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1دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Richland, Justin B.
المصدر: American Anthropologist, 2009 Jun 01. 111(2), 170-176.
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2
المؤلفون: Emma Kowal, Megan Warin
المصدر: American Anthropologist. 120:822-825
مصطلحات موضوعية: 060101 anthropology, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Anthropology, 05 social sciences, Special section, 0601 history and archaeology, 06 humanities and the arts, Sociology, Epigenome, 0509 other social sciences, 050905 science studies, Medical anthropology
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3
المؤلفون: Jessica Kolopenuk
المصدر: American Anthropologist. 120:333-337
مصطلحات موضوعية: 060101 anthropology, History, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Anthropology, 05 social sciences, Metis, Ethnology, 0601 history and archaeology, 06 humanities and the arts, 0509 other social sciences, 050905 science studies, Indigenous
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4
المؤلفون: Robert A. Wilson
المصدر: American Anthropologist. 118:570-584
مصطلحات موضوعية: 060101 anthropology, Property (philosophy), Ethnocentrism, Essentialism, Reproduction (economics), 05 social sciences, Nurture kinship, 06 humanities and the arts, 050905 science studies, Fictive kinship, Genealogy, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Anthropology, Kinship, 0601 history and archaeology, Narrative, Sociology, 0509 other social sciences
الوصف: In this article, I reconsider bio-essentialism in the study of kinship, centering on David Schneider's influential critique that concluded that kinship was “a non-subject” (1972:51). Schneider's critique is often taken to have shown the limitations of and problems with past views of kinship based on biology, genealogy, and reproduction, a critique that subsequently led those reworking kinship as relatedness in the new kinship studies to view their enterprise as divorced from such bio-essentialist studies. Beginning with an alternative narrative connecting kinship past and present and concluding by introducing a novel way of thinking about kinship, I have three constituent aims in this research article: (1) to reconceptualize the relationship between kinship past and kinship present; (2) to reevaluate Schneider's critique of bio-essentialism and what this implies for the contemporary study of kinship; and (3) subsequently to redirect theoretical discussion of what kinship is. This concluding discussion introduces a general view, the homeostatic property cluster (HPC) view of kinds, into anthropology, providing a theoretical framework that facilitates realization of the often-touted desideratum of the integration of biological and social features of kinship. [bio-essentialism, kinship studies, homeostatic property cluster kinds, Schneider, genealogy]
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5
المصدر: American Anthropologist. 116:723-735
مصطلحات موضوعية: History, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Anthropology, Biological anthropology, World War II, Biodiversity, Context (language use), Science studies, Construct (philosophy), Scientific modelling, Period (music)
الوصف: In recent years, anthropologists, science scholars, and historians of science have shown growing interest in the history of research in physical anthropology in the post–World War II period, although most of the studies concentrate on North America and Europe. Here we focus on the history of human biological diversity research in South America in the 1960s. We carry out a comparative analysis of the research programs coordinated by two influential North American researchers (the geneticists Newton Morton and James Neel) in Brazil. We analyze the genesis of the two projects in light of the scientific and sociopolitical alignments of the period, and we find that the research was strongly tied to the context of the Cold War. We also address the scientific perspectives and choice of study populations (Indians and mesticos), as well as how the researchers attempted to construct far-reaching scientific models pertinent to the human species as a whole based on the concept of “primitiveness.” We argue that the research programs that Morton and Neel initiated in the 1960s are basic to the understanding of the history of physical anthropology not only in Brazil but also on a global scale in the decades following World War II. [history of physical–biological anthropology, human population diversity, population genetics, science studies, Newton Morton, James Neel, Brazil]
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المؤلفون: Matthew C. Watson
المصدر: American Anthropologist. 114:282-296
مصطلحات موضوعية: Grammatical structure, Politics, History, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Anthropology, Maya, Cultural politics, Decipherment, Science studies, Public engagement, Humanities, Hieroglyph
