المؤلفون: Freymiller GA; Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.; Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA., Whitford MD; Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.; Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, USA., Schwaner MJ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA., McGowan CP; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA., Higham TE; Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA., Clark RW; Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.; Chiricahua Desert Museum, Rodeo, New Mexico, USA.

المصدر: Journal of anatomy [J Anat] 2022 Mar; Vol. 240 (3), pp. 466-474. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Oct 14.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0137162 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1469-7580 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00218782 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Anat Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Dipodomys*/physiology , Muscle, Skeletal*/anatomy & histology, Animals ; Ankle Joint/physiology ; Hindlimb/anatomy & histology ; Locomotion/physiology ; Tendons/anatomy & histology

مستخلص: Body size is a key factor that influences antipredator behavior. For animals that rely on jumping to escape from predators, there is a theoretical trade-off between jump distance and acceleration as body size changes at both the inter- and intraspecific levels. Assuming geometric similarity, acceleration will decrease with increasing body size due to a smaller increase in muscle cross-sectional area than body mass. Smaller animals will likely have a similar jump distance as larger animals due to their shorter limbs and faster accelerations. Therefore, in order to maintain acceleration in a jump across different body sizes, hind limbs must be disproportionately bigger for larger animals. We explored this prediction using four species of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.), a genus of bipedal rodent with similar morphology across a range of body sizes (40-150 g). Kangaroo rat jump performance was measured by simulating snake strikes to free-ranging individuals. Additionally, morphological measurements of hind limb muscles and segment lengths were obtained from thawed frozen specimens. Overall, jump acceleration was constant across body sizes and jump distance increased with increasing size. Additionally, kangaroo rat hind limb muscle mass and cross-sectional area scaled with positive allometry. Ankle extensor tendon cross-sectional area also scaled with positive allometry. Hind limb segment length scaled isometrically, with the exception of the metatarsals, which scaled with negative allometry. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that kangaroo rat hind limbs are built to maintain jump acceleration rather than jump distance. Selective pressure from single-strike predators, such as snakes and owls, likely drives this relationship.
(© 2021 Anatomical Society.)

المؤلفون: Schuez I; Danube Private University, Center of Natural and Cultural Human History, Krems, Austria., Alt KW; Danube Private University, Center of Natural and Cultural Human History, Krems, Austria.

المصدر: Journal of anatomy [J Anat] 2022 Feb; Vol. 240 (2), pp. 183-196. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Oct 01.

نوع المنشور: Historical Article; Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0137162 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1469-7580 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00218782 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Anat Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Anatomy* , Famous Persons* , Tooth*, Head ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; Human Body ; Humans ; Male ; Skull

مستخلص: Leonardo da Vinci, the Renaissance polymath, is still recognized today-above all for his oil paintings and mechanical inventions. His anatomical studies have attracted less attention, even though he devoted over 30 years of his life to them. This paper outlines Leonardo's career and research methods and focuses on the importance of his medical images for anatomical research and teaching. Following a short presentation of the state of (dental) medicine in the early Renaissance period, it offers a description of five of his cranial drawings that show the anatomy of the teeth, the nervous and vascular system on inner and outer tables of the skull and the paranasal sinuses in great detail. Leonardo da Vinci had obviously discovered and depicted the maxillary sinus 150 years before the anatomist Nathaniel Highmore, who is usually credited with this discovery. Other anatomical drawings by Leonardo address the correct human dental formula and describe the morphology of the four types of teeth. His handwritten notes show that he recognized the connection between tooth form and function. Finally, this paper evaluates the influence of these discoveries and innovations on the development of dentistry and its establishment as a scientific discipline. There is no doubt that Leonardo da Vinci's preoccupation with the anatomy of the maxillofacial region influenced the development of anatomy and dentistry, even though he never published his anatomical research.
(© 2021 Anatomical Society.)

المؤلفون: Berio F; Laboratoire de Paléontologie et Biologie Évolutive, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada., Bayle Y; Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, LaBRI, UMR5800, Talence, France., Riley C; Laboratoire de Paléontologie et Biologie Évolutive, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada., Larouche O; Laboratoire de Paléontologie et Biologie Évolutive, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada.; Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA., Cloutier R; Laboratoire de Paléontologie et Biologie Évolutive, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada.

