المؤلفون: Hanson P; Department of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark., Qvortrup K, Magnusson SP

المصدر: Cells, tissues, organs [Cells Tissues Organs] 2000; Vol. 167 (4), pp. 259-65.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Karger Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 100883360 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1422-6405 (Print) Linking ISSN: 14226405 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cells Tissues Organs Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Ligaments/*anatomy & histology , Spine/*anatomy & histology, Adolescent ; Adult ; Black People ; Cadaver ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc/anatomy & histology ; Ligaments/ultrastructure ; Lumbar Vertebrae/anatomy & histology ; Microscopy, Electron ; Spine/ultrastructure ; White People

مستخلص: A previously unknown ligament, the superficial anulus fibrosus ligament (SAFL), situated on the ventral part of the L5 intervertebral disc (ID) was observed and described from autopsy material. Twenty-eight cadaveric specimens from 12 black and 16 white persons aged 17-30 years were studied during routine forensic autopsies. The anterior longitudinal ligament was separated from the ID and the ventral part of the SAFL was visualized. The SAFL samples were removed, measured and studied with both conventional histology and examination by transmission electron microscopy. The SAFL was a completely separate ligament at the level of the L5-S1 ID situated between the anterior longitudinal ligament and the anulus fibrosus of the ID. The fibers of the ligament were vertically oriented. A difference in distance between the L5-S1 vertebral bodies ventrally was noted in the two groups studied (18.7 +/- 1.2 mm in the black vs. 15.2 +/- 1.0 mm in the white, p < 0.001), indicating a difference in the ventral thickness of the intervertebral disc. Also, there was a difference in the length (black: 17.7 +/- 1.6 mm vs. white: 14.1 +/- 1.1), thickness (black: 3.3 +/- 0.3 mm vs. white: 2.1 +/- 1.9), and the cross-sectional area (black: 58.2 +/- 6.7 mm(2) vs. white: 26.5 +/- 2.7 mm(2), p < 0.001) of the SAFL. Conventional light microscopy revealed no obvious differences. However, transmission electron microscopy revealed notably larger collagen fibril diameter in black than white subjects. In conclusion, the interbody distances were greater in the black group, indicating a greater intervertebral disc thickness, compared to that of the white. Furthermore, the SAFL was significantly longer and thicker in the black than in the white group. Albeit unsubstantiated, these race-specific macroscopic findings may have implications for understanding the etiology of various low back stress problems.

المؤلفون: Yoshida M; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Aichiken Saiseikai Hospital, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan., Kitoh J, Yanagita N

المصدر: Cells, tissues, organs [Cells Tissues Organs] 2000; Vol. 167 (4), pp. 290-6.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Karger Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 100883360 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1422-6405 (Print) Linking ISSN: 14226405 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cells Tissues Organs Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Ear, Middle/*anatomy & histology , Eustachian Tube/*anatomy & histology , Shrews/*anatomy & histology, Animals ; Chorda Tympani Nerve/anatomy & histology ; Ear, Middle/innervation ; Eustachian Tube/innervation ; Female ; Male ; Muscles/anatomy & histology

مستخلص: Anatomical features of the middle ear and auditory tube (AT) in the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus, were examined by dissection and light microscopy. The tensor veli palatini (TVP) and tensor tympani (TT) have no connections with the wall or cartilage of the AT although they are connected by the intermediate tendon. None of the levator veli palatini (LVP) muscle bundles are attached to the AT. The salpingopharyngeus (SA) alone has its origin on the caudal edge of the tubal cartilage. The origin extends to the pharyngeal two thirds of the cartilage. The SA originates perpendicular to the AT and runs caudomedialward. Some SA muscle bundles intermingle with those of the palatopharyngeus to end on the dorsal wall of the pharynx. The observations provide no evidence that the TVP, LVP and TT have any role in AT function. The only muscle affecting the AT function in S. murinus is the SA, and it would be the AT dilator.

