المؤلفون: Bridget Kelly, Brian Southwell, Suzanne Dolina, Linda Squiers, Karla Jimenez-Magdaleno

المصدر: Emerging Infectious Diseases
Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 22, Iss 7, Pp 1320-1321 (2016)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Letter, Epidemiology, communications, lcsh:Medicine, Zika virus, 0302 clinical medicine, 0508 media and communications, flavivirus, Surveys and Questionnaires, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mass media, Literature, biology, Zika Virus Infection, Information sharing, 05 social sciences, Advertising, Guatemala, Unit of analysis, Infectious Diseases, twitter messaging, The Internet, Brazil, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, social media, messaging, Twitter, 050801 communication & media studies, mass media, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Online search, Humans, Social media, lcsh:RC109-216, viruses, Social Behavior, Letters to the Editor, Internet, business.industry, Public health, lcsh:R, media, Zika Virus, biology.organism_classification, United States, Zika Virus–Related News Coverage and Online Behavior, United States, Guatemala, and Brazil, business

الوصف: To the Editor: News coverage of emerging infectious diseases tends to be episodic and ephemeral rather than thematic, comprehensive, and consistent over time, in part because of newsroom constraints (1–3). Public health authority announcements may help drive peaks in coverage and warrant attention, in particular given the importance of trust and credibility for information acceptance (4,5). Moreover, online search behavior and social media interaction tend to respond to news coverage, especially for novel health issues (6,7). The nature of Zika virus transmission as a novel phenomenon not completely understood by researchers could encourage anxiety and fear among the public (8,9). Patterns of social interaction and search behavior regarding Zika virus can point to opportunities and constraints for education efforts. To assess relationships between news coverage, social media mentions, and online search behavior regarding Zika virus, we studied data available for January 1–February 29, 2016. Although news outlets occasionally covered Zika virus before 2016, our selected period included prominent announcements. For example, on January 28, the World Health Organization declared that Zika virus was “spreading explosively” (10), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a travel alert. On February 3, authorities reported the first case that appeared in the United States. Across 3 data sources, we searched for mentions of “Zika” or “El Zika.” We used Google Trends (Google Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA) to assess the number of total searches that originated in the United States, Guatemala, or Brazil for these terms, relative to total Google searches for any topic for the same period. We used a scale of 0–100 (as an indicator of relative volume), with 50 representing half the volume as 100 but not a specific absolute number. Zika virus has been detected in >25 countries since 2015; the countries selected were places where transmission has been relatively widespread or where Zika virus had not yet been but was anticipated to be. We used a monitoring tool, Crimson Hexagon (http://www.crimsonhexagon.com/), to capture the total number of daily Twitter posts (tweets) and focused on tweets geotagged as originating from the United States, Guatemala, or Brazil. Last, we counted Associated Press news wire stories as a proxy for daily volume of Zika news coverage in the Western Hemisphere (Technical Appendix). Using a day as our unit of analysis (i.e., n = 60 in the analysis), we first assessed Pearson product-moment correlations between news coverage, social media mentions, and online search behavior and then fit a time series model. Results suggested prominent but ephemeral peaks in salience and attention, with some variation over time in searches by country (Figure). We found strong positive correlations between news (daily volume) and tweets for all 3 countries (United States, r = 0.86, p 0.05). This finding indicated that we sufficiently reduced the time series to white noise to assume no autocorrelation in residuals. Our model achieved an R2 value of 0.90 and stationary R2 value of 0.53. Associated Press wire stories emerged as a significant and positive predictor (coefficient = 1.52, t = 3.24, p 0.05). Daily news story volume predicted departures from the expected trend in US search behavior related to Zika virus. Figure Comparison of number of tweets by individual persons, Google searches by individual persons, and Associated Press news stories about Zika virus in the United States, Guatemala, and Brazil, January 1–February 29, 2016. Our results suggest that news coverage of public health authority announcements opens brief windows of information sharing, engagement, and searching that offer opportunities to address perceptions and provide preparation and vector control recommendations through education. Sharing and searching are less apparent outside these windows, especially in contexts in which an emerging infectious disease is not yet prevalent. Our findings may not generalize beyond the initial stages of Zika virus transmission in the United States, and future work could obtain appropriate data for investigating the tone of news coverage and online communication in various countries. Nevertheless, recent trends in online information-seeking about Zika virus has been sensitive to official announcements, suggesting the usefulness of pairing announcements with provision of information resources that can be found through search engines. Technical Appendix: Detailed methods for analysis of Zika virus–related news coverage and online behavior and summary of data used for the analysis. Click here to view.(194K, pdf)

URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::9912b8c511c4cf1a92d5c3a908a08ef5
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27100826

المؤلفون: Michael Blench, Herman D. Tolentino, Kenneth D. Mandl, Clark C. Freifeld, Mikaela Keller, John S. Brownstein, Abla Mawudeku, Gunther Eysenbach

المصدر: Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 15, Iss 5, Pp 689-695 (2009)
Emerging Infectious Diseases

مصطلحات موضوعية: Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, Online discussion, Epidemiology, Psychological intervention, lcsh:Medicine, Communicable diseases, Global Health, geography, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Public health surveillance, Environmental health, medicine, Global health, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, Mass Media, 030212 general & internal medicine, population surveillance, Mass media, Internet, 0303 health sciences, Data collection, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Public health, public health, lcsh:R, Data science, software design, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, disease outbreaks, Synopsis, The Internet, business, Software

الوصف: Free or low-cost unstructured reports offer an alternative to traditional indicator-based outbreak reporting.
Free or low-cost sources of unstructured information, such as Internet news and online discussion sites, provide detailed local and near real-time data on disease outbreaks, even in countries that lack traditional public health surveillance. To improve public health surveillance and, ultimately, interventions, we examined 3 primary systems that process event-based outbreak information: Global Public Health Intelligence Network, HealthMap, and EpiSPIDER. Despite similarities among them, these systems are highly complementary because they monitor different data types, rely on varying levels of automation and human analysis, and distribute distinct information. Future development should focus on linking these systems more closely to public health practitioners in the field and establishing collaborative networks for alert verification and dissemination. Such development would further establish event-based monitoring as an invaluable public health resource that provides critical context and an alternative to traditional indicator-based outbreak reporting.

URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::f52f9688e12cebea3c698b5b5bdbfb51
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/5/08-1114_article

المؤلفون: Vicki S. Freimuth, Polyxeni Potter, Huan W. Linnan

المصدر: Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 6, Iss 4, Pp 337-347 (2000)
Emerging Infectious Diseases

مصطلحات موضوعية: communication theory, medicine.medical_specialty, public health practice, Internet privacy, lcsh:Medicine, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), electronic publishing, Environmental health, Epidemiology, medicine, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, Mass Media, Health Education, Mass media, business.industry, Communication, Public health, lcsh:R, communication techniques, medicine.disease, United States, Communication theory, health information, Communicable Disease Control, Emerging infectious disease, Key (cryptography), Health education, Public Health, business, Research Article

الوصف: Communication theory and techniques, aided by the electronic revolution, provide new opportunities and challenges for the effective transfer of laboratory, epidemiologic, surveillance, and other public health data to the public who funds them. We review the applicability of communication theory, particularly the audience-source-message-channel meta-model, to emerging infectious disease issues. Emergence of new infectious organisms, microbial resistance to therapeutic drugs, and increased emphasis on prevention have expanded the role of communication as a vital component of public health practice. In the absence of cure, as in AIDS and many other public health problems, an effectively crafted and disseminated prevention message is the key control measure. Applying communication theory to disease prevention messages can increase the effectiveness of the messages and improve public health.

URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::8cc99c81f70d3c495f14a496c74ced3c
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/4/00-0403_article

المؤلفون: Elliott B. Stonecipher, Barbara Reynolds, Frederick M. Burkle, Cleto DiGiovanni, Robert Harwell

المصدر: Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 9, Iss 6, Pp 708-712 (2003)
Emerging Infectious Diseases

مصطلحات موضوعية: Microbiology (medical), Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, bioterrorism, Adolescent, Epidemiology, Poison control, lcsh:Medicine, Disaster Planning, Crisis management, Suicide prevention, Disease Outbreaks, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, risk communication, Environmental health, Surveys and Questionnaires, medicine, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, Community Health Services, Prospective Studies, Cooperative Behavior, Mass media, Aged, research, business.industry, behavior, communication, Public health, lcsh:R, terrorism, Public relations, Middle Aged, Rift Valley fever, United States, Infectious Diseases, Interinstitutional Relations, Job performance, Local government, Female, psychological, Rural area, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S, mass behavior, business

الوصف: To assess community needs for public information during a bioterrorism-related crisis, we simulated an intentional Rift Valley fever outbreak in a community in the southern part of the United States. We videotaped a series of simulated print and television “news reports” over a fictional 9-day crisis period and invited various groups (e.g., first-responders and their spouses or partners, journalists) within the selected community to view the videotape and respond to questions about their reactions. All responses were given anonymously. First-responders and their spouses or partners varied in their reactions about how the crisis affected family harmony and job performance. Local journalists exhibited considerable personal fear and confusion. All groups demanded, and put more trust in, information from local sources. These findings may have implications for risk communication during bioterrorism-related outbreaks.

URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::1f52f65b328bcd43093c6f23f28f2696
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/6/02-0769_article

المؤلفون: Jean-Hugues Mausole, Bernard-Alex Gaüzère, Fabrice Simon

المصدر: Emerging Infectious Diseases
Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 21, Iss 5, Pp 899-899 (2015)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Microbiology (medical), Veterinary medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Letter, chikungunya, Epidemiology, Réunion Island, lcsh:Medicine, Citizens’ Actions in Response to Chikungunya Outbreaks, Réunion Island, 2006, medicine.disease_cause, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, medicine, lcsh:RC109-216, viruses, Chikungunya, Letters to the Editor, Mass media, Government, chikungunya virus, business.industry, Public health, lcsh:R, Outbreak, Epidemiologic Surveillance, Infectious Diseases, citizens’ actions, Preparedness, Family medicine, outbreaks, Sick leave, responses, business

الوصف: To the Editor: To get ready for the spread of chikungunya, health authorities in North, South, and Central America and the Pacific Islands are developing preparedness and response plans (1,2) that contain vector control, epidemiologic surveillance, medical education, and communication components. They might consider the experience of Reunion Island, an overseas department of France, where a chikungunya outbreak affected 38.5% of its 800,000 inhabitants during the first 3 months of 2006 (3). Although the island was unprepared to deal with such a massive outbreak (4), the disease was under control by the middle of 2006; only a few sporadic cases occurred during the following years. In addition to taking recommended public health measures, public health officials in France created a task force with physicians (including intensive care unit doctors, pediatricians, and obstetricians), specialists in public health and social sciences, virologists, immunologists, entomologists, and pathologists (5) to develop a multidisciplinary