المصدر: Journal of anatomy [J Anat] 2022 Feb; Vol. 240 (2), pp. 253-267. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Sep 19.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0137162 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1469-7580 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00218782 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Anat Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Skates, Fish*/anatomy & histology, Animals ; Somites ; Spine/anatomy & histology ; Vertebrates/anatomy & histology ; X-Ray Microtomography

مستخلص: Regionalization of the vertebral column occurred early during vertebrate evolution and has been extensively investigated in mammals. However, less data are available on vertebral regions of crown gnathostomes. This is particularly true for batoids (skates, sawfishes, guitarfishes, and rays) whose vertebral column has long been considered to be composed of the same two regions as in teleost fishes despite the presence of a synarcual. However, the numerous vertebral units in chondrichthyans may display a more complex regionalization pattern than previously assumed and the intraspecific variation of such pattern deserves a thorough investigation. In this study, we use micro-computed tomography (µCT) scans of vertebral columns of a growth series of thorny skates Amblyraja radiata to provide the first fine-scale morphological description of vertebral units in a batoids species. We further investigate axial regionalization using a replicable clustering analysis on presence/absence of vertebral elements to decipher the regionalization of the vertebral column of A. radiata. We identify four vertebral regions in this species. The two anteriormost regions, named synarcual and thoracic, may undergo strong developmental or functional constraints because they display stable patterns of shapes and numbers of vertebral units across all growth stages. The third region, named hemal transitional, is characterized by high inter-individual morphological variation and displays a transition between the monospondylous (one centrum per somite) to diplospondylous (two centra per somite) conditions. The posteriormost region, named caudal, is subdivided into three sub-regions with shapes changing gradually along the anteroposterior axis. These regionalized patterns are discussed in light of ecological habits of skates.
(© 2021 Anatomical Society.)

المؤلفون: Kienle SS; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA., Cuthbertson RD; Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA., Reidenberg JS; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, New York, New York, USA.

المصدر: Journal of anatomy [J Anat] 2022 Feb; Vol. 240 (2), pp. 226-252. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Oct 26.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0137162 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1469-7580 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00218782 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Anat Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Caniformia*/anatomy & histology , Caniformia*/physiology , Sea Lions* , Seals, Earless*/anatomy & histology , Seals, Earless*/physiology, Animals ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Mammals ; Skull/anatomy & histology

مستخلص: Secondarily aquatic tetrapods have many unique morphologic adaptations for life underwater compared with their terrestrial counterparts. A key innovation during the land-to-water transition was feeding. Pinnipeds, a clade of air-breathing marine carnivorans that include seals, sea lions, and walruses, have evolved multiple strategies for aquatic feeding (e.g., biting, suction feeding). Numerous studies have examined the pinniped skull and dental specializations for underwater feeding. However, data on the pinniped craniofacial musculoskeletal system and its role in aquatic feeding are rare. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to conduct a comparative analysis of pinniped craniofacial musculature and examine the function of the craniofacial musculature in facilitating different aquatic feeding strategies. We performed anatomic dissections of 35 specimens across six pinniped species. We describe 32 pinniped craniofacial muscles-including facial expression, mastication, tongue, hyoid, and soft palate muscles. Pinnipeds broadly conform to mammalian patterns of craniofacial muscle morphology. Pinnipeds also exhibit unique musculoskeletal morphologies-in muscle position, attachments, and size-that likely represent adaptations for different aquatic feeding strategies. Suction feeding specialists (bearded and northern elephant seals) have a significantly larger masseter than biters. Further, northern elephant seals have large and unique tongue and hyoid muscle morphologies compared with other pinniped species. These morphologic changes likely help generate and withstand suction pressures necessary for drawing water and prey into the mouth. In contrast, biting taxa (California sea lions, harbor, ringed, and Weddell seals) do not exhibit consistent craniofacial musculoskeletal adaptations that differentiate them from suction feeders. Generally, we discover that all pinnipeds have well-developed and robust craniofacial musculature. Pinniped head musculature plays an important role in facilitating different aquatic feeding strategies. Together with behavioral and kinematic studies, our data suggest that pinnipeds' robust facial morphology allows animals to switch feeding strategies depending on the environmental context-a critical skill in a heterogeneous and rapidly changing underwater habitat.
(© 2021 The Authors. Journal of Anatomy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Anatomical Society.)

المؤلفون: Pereira-Pedro AS; Grupo de Paleobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain., Bruner E; Grupo de Paleobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain.