المؤلفون: Woodley SJ; Musculoskeletal Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. stephanie.woodley@anatomy.otago.ac.nz, Mercer SR

المصدر: Cells, tissues, organs [Cells Tissues Organs] 2005; Vol. 179 (3), pp. 125-41.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Karger Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 100883360 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1422-6405 (Print) Linking ISSN: 14226405 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cells Tissues Organs Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Muscle, Skeletal/*anatomy & histology , Tendons/*anatomy & histology , Thigh/*anatomy & histology, Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal/cytology ; Muscle, Skeletal/innervation ; Neuromuscular Junction/anatomy & histology ; Neuromuscular Junction/cytology ; Tendons/cytology ; Thigh/innervation

مستخلص: Knowledge of the anatomical organization of the hamstring muscles is necessary to understand their functions, and to assist in the development of accurate clinical and biomechanical models. The hamstring muscles were examined by dissection in six embalmed human lower limbs with the purpose of clarifying their gross morphology. In addition to obtaining evidence for or against anatomical partitioning (as based on muscle architecture and pattern of innervation), data pertaining to architectural parameters such as fascicular length, volume, physiological cross-sectional area, and tendon length were collected. For each muscle, relatively consistent patterns of innervation were identified between specimens, and each was unique with respect to anatomical organization. On the basis of muscle architecture, three regions were identified within semimembranosus. However, this was not completely congruent with the pattern of innervation, as a primary nerve branch supplied only two regions, with the third region receiving a secondary branch. Semitendinosus comprised two distinct partitions arranged in series that were divided by a tendinous inscription. A singular muscle nerve or a primary nerve branch innervated each partition. In the biceps femoris long head the two regions were supplied via a primary nerve branch which divided into two primary branches or split into a series of branches. Being the only muscle to cross a single joint, biceps femoris short head consisted of two distinct regions demarcated by fiber direction, with each innervated by a separate muscle nerve. Architecturally, each muscle differed with respect to parameters such as physiological cross-sectional area, fascicular length and volume, but generally all partitions within an individual muscle were similar in fascicular length. The long proximal and distal tendons of these muscles extended into the muscle bellies thereby forming elongated musculotendinous junctions.

المؤلفون: Skedros JG; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA. jskedros@utahboneandjoint.com, Grunander TR, Hamrick MW

المصدر: Cells, tissues, organs [Cells Tissues Organs] 2005; Vol. 180 (4), pp. 215-36.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Karger Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 100883360 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1422-6405 (Print) Linking ISSN: 14226405 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cells Tissues Organs Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Horses/*anatomy & histology , Horses/*metabolism , Metacarpus/*cytology , Metacarpus/*metabolism , Osteocytes/*physiology , Radius/*cytology , Radius/*metabolism, Animals ; Bone Density ; Cell Communication ; Diaphyses/cytology ; Diaphyses/injuries ; Diaphyses/metabolism ; Forelimb/anatomy & histology ; Horses/injuries ; Metacarpus/injuries ; Models, Biological ; Radius/anatomy & histology ; Radius/injuries ; Stress, Mechanical

مستخلص: Osteocytes, which are embedded in bone matrix, are the most abundant cells in bone. Despite the ideal location of osteocytes to sense the local environment and influence bone remodeling, their functions, and the relative importance of these functions, remain controversial. In this study, we tested several hypotheses that address the possibilities that population densities of osteocyte lacunae (Ot.Lc.N/B.Ar) correlate with strain-, remodeling- or metabolism-related aspects of the local biomechanical environments of mid-third diaphyseal equine radii and third metacarpals from skeletally mature animals. Ot.Lc.N/B.Ar data, quantified in multiple cortical locations, were analyzed for possible correlations with (1) structural and material characteristics (e.g., cortical thickness, percent ash, secondary osteon population density, mean osteon cross-sectional area, and predominant collagen fiber orientation), (2) strain characteristics, including prevalent/predominant strain magnitude and mode (tension, compression, shear), (3) hypothesized strain-mode-related microdamage characteristics, which might be perceived by osteocyte 'operational' networks, and (4) variations in remodeling dynamics and/or metabolism (i.e. presumably higher in endocortical regions than in other transcortical locations). Results showed relatively uniform Ot.Lc.N/B.Ar between regions with highly non-uniform strain and strain-related environments and markedly heterogeneous structural and material organization. These results suggest that population densities of these cells are poorly correlated with mechanobiological characteristics, including local variations in metabolic rate and strain magnitude/mode. Although osteocytes hypothetically evolved both as strain sensors and fatigue damage sensors able to direct the removal of damage as needed, the mechanisms that govern the distribution of these cells remain unclear. The results of this study provide little or no evidence that the number of osteocyte lacunae has a functional role in mechanotransduction pathways that are typically considered in bone adaptation.