الوصف: Anthropologists of science conventionally examine the cultural politics of natural sciences. However, historical and social sciences also have cultural contexts and consequences. This article extends science studies to public engagement with Maya hieroglyphic decipherment. In the 1970s several scholars claimed to discover Maya hieroglyphs’ grammatical structure. Linda Schele popularized decipherment through sites including the Maya Meetings, public workshops at the University of Texas–Austin. As archaeologists and competing camps of hieroglyph experts challenged Schele and her colleagues’ interpretations, the Maya Meetings established a public of witnesses committed to these experts’ claims. The Maya Meetings cultivated assent through highly regulated practices enabling participants to imagine that they independently confirmed decipherments. Public engagement bolstered experts’ problematic claims to have imparted “voice” and “history” to the ancient Maya by transforming this complex medium into writing. I show how such public engagement did not simply democratize knowledge production and intensified hierarchies within Maya studies. [public science, Maya hieroglyphs, witnessing, anthropology of science] RESUMEN Los antropologos de la ciencia examinan la politica cultural de las ciencias naturales. Sin embargo, las ciencias historicas y sociales tambien tienen contextos culturales. Este ensayo amplia los estudios culturales de la ciencia a la participacion del publico en el desciframiento de los jeroglificos mayas. Durante la decada de 1970, unos expertos pretendieron haber descubierto la estructura gramatical de los jeroglificos. Linda Schele popularizo las tecnicas de desciframiento a traves de talleres publicos en la Universidad de Texas–Austin. Mientras unos arqueologos y campos de epigrafistas dasafiaron el desciframiento, los talleres establecieron un publico de testigos comprometidos con estos expertos. Los talleres permitieron a los participantes que imaginaran que habian confirmado los desciframientos. La participacion publica reforzo los reclamos problematicos de expertos que habian impartado “voz” e “historia” a los antiguos mayas. Muestro como la participacion publica no democratizo la produccion de conocimiento y intensifico jerarquias en los estudios mayas.
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المؤلفون: Justin B. Richland
المصدر: American Anthropologist. 111:170-176
مصطلحات موضوعية: media_common.quotation_subject, Neoliberalism, Environmental ethics, Applied anthropology, Capitalism, Politics, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), State (polity), Anthropology, Sociocultural anthropology, Science studies, Sociology, Social science, Sociocultural evolution, media_common
الوصف: In this article, I consider a selection of the 129 articles of new research published in five of the leading Anglo-American peer-reviewed outlets for sociocultural anthropology in 2008, discerning two general, but related, trends. The first suggests an ongoing interest among sociocultural anthropologists in new forms and contexts of market capitalism and a deepening concern for the multiple, complex, and even contradictory orientations to those forms by social actors caught up in them. The second reveals a concern with the imbrications of political and scientific epistemologies, particularly as they emerge in state policies and actions around issues of public health, the environment, and agriculture. Where they come together is in the number of studies whose objects of inquiry reside at the nexus where science, politics, and markets meet in what they see as the creeping expansion of neoliberal logics and their implications for the state as a political formation. [Keywords: sociocultural anthropology, neoliberalism, science studies, public health, capitalism]
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المؤلفون: Steve Fuller
المصدر: American Anthropologist. 101:379-384
مصطلحات موضوعية: Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Anthropology, Engineering ethics, Sociology, Science studies
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9
المؤلفون: Joan H. Fujimura
المصدر: American Anthropologist. 101:381-384
مصطلحات موضوعية: Battle, Anthropology, media_common.quotation_subject, Context (language use), Knowledge production, Politics, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Reading (process), Science wars, Rhetorical question, Sociology, Science studies, media_common
الوصف: My "Authorizing Knowledge in Science and Anthropology" (AA 100:347-360, June 1998) has inspired Steve Fuller to write about his concerns. However, his concerns are not the objects of discussion in my article. Indeed, in reading my article, Fuller superimposes his concerns over mine. His "objections" to "my" arguments in the article are actually objections to statements I did not make and positions I do not hold. He has mistakenly read these problems and concerns onto my article. In my original paper I discussed questions of knowledge production in the context of a nineteenth-century scientific war over Euclid's Fifth Postulate and then compared it with current science wars. My goal was to demonstrate that the weapons rhetorical strategies and institutional assaults used in the current battle are not new and have unfortunately been used through history in battles over what gets to be awarded the status of "knowledge" and who gets to be awarded the status of authority over knowledge production. My hope was that this historical comparison and analysis of the rhetorical strategies would help us to look beyond them to what is at stake: the authority to determine what constitutes knowledge and knowledge production in academia. In this effort, I discussed how "anti-science" becomes an effective political weapon wielded against work that goes against the accepted knowledge of the day. The article demonstrates that "anti-science" has been used as such a weapon in battles "within" mathematics, physics, and anthropology, as well as "between" arenas generally designated as "the sciences" and "the humanities."
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10دورية أكاديمية
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