المصدر: Journal of anatomy [J Anat] 2022 Feb; Vol. 240 (2), pp. 330-338. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Sep 09.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0137162 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1469-7580 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00218782 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Anat Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Parietal Bone*/diagnostic imaging , Skull*/anatomy & histology , Skull*/diagnostic imaging, Adult ; Face/anatomy & histology ; Frontal Bone ; Head ; Humans ; Skull Base/anatomy & histology

مستخلص: In adult humans, the orbits vary mostly in their orientation in relation to the frontal bone profile, while the orientation of the cranial base and face are associated with the anteroposterior dimensions of the parietal bone. Here we investigate the effect of parietal bone length on the orientation of the orbits, addressing craniofacial integration and head orientation. We applied shape analysis to a sample of computed tomography scans from 30 adult modern humans, capturing the outlines of the parietal and frontal bones, the orbits, and the lateral and midline cranial base, to investigate shape variation, covariation, and modularity. Results show that the orientation of the orbits varies in accordance with the anterior cranial base, and in association with changes in parietal bone longitudinal extension. Flatter, elongated parietal bones are associated with downwardly oriented orbits and cranial bases. Modularity analysis points to a significant integration among the orbits, anterior cranial base, and the frontal profile. While the orbits are morphologically integrated with the adjacent structures in terms of shape, the association with parietal bone size depends on the spatial relationship between the two blocks. Complementary changes in orbit and parietal bone might play a role in accommodating craniofacial variability and may contribute to maintain the functional axis of the head. To better understand how skull morphology and head posture relate, future studies should account for the spatial relationship between the head and the neck.
(© 2021 Anatomical Society.)

المؤلفون: Gheerbrant E; CR2P, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie Paris, UMR 7207 (CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Sorbonne Universités), Paris, France., Schmitt A; CR2P, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie Paris, UMR 7207 (CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Sorbonne Universités), Paris, France., Billet G; CR2P, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie Paris, UMR 7207 (CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Sorbonne Universités), Paris, France.

المصدر: Journal of anatomy [J Anat] 2022 Apr; Vol. 240 (4), pp. 595-611. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Jul 31.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0137162 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1469-7580 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00218782 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Anat Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Ear, Inner*/anatomy & histology , Placenta*, Animals ; Female ; Fossils ; Mammals/anatomy & histology ; Morocco ; Phylogeny ; Pregnancy

مستخلص: Based on high-resolution computed tomography, we describe in detail the petrosal and inner ear anatomy of one of the few known African stem paenungulates (Paenungulatomorpha), Ocepeia daouiensis from the Selandian of the Ouled Abdoun phosphate basin (Morocco). The petrosal of Ocepeia displays some remarkable, probably derived features (among eutherians) such as relatively small pars cochlearis, pars canalicularis labyrinth (including small semicircular canals), a large wing-like pars mastoidea, a large and inflated tegmen tympani, and the dorsoventral orientation of the large canal for the ramus superior. The presence of small semicircular canals in Ocepeia is an interesting shared trait with tenrecoidean afrotherians. Otherwise, and consistent with a general primitive skull morphology, the middle ear and labyrinth of Ocepeia daouiensis is characterised by many plesiomorphic traits close to the eutherian generalised plan. This adds to the rather generalised morphology of the earliest crown paenungulates such as Eritherium, Phosphatherium and Seggeurius to support an ancestral paenungulatomorph morphotype poorly derived from the eutherian pattern. As a result, Ocepeia provides key morphological and fossil data to test phylogenetic relationships of the Afrotheria (including Paenungulatomorpha) at the placental root mostly inferred from molecular studies.
(© 2020 Anatomical Society.)

المؤلفون: Cerroni MA; Laboratorio de Anatomía Comparada y Evolución de los Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia', CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina., Canale JI; Área Laboratorio e Investigación, Museo Paleontológico 'Ernesto Bachmann', CONICET, Villa El Chocón Neuquén, Argentina., Novas FE; Laboratorio de Anatomía Comparada y Evolución de los Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia', CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina., Paulina-Carabajal A; Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina.

المصدر: Journal of anatomy [J Anat] 2022 Apr; Vol. 240 (4), pp. 612-626. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Jun 22.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0137162 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1469-7580 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00218782 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Anat Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Dinosaurs*/anatomy & histology, Animals ; Fossils ; Head ; Skull/anatomy & histology

مستخلص: Abelisaurids were one of the most successful theropod dinosaurs during Cretaceous times. They are featured by numerous derived skull traits, such as heavily ornamented bones, short and tall snout, and a strongly thickened cranial roof. Furthermore, nasals are distinctive on having two distinct nasal patterns: strongly transversely convex and heavily sculptured (e.g., Carnotaurus), and transversely concave, with marked bilateral crests and poorly sculptured surfaces (e.g., Rugops). Independently of the pattern, some abelisaurid nasals (e.g., Rugops) show a distinctive row of large foramina on the dorsal surface, which were in general associated to skin structures (scales). Skorpiovenator bustingorryi is a derived abelisaurid coming from the upper Cretaceous beds of northwestern Patagonia, represented by an almost complete skeleton including a well-preserved skull. Particularly, the skull of Skorpiovenator shows nasal bones characterized by being transversely concave, rimmed by lateral crests and with a conspicuous row of foramina on the dorsal surface. But more interesting is that the skull roof also exhibits a row of large foramina that seem to be continuous with the previous nasal foramina. CT scans made on the skull corroborates a novel feature within theropods: the nasal foramina on the external surface are linked to an internal canal that runs across the nasal bones. We compared this feature with CT scans of Carnotaurus and revealed that it also possess an internal system as in Skorpiovenator, but being notably smaller. The symmetry and disposition of the foramina in the nasal and skull roof bones of Skorpiovenator would indicate a neurovascular correlate (i.e., blood vessels and nerves), probably to the lateral nasal and supraorbital vessels and the trigeminal nerve. The biological significance of such neurovascular system can be conjectured from several hypotheses. A possible one involves an enhanced blood volume in these bones linked to a zone of thermal exchange, which may help avoid overheat of encephalic tissues. Another plausible hypothesis takes into account the presence of display skin structures in which blood volume nourished the mineralized skin, which would have a role in intraspecific communication. However, other more speculative explanations should not be discarded such as a correlation with integumentary sensory organs.
(© 2020 Anatomical Society.)

المؤلفون: Gálvez-López E; PalaeoHub, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, United Kingdom., Kilbourne B; Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany., Cox PG; PalaeoHub, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, United Kingdom.

المصدر: Journal of anatomy [J Anat] 2022 Feb; Vol. 240 (2), pp. 210-225. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Sep 26.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0137162 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1469-7580 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00218782 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Anat Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Mink* , Skull*/anatomy & histology, Animals ; Bite Force ; Female ; Head/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Male ; Sex Characteristics

مستخلص: European and American minks (Mustela lutreola and Neovison vison, respectively) are very similar in their ecology, behavior, and morphology. However, the American mink is a generalist predator and seems to adapt better to anthropized environments, allowing it to outcompete the European mink in areas where it has been introduced, threatening the survival of the native species. To assess whether morphological differences may be contributing to the success of the American mink relative to the European mink, we analyzed shape variation in the cranium of both species using 3D geometric morphometrics. A set of 38 landmarks and 107 semilandmarks was used to study shape variation between and within species, and to assess how differences in size factored into that variation. Sexual dimorphism in both size and shape was also studied. Significant differences between species were found in cranial shape, but not in size. Relative to American mink, European mink have a shorter facial region with a rounder forehead and wider orbits, a longer neurocranium with less developed crests and processes, and an antero-medially placed tympanic bullae with an anteriorly expanded cranial border. Within species, size-related sexual dimorphism is highly significant, but sexual dimorphism in shape is only significant in American mink, not in European mink. Additionally, two trends common to both species were discovered, one related to allometric changes and another to sexual size dimorphism. Shape changes related to increasing size can be subdivided into two, probably related, groups: increased muscle force and growth. The first group somewhat parallels the differences between both mink species, while the second group of traits includes an anterodorsal expansion of the face, and the neurocranium shifting from a globous shape in small individuals to a dorsoventrally flattened ellipse in the largest ones. Finally, the sexual dimorphism trend, while also accounting for differences in muscle force, seems to be related to the observed dietary differences between males and females. Overall, differences between species and sexes, and shape changes with increasing size, seem to mainly relate to differences in masticatory-muscle volume and therefore muscle force and bite force, which, in turn, relate to a wider range of potential prey (bigger prey, tougher shells). Thus, muscle force (and dietary range) would be larger in American mink than in European mink, in males than in females, and in larger individuals than in smaller ones.
(© 2021 The Authors. Journal of Anatomy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Anatomical Society.)

المؤلفون: Houssaye A; Département Adaptations du vivant, UMR 7179 CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France., de Perthuis A; Département Adaptations du vivant, UMR 7179 CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France., Houée G; Département Adaptations du vivant, UMR 7179 CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.