المؤلفون: Tömböl T; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. tombol@ana.sote.hu, Eyre MD, Zayats N, Németh A

المصدر: Cells, tissues, organs [Cells Tissues Organs] 2004; Vol. 178 (4), pp. 216-30.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Karger Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 100883360 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1422-6405 (Print) Linking ISSN: 14226405 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cells Tissues Organs Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Geniculate Bodies/*anatomy & histology , Geniculate Bodies/*metabolism , Synapses/*physiology, Animals ; Brain/anatomy & histology ; Brain/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cell Size ; Chickens ; Dendrites/metabolism ; Dextrans/pharmacology ; Golgi Apparatus/metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Microscopy, Electron ; Nerve Endings/anatomy & histology ; Neurons/metabolism ; Time Factors ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism

مستخلص: In the present study the terminals of retinal fibres and those of internal layer cells in ventral geniculate nucleus of chicks were labelled with the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine. The tracer showed the connections from the internal cell layers of ventral geniculate nucleus to the medial part of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. The labelled retinal terminals were located exactly in the lateral part of nucleus. The labelled terminals in the two parts of the nucleus were analysed with the electron microscope and showed a different synaptic organisation in the two parts of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. In the lateral part, two kinds of synaptic glomeruli were found mostly in the vicinity of large dendrites, which are proximal dendrites of projection neurons. One type is a simple glomerulus containing a large dendrite, a large optic terminal and a large and/or series of asymmetrical synapses surrounded by glial processes. The other type is a complex synaptic unit with several pre- and postsynaptic components, among them synapses of GABA-positive axon terminals and/or dendraxons. No glomeruli were found in the medial part of the nucleus. In the medial part of the lateral geniculate nucleus, the terminals of internal layer cell axons established asymmetrical synapses with dendrites. Often, a large terminals and large dendritic profiles established serial asymmetrical synapses. GABA-positive myelinated fibres entered and ramified in both parts of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, and GABA-positive terminals were seen to form synapses on the same dendrite near to the asymmetrical contacts. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the connection from ventral geniculate internal layer cells to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the chick.
(Copyright 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel)

المؤلفون: Tömböl T; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. tombol@ana.sote.hu, Eyre M, Zayats N, Németh A

المصدر: Cells, tissues, organs [Cells Tissues Organs] 2004; Vol. 177 (4), pp. 237-56.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Karger Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 100883360 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1422-6405 (Print) Linking ISSN: 14226405 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cells Tissues Organs Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Chickens/*anatomy & histology , Dendrites/*ultrastructure , Geniculate Bodies/*anatomy & histology , Golgi Apparatus/*ultrastructure , Synapses/*ultrastructure, Animals ; Brain/anatomy & histology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Microscopy, Electron ; Nerve Fibers/ultrastructure ; Optic Nerve/ultrastructure ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism

مستخلص: Different types of neurons in the ventral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus of chicks were visualised by Golgi impregnation. The dendritic tree of projection neurons branched in a sphere-like territory in both the ventral and middle areas of the lamina externa. The dendrites of projection neurons in the lamina interna descended into the lamina externa and entered both the ventral and middle dendritic areas. One or two dendrites of the lamina interna neurons also emitted branches that developed a dorsal sphere-like dendritic territory. Optic terminals labelled by Golgi impregnation or injection of biotinylated dextran amine were found in these dendritic territories gathered into groups. They established synapses in these areas (synaptic islands or fields without a glial sheath) with different dendritic profiles, and a few gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-positive terminals synapsed with them. No glomerulus-like synaptic complexes ensheathed by glial processes were found. Optic terminals also contacted the stem dendrites of projection neurons and GABA-positive neuron cell bodies and dendrites. Numerous synapses established by both optic and GABA-positive terminals were found on the proximal dendritic stems of the lamina interna projection neurons.

