG). However, the appropriate dose for maximizing the beneficial effects in refractory MG with acetylcholine receptor (AChR) autoantibody is a long-standing and critical debating question. Methods We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the different doses of RTX in 260 refractory AChR-MG patients. Results The AChR-MG patients were divided into low or routine RTX dose groups. An overall proportion of 77% (p = 0.000) AChR-MG patients demonstrated improved clinical status as indicated by the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America post-intervention scale (MGFA-PIS). There were 77.1% patients showed improved clinical status in lower dose of RTX group (p = 0.000) and 76.8% in routine protocol group (p = 0.000). Although we found there was no significant difference in the proportion of AChR-MG patients with improved clinical status or adverse reactions between the two groups, adverse reactions might be lower in the lower dose RTX group. Conclusion Most of refractory MG patients with anti-AChR autoantibody were well responsive and tolerated to RTX treatment. Repeated application of lower dose of RTX was effective and might be more appropriate for refractory AChR-MG patients with potential lower side effects.
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المؤلفون: Kailin Xing, Yuan Qi, Lanlin Zhang, Qian Song, Xianghua Wu
المصدر: Current Problems in Cancer. 43:411-420
مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Oncology, End results, Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Thymoma, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Thymus Gland, Population based, Neuroendocrine tumors, Survival outcome, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Epidemiology, Overall survival, medicine, Histologic type, Humans, Aged, Neoplasm Staging, Retrospective Studies, Aged, 80 and over, business.industry, Thymus Neoplasms, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Thymectomy, medicine.disease, Neuroendocrine Tumors, Treatment Outcome, 030104 developmental biology, Lymphatic Metastasis, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Cohort, Lymph Node Excision, Female, business
الوصف: Thymic carcinomas (TCs) and thymic neuroendocrine tumors (TNETs) are aggressive cancers with poor survival outcome and limited investigation. This study is to investigate clinicopathologic features on TC and TNET patients' prognosis of a large cohort.The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database were used to identify a total of 362 TC and TNET patients with documented clinicopathologic features we investigated. The characteristics and overall survival of the TC and TNET patients were studied.Two hundred and forty TC and 122 TNET patients were identified. For the entire cohort of TC and TNET, histologic type (P0.001), tumor size (P = 0.015), Masaoka-Koga stage (P = 0.008), regional node positive (P = 0.004), surgery of primary site (P0.001), lymph node surgery (P = 0.013), and chemotherapy (P = 0.001) were considered as significant clinicopathologic features that could affect prognosis of TC and TNET patients in univariate analysis. More importantly, histologic type (P0.001), regional nodes positive (P = 0.03) and surgery of primary site (P0.001) were able to independently predict overall survival of those patients. In addition, for the cohort of TC, we found that regional nodes positive (P = 0.034) and surgery of primary site (P = 0.001) could be independent predictors of TC patients' survival.Regional nodes detection is essential for TC and TNET patients. Surgery of primary site is the preferred primary treatment for those patients.