المصدر: Journal of anatomy [J Anat] 2022 Jan; Vol. 240 (1), pp. 50-65. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Aug 16.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0137162 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1469-7580 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00218782 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Anat Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Patella*/anatomy & histology , Patellofemoral Joint*/anatomy & histology, Animals ; Cadaver ; Humans ; Knee Joint ; Perissodactyla ; Tendons/anatomy & histology

مستخلص: The patella is the largest sesamoid bone of the skeleton. It is strongly involved in the knee, improving output force and velocity of the knee extensors, and thus plays a major role in locomotion and limb stability. However, the relationships between its structure and functional constraints, that would enable a better understanding of limb bone functional adaptations, are poorly known. This contribution proposes a comparative analysis, both qualitative and quantitative, of the microanatomy of the whole patella in perissodactyls, which show a wide range of morphologies, masses, and locomotor abilities, in order to investigate how the microanatomy of the patella adapts to evolutionary constraints. The inner structure of the patella consists of a spongiosa surrounded by a compact cortex. Contrary to our expectations, there is no increase in compactness with bone size, and thus body size and weight, but only an increase in the tightness of the spongiosa. No particular thickening of the cortex associated with muscle insertions is noticed but a strong thickening is observed anteriorly at about mid-length, where the strong intermediate patellar ligament inserts. The trabeculae are mainly oriented perpendicularly to the posterior articular surface, which highlights that the main stress is anteroposteriorly directed, maintaining the patella against the femoral trochlea. Conversely, anteriorly, trabeculae are rather circumferentially oriented, following the insertion of the patellar ligament and, possibly also, of the quadriceps tendon. A strong variation is observed among perissodactyl families but also intraspecifically, which is in accordance with previous studies suggesting a higher variability in sesamoid bones. Clear trends are nevertheless observed between the three families. Equids have a much thinner cortex than ceratomorphs. Rhinos and equids, both characterized by a development of the medial border, show an increase in trabecular density laterally suggesting stronger stresses laterally. The inner structure in tapirs is more homogeneous despite the absence of medial development of the medial border with no "compensation" of the inner structure, which suggests different stresses on their knees associated with a different morphology of their patellofemoral joint.
(© 2021 Anatomical Society.)

المؤلفون: Ashique AM; Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada., Atake OJ; Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada., Ovens K; Augmented Intelligence & Precision Health Laboratory (AIPHL), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada., Guo R; Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada., Pratt IV; Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada., Detrich HW 3rd; Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University Marine Science Center, Nahant, Massachusetts, USA., Cooper DML; Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada., Desvignes T; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA., Postlethwait JH; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA., Eames BF; Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.

المصدر: Journal of anatomy [J Anat] 2022 Jan; Vol. 240 (1), pp. 34-49. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Aug 22.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0137162 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1469-7580 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00218782 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Anat Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Bone Density* , Perciformes*/anatomy & histology, Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Fishes/anatomy & histology

مستخلص: Ancestors of the Antarctic icefishes (family Channichthyidae) were benthic and had no swim bladder, making it energetically expensive to rise from the ocean floor. To exploit the water column, benthopelagic icefishes were hypothesized to have evolved a skeleton with "reduced bone," which gross anatomical data supported. Here, we tested the hypothesis that changes to icefish bones also occurred below the level of gross anatomy. Histology and micro-CT imaging of representative craniofacial bones (i.e., ceratohyal, frontal, dentary, and articular) of extant Antarctic fish species specifically evaluated two features that might cause the appearance of "reduced bone": bone microstructure (e.g., bone volume fraction and structure linear density) and bone mineral density (BMD, or mass of mineral per volume of bone). Measures of bone microstructure were not consistently different in bones from the icefishes Chaenocephalus aceratus and Champsocephalus gunnari, compared to the related benthic notothenioids Notothenia coriiceps and Gobionotothen gibberifrons. Some quantitative measures, such as bone volume fraction and structure linear density, were significantly increased in some icefish bones compared to homologous bones of non-icefish. However, such differences were rare, and no microstructural measures were consistently different in icefishes across all bones and species analyzed. Furthermore, BMD was similar among homologous bones of icefish and non-icefish Antarctic notothenioids. In summary, "reduced bone" in icefishes was not due to systemic changes in bone microstructure or BMD, raising the prospect that "reduced bone" in icefish occurs only at the gross anatomic level (i.e., smaller or fewer bones). Given that icefishes exhibit delayed skeletal development compared to non-icefish Antarctic fishes, combining these phenotypic data with genomic data might clarify genetic changes driving skeletal heterochrony.
(© 2021 The Authors. Journal of Anatomy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Anatomical Society.)