المؤلفون: McDougall C; School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld., Australia. b.degnan@uq.edu.au, Green K, Jackson DJ, Degnan BM

المصدر: Cells, tissues, organs [Cells Tissues Organs] 2011; Vol. 194 (2-4), pp. 103-7. Date of Electronic Publication: 2011 Apr 28.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Karger Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 100883360 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1422-6421 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14226405 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cells Tissues Organs Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Animal Shells/*ultrastructure , Gastropoda/*anatomy & histology , Gastropoda/*ultrastructure, Animal Shells/anatomy & histology ; Animal Shells/cytology ; Animal Shells/metabolism ; Animals ; Gastropoda/cytology ; Organ Specificity

مستخلص: The ability of a biological system to drive the formation of a microstructure as complex and ordered as the molluscan shell is of immense interest to the fields of nanotechnology and biomedicine. Although recent studies have greatly expanded our knowledge of the genes involved in shell formation, the mechanism by which matrix proteins are regulated and directed to the appropriate region of the shell, a process critical for microstructure control, is still obscure. The formation of microstructure-specific compartments within the extrapallial cavity may be the outcome of precise regulation of the vesicle trafficking of shell components within secretory cells at the mineralization front and/or the overall organization and morphology of the mantle itself. Here, we investigate the ultrastructure of the mantle of the gastropod Haliotis asinina as current models put forward to describe molluscan shell formation are primarily based on observations from bivalves despite crystallographic and molecular studies indicating large differences between molluscan classes. We find that the H. asinina mantle is structurally complex and comprised of novel cells packed with a diversity of vesicle types consistent with a complex system to control the secretion of the shell matrix and associated factors.
(Copyright © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

المؤلفون: Saless N; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc., USA., Litscher SJ, Houlihan MJ, Han IK, Wilson D, Demant P, Blank RD

المصدر: Cells, tissues, organs [Cells Tissues Organs] 2011; Vol. 194 (2-4), pp. 244-8. Date of Electronic Publication: 2011 May 30.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Karger Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 100883360 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1422-6421 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14226405 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cells Tissues Organs Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Chromosome Mapping* , Crosses, Genetic*, Bone and Bones/*anatomy & histology , Bone and Bones/*metabolism , Recombination, Genetic/*genetics, Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena/genetics ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics ; Female ; Male ; Mandible/anatomy & histology ; Mice ; Mice, Congenic ; Phenotype

مستخلص: Bone biomechanical performance is a complex trait or, more properly, an ensemble of complex traits. Biomechanical performance incorporates flexibility under loading, yield and failure load, and energy to failure; all are important measures of bone function. To date, the vast majority of work has focused on yield and failure load and its surrogate, bone mineral density. We performed a reciprocal intercross of the mouse strains HcB-8 and HcB-23 to map and ultimately identify genes that contribute to differences in biomechanical performance. Mechanical testing was performed by 3-point bending of the femora. We measured femoral diaphysis cross-sectional anatomy from photographs of the fracture surfaces. We used beam equations to calculate material level mechanical properties. We performed a principal component (PC) analysis of normalized whole bone phenotypes (17 input traits). We measured distances separating mandibular landmarks from calibrated digital photographs and performed linkage analysis. Experiment-wide α = 0.05 significance thresholds were established by permutation testing. Three quantitative trait loci (QTLs) identified in these studies illustrate the advantages of the comprehensive phenotyping approach. A pleiotropic QTL on chromosome 4 affected multiple whole bone phenotypes with LOD scores as large as 17.5, encompassing size, cross-sectional ellipticity, stiffness, yield and failure load, and bone mineral density. This locus was linked to 3 of the PCs but unlinked to any of the tissue level phenotypes. From this pattern, we infer that the QTL operates by modulating the proliferative response to mechanical loading. On this basis, we successfully predicted that this locus also affects the length of a specific region of the mandible. A pleiotropic locus on chromosome 10 with LOD scores displays opposite effects on failure load and toughness with LOD scores of 4.5 and 5.5, respectively, so that the allele that increases failure load decreases toughness. A chromosome 19 QTL for PC2 with an LOD score of 4.8 was not detected with either the whole bone or tissue level phenotypes. We conclude that first, comprehensive, system-oriented phenotyping provides much information that could not be obtained by focusing on bone mineral density alone. Second, mechanical performance includes inherent trade-offs between strength and brittleness. Third, considering the aggregate phenotypic data allows prediction of novel QTLs.
(Copyright © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