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المؤلفون: Woonyoung Choi, Roger Li, Xiaoping Su, Bogdan Czerniak, Tyler J. Moss, David J. McConkey, Charles C. Guo, Surena F. Matin, Colin P.N. Dinney, Firas G. Petros, Yuan Qi
المصدر: The Journal of urology. 206(3)
مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma, Urology, Urinary Bladder, Kidney, Neoplasms, Multiple Primary, Expression analysis, medicine, Biomarkers, Tumor, Tumor Microenvironment, Humans, RNA-Seq, Ureteral neoplasm, Urothelial carcinoma, Aged, Carcinoma, Transitional Cell, Bladder cancer, business.industry, Ureteral Neoplasms, Neoplasms, Second Primary, Ureteral cancer, medicine.disease, Kidney Neoplasms, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Upper tract, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms, Female, Ureter, business
الوصف: We compared upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) in same-patient metachronous UTUC and synchronous UTUC and BUC using next-generation sequencing.Consecutive untreated same-patient samples of UTUC and BUC were macrodissected from unstained formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded slides after quality control. Samples were divided into 4 groups: 1) UTUC-metachronous BUC, 2) BUC-metachronous UTUC, 3) synchronous UTUC-BUC, 4) UTUC without BUC. Exclusions were inadequate clinical data or histological tumor purity30%. Whole transcriptome RNA sequencing was performed. After quality assessment, gene expression clusters using unsupervised hierarchical consensus clustering and correlation with pertinent clinicopathologic variables, a prior RNASeq data set and other published data were performed.RNAseq was performed on 95 samples (UTUC=61, BUC=34) from 40 untreated patients. Unsupervised consensus clustering segregated the tumors into 2 clusters that were enriched with BASE47 basal-like or luminal-like gene expression. Almost two-thirds (61.9%) of Group 2 tumors were basal-like, while the majority of Groups 1, 3, 4 (80.6%, 70.0% and 69.6%, respectively) were luminal-like (p=0.017). Further analyses revealed that the differences in basal-like and luminal-like gene expression were associated with differential fibroblast and immune cell gene expression signatures. In all, 87.5% of metachronous tumors maintained subtype membership.Gene expression analysis of same-patient metachronous UTUC-BUC suggests that the majority of mUTUC developing after BUC appear more basal-like, while synchronous and initial UTUC tumors appear luminal-like. Metachronous tumors largely maintain molecular subtype membership of the initial tumor regardless of chronologic development or anatomical origin.
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المؤلفون: Jiajia Zhu, Huanhuan Cai, Qiuhui Wang, Chunshui Yu, Xue Zhang, Li Yang, Fu-Dong Shi, Yuan Qi, Jie Sun, Xi Guo, Ningnannan Zhang, Lin-Jie Zhang
المصدر: Hum Brain Mapp
مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Central nervous system, 050105 experimental psychology, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Cognitive decline, Research Articles, Aged, Neuromyelitis optica, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, medicine.diagnostic_test, Resting state fMRI, business.industry, Neuromyelitis Optica, 05 social sciences, Brain, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Spinal cord, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, medicine.anatomical_structure, nervous system, Neurology, Cerebral blood flow, Cerebrovascular Circulation, cardiovascular system, Optic nerve, Cardiology, Neurovascular Coupling, Female, Spin Labels, Neurology (clinical), Anatomy, business, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, circulatory and respiratory physiology
الوصف: Neurovascular coupling reflects the close relationship between neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow (CBF), providing a new mechanistic insight into health and disease. Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and shows cognitive decline-related brain gray matter abnormalities besides the damage of optic nerve and spinal cord. We aimed to investigate neurovascular coupling alteration and its clinical significance in NMO by using regional homogeneity (ReHo) to measure neuronal activity and CBF to measure vascular response. ReHo was calculated from functional MRI and CBF was computed from arterial spin labeling (ASL) in 56 patients with NMO and 63 healthy controls. Global neurovascular coupling was assessed by across-voxel CBF-ReHo correlations and regional neurovascular coupling was evaluated by CBF/ReHo ratio. Correlations between CBF/ReHo ratio and clinical variables were explored in patients with NMO. Global CBF-ReHo coupling was decreased in patients with NMO relative to healthy controls (p = .009). Patients with NMO showed decreased CBF/ReHo ratio (10.9%-17.3% reduction) in the parietal and occipital regions and increased CBF/ReHo ratio (8.0%-13.3% increase) in the insular, sensorimotor, temporal and prefrontal regions. Some of these abnormalities cannot be identified by a single CBF or ReHo analysis. Both abnormally decreased and increased CBF/ReHo ratios were correlated with more severe clinical impairments and cognitive decline in patients with NMO. These findings suggested that patients with NMO show abnormal neurovascular coupling, which is associated with disease severity and cognitive impairments.
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المؤلفون: Jin-Jian Yang, Yuan-yuan Qi, Songchao Li, Xiang-Hui Ning, Fang-Xin Wang, Zhan-Kui Jia
المصدر: BioMed Research International
BioMed Research International, Vol 2020 (2020)مصطلحات موضوعية: 0301 basic medicine, Oncology, Male, Multivariate analysis, Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone, Epigenesis, Genetic, 0302 clinical medicine, Databases, Genetic, Aged, 80 and over, Framingham Risk Score, General Medicine, Methylation, Middle Aged, Prognosis, DNA-Binding Proteins, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, DNA methylation, Medicine, Female, Research Article, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Article Subject, Urinary Bladder, Biology, Risk Assessment, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Atlases as Topic, Internal medicine, medicine, Biomarkers, Tumor, Humans, Gene, Survival analysis, Aged, Neoplasm Staging, Bladder cancer, General Immunology and Microbiology, Proportional hazards model, Molecular Sequence Annotation, DNA Methylation, medicine.disease, Survival Analysis, Receptor, Galanin, Type 1, 030104 developmental biology, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms, Neoplasm Grading, Transcription Factors
الوصف: Bladder cancer (BLCA) is the most common urinary tract tumor and is the 11th most malignant cancer worldwide. With the development of in-depth multisystem sequencing, an increasing number of prognostic molecular markers have been identified. In this study, we focused on the role of protein-coding gene methylation in the prognosis of BLCA. We downloaded BLCA clinical and methylation data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and used this information to identify differentially methylated genes and construct a survival model using lasso regression. We assessed 365 cases, with complete information regarding survival status, survival time longer than 30 days, age, gender, and tumor characteristics (grade, stage, T, M, N), in our study. We identified 353 differentially methylated genes, including 50 hypomethylated genes and 303 hypermethylated genes. After annotation, a total of 227 genes were differentially expressed. Of these, 165 were protein-coding genes. Three genes (zinc finger protein 382 (ZNF382), galanin receptor 1 (GALR1), and structural maintenance of chromosomes flexible hinge domain containing 1 (SMCHD1)) were selected for the final risk model. Patients with higher-risk scores represent poorer survival than patients with lower-risk scores in the training set ( HR = 2.37 , 95% CI 1.43-3.94, p = 0.001 ), in the testing group ( HR = 1.85 , 95% CI 1.16-2.94, p = 0.01 ), and in the total cohort ( HR = 2.06 , 95% CI 1.46-2.90, p < 0.001 ). Further univariate and multivariate analyses using the Cox regression method were conducted in these three groups, respectively. All the results indicated that risk score was an independent risk factor for BLCA. Our study screened the different methylation protein-coding genes in the BLCA tissues and constructed a robust risk model for predicting the outcome of BLCA patients. Moreover, these three genes may function in the mechanism of development and progression of BLCA, which should be fully clarified in the future.
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المؤلفون: Shu-Ling, Chen, Han, Xiao, Zong-Lin, Xie, Jing-Xian, Shen, Ze-Bin, Chen, Yuan-Qi, Wang, Bin, Li, Zhen-Wei, Peng, Ming, Kuang, Jia-Ming, Lai, Sui, Peng
المصدر: European radiology. 30(6)
مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Male, Hepatitis B virus, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular, Patient Selection, Liver Neoplasms, Middle Aged, Combined Modality Therapy, Hepatitis B, Chronic, Treatment Outcome, Microvessels, Catheter Ablation, Hepatectomy, Humans, Female, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Chemoembolization, Therapeutic, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Propensity Score, Aged, Retrospective Studies
الوصف: We used the status of microvascular invasion (MVI) at primary resection to help treatment selection for hepatitis B virus-positive (HBV+) recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (rHCC) patients in Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage B-C.From 2009 to 2017, we enrolled 221 consecutive HBV+ rHCC patients at BCLC stage B-C who underwent re-resection (RR), radiofrequency ablation (RFA), or transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Post recurrence survival (PRS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between RR/RFA and TACE according to MVI status. A one-to-one propensity score matching analysis was performed.For MVI(-) patients, the median PRS was 62.3 months for the RR/RFA group and 21.1 months for the TACE group (p = 0.039). The corresponding OS was 71.4 months and 26.6 months, respectively (p = 0.010). For MVI(+) patients, the median PRS in the RR/RFA group and TACE group was 14.7 months and 10.1 months (p = 0.115). The corresponding OS was 23.4 months and 16.4 months, respectively (p = 0.067). After matching, the dominance of RR/RFA over TACE remained in MVI(-) patients for both PRS (62.3 months vs 15.3 months, p = 0.019) and OS (98.1 months vs 33.4 months, p = 0.046). No significant difference was found in MVI(+) patients for either PRS (14.7 months vs 11.8 months, p = 0.593) or OS (23.4 months vs 28.1 months, p = 0.662).MVI status definitely helps select treatment options in HBV+ rHCC patients. For MVI(-) patients, RR/RFA provided better survival than TACE while for MVI(+) patients, TACE shared similar survival outcomes.• This study aimed at the determination of the optimal treatment options (ablation /resection vs TACE) in case of recurrent HBV-related HCC. • It showed that MVI status, established at primary resection of HCC, was a powerful marker for selecting the best treatment option in these patients. • In MVI(-) patients, RR/RFA achieved a better survival than TACE. In MVI(+) patients, TACE shared similar survival.
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المؤلفون: Seth P. Lerner, Michael Ittmann, Bo Peng, Liu Xi, Tae-Beom Kim, Yuan Qi, Tyler J. Moss, Surena F. Matin, David A. Wheeler, Nader E. Ezzedine, Bogdan Czerniak, Charles C. Guo, Maribel Mosqueda
المصدر: European Urology. 72:641-649
مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, 0301 basic medicine, Mutation rate, Urology, DNA Mutational Analysis, Genomics, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Mutation Rate, Sequence Analysis, Protein, Databases, Genetic, Exome Sequencing, Biomarkers, Tumor, Cluster Analysis, Humans, Medicine, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Kidney Pelvis, Exome sequencing, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Genetics, Bladder cancer, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Ureteral Neoplasms, business.industry, Gene Expression Profiling, Carcinoma in situ, Computational Biology, Ureteral cancer, medicine.disease, Texas, Kidney Neoplasms, Gene expression profiling, Phenotype, Treatment Outcome, 030104 developmental biology, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms, CpG site, Multigene Family, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Mutation, Cancer research, Female, Ureter, Urothelium, business
الوصف: Background Upper urinary tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) may have unique etiologic and genomic factors compared to bladder cancer. Objective To characterize the genomic landscape of UTUC and provide insights into its biology using comprehensive integrated genomic analyses. Design, setting, and participants We collected 31 untreated snap-frozen UTUC samples from two institutions and carried out whole-exome sequencing (WES) of DNA, RNA sequencing (RNAseq), and protein analysis. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Adjusting for batch effects, consensus mutation calls from independent pipelines identified DNA mutations, gene expression clusters using unsupervised consensus hierarchical clustering (UCHC), and protein expression levels that were correlated with relevant clinical variables, The Cancer Genome Atlas, and other published data. Results and limitations WES identified mutations in FGFR3 (74.1%; 92% low-grade, 60% high-grade), KMT2D (44.4%), PIK3CA (25.9%), and TP53 (22.2%). APOBEC and CpG were the most common mutational signatures. UCHC of RNAseq data segregated samples into four molecular subtypes with the following characteristics. Cluster 1: no PIK3CA mutations, nonsmokers, high-grade FGFR3 mutations, low-grade tumors, tobacco use, noninvasive disease, no bladder recurrences. Cluster 3: 100% FGFR3 mutations, 71% PIK3CA , no TP53 mutations, five bladder recurrences, tobacco use, tumors all KMT2D (62.5%), FGFR3 (50%), TP53 (50%) mutations, no PIK3CA mutations, high-grade pT2+ disease, tobacco use, carcinoma in situ, shorter survival. We identified a novel SH3KBP1-CNTNAP5 fusion. Conclusions Mutations in UTUC occur at differing frequencies from bladder cancer, with four unique molecular and clinical subtypes. A novel SH3KBP1 fusion regulates RTK signaling. Further studies are needed to validate the described subtypes, explore their responses to therapy, and better define the novel fusion mutation. Patient summary We conducted a comprehensive study of the genetics of upper urinary tract urothelial cancer by evaluating DNA, RNA and protein expression in 31 tumors. We identified four molecular subtypes with distinct behaviors. Future studies will determine if these subtypes appear to have different responses to treatments.
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المؤلفون: Juanli Wang, Yuan-Yuan Qi, Wenjun Zhang
المصدر: Renal Failure, Vol 43, Iss 1, Pp 597-598 (2021)
Renal Failure
article-version (VoR) Version of Recordمصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Male, China, medicine.medical_specialty, Letter, 030232 urology & nephrology, Ultrafiltration, Hemodiafiltration, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Renin–angiotensin system, medicine, Humans, Letter to the Editor, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Ventricular Remodeling, business.industry, Heart, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, Survival Rate, Logistic Models, Echocardiography, Nephrology, Cardiology, Kidney Failure, Chronic, Female, RC870-923, Hypotension, Intradialytic hypotension, business
الوصف: Intradialytic-hypotension (IDH) is a common complication of hemodialysis. High ultrafiltration rate (UFR) might lead to IDH. However, the relationships between UFR, IDH, and cardiac remodeling among hemodialysis patients in the long-term have not been deeply explored.This retrospective cohort study collected clinical and echocardiographic data. Patients were enrolled from 1 January 2014 to 31 March 2014 and were followed-up for 5-year. Those who suffered from more than four hypotensive events during three months (10% of dialysis treatments) were defined as the IDH group. Subgroup analysis was done according to the UFR of 10 ml/h/kg. Associations between UFR, IDH, and alterations of cardiac structure/function were analyzed.Among 209 patients, 96 were identified with IDH (45.9%). The survival rate of IDH patients was lower than that of no-IDH patients (65.5% vs. 81.4%,UFR and IDH have interactions on cardiac remodeling. High ultrafiltration rate induced IDH is a predictor for cardiac remodeling in long-term follow-up.
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المؤلفون: Li Yang, Fu-Dong Shi, Sheng Hui Chang, Lin jie Zhang, Jing Wang, Li min Li, Zhi Hua Sun, Qiu xia Zhang, Nannan Zhangning, Chun-Sheng Yang, Yuan Qi
المصدر: BMC Neurology, Vol 18, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2018)
BMC Neurologyمصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Male, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Neurology, genetic processes, Connective tissue, environment and public health, lcsh:RC346-429, Transverse myelitis, 03 medical and health sciences, Magnetic resonance imaging, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Humans, Connective Tissue Diseases, lcsh:Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, Aged, Autoantibodies, 030203 arthritis & rheumatology, Neuromyelitis optica, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, fungi, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Spinal cord, medicine.disease, enzymes and coenzymes (carbohydrates), medicine.anatomical_structure, health occupations, Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, Female, Connective tissue disorders, Neurology (clinical), CTD, Neurosurgery, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Research Article
الوصف: Background Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) often coexist with connective tissue disorders (CTD). The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the features of NMOSD with and without CTD. Methods NMOSD patients with (n = 18) and without CTD (n = 39) were enrolled, and the clinical, laboratory, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of the two groups were assessed. Results Most of the demographic and clinical features examined were similar between NMOSD patients with and without CTD. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), percentage of γ-globulin and seropositivity for several other autoantibodies were significantly elevated in NMOSD patients with CTD (P
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