المؤلفون: Segal RL; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. rsegal@learnlink.emory.edu, Catlin PA, Krauss EW, Merick KA, Robilotto JB

المصدر: Cells, tissues, organs [Cells Tissues Organs] 2002; Vol. 170 (2-3), pp. 183-97.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Karger Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 100883360 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1422-6405 (Print) Linking ISSN: 14226405 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cells Tissues Organs Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Forearm/*anatomy & histology , Muscles/*anatomy & histology, Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology ; Muscles/innervation ; Tendons/anatomy & histology

مستخلص: Anatomical partitioning has been found in the human biceps brachii, extensor carpi radialis longus and flexor carpi radialis muscles. The purpose of this study was to determine if the human extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus are anatomically partitioned. Evidence for or against anatomical partitioning was obtained by observation of the architectural and innervation characteristics of each of the investigated muscles. Twelve samples (11 were used for extensor carpi ulnaris) of each specific muscle type were harvested from perfused human cadavers. The architectural characteristics of tendinous boundaries, muscle fiber direction, and muscle fiber angle magnitude were observed, measured and documented. Microdissection technique was used to investigate the primary nerve branching pattern throughout each muscle. A primary nerve branch to a specific muscle region indicated possible partitioning by innervation. The extensor carpi ulnaris was found to have a variable number of primary nerve branches. The extensor carpi ulnaris may have four partitions by innervation alone or three congruent partitions by innervation and muscle fiber architecture. The nerve to the flexor carpi ulnaris clearly innervates two architectural partitions within the muscle. The innervation pattern to the flexor carpi ulnaris is congruent with muscle fiber architecture characteristics indicating consistent anatomical partitioning within the flexor carpi ulnaris. Two muscle nerves innervate the flexor digitorum profundus with branches innervating the medial and lateral regions of the muscle. Up to eight architectural partitions were found in a medial-to-lateral direction.
(Copyright 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel)

المؤلفون: Göbbel L; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany. luminita.goebbel@medizin.uni-halle.de

المصدر: Cells, tissues, organs [Cells Tissues Organs] 2002; Vol. 170 (1), pp. 39-60.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Karger Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 100883360 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1422-6405 (Print) Linking ISSN: 14226405 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cells Tissues Organs Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Chiroptera/*anatomy & histology , Nose/*anatomy & histology, Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Chiroptera/classification ; Chiroptera/embryology ; Echolocation ; Histocytochemistry ; Nose/embryology ; Phylogeny ; Skull/anatomy & histology

مستخلص: In some bats, a noseleaf is thought to help focus echolocation calls emitted through the nostrils. I studied the ontogenetic mode of the rhinarial cartilages and the associated facial muscles to assess how these rhinarial infrastructures interact with the noseleaf, and the inferred function of such a rhinarial complex. This study focuses on developmental stages of Hipposideros diadema and Lavia frons. Based on new data on these two rhinolophoids and a review of former studies concerning rhinopomatids, rhinolophoids and phyllostomids, the functional and phylogenetic implications of the rhinarial complex among leaf-nosed Microchiroptera are evaluated by the current study. Nasal emitting forms evolved several times independently in the Microchiroptera and share various features, irrespective of their phylogenetic position: the nostrils lie dorsally; the noseleaf has a well-developed horseshoe-shaped plate; the cartilago cupularis bears a large processus cupularis; M(iv) is extended on the lateral plate of the processus alaris superior. The unique similarities of the ontogenetic process of the nasal 'resonators' support the assumption that the rhinolophids + megadermatids and rhinopomatids may represent a natural group. In some features, the rhinolophids + megadermatids differ significantly from the phyllostomids. The noseleaf has a median flap and anterior-facing pockets. The processus alaris superior is half-tube-shaped or included in the lateral wall of the cupula nasi anterior. The cartilago accessoria and the attendant musculature perform an important function for supporting and moving the noseleaf. Similar emission of the echolocation pulses but alternative constructional designs of the external nose structures suggest that a separate history of rhinolophoids and phyllostomids might account for these differences.
(Copyright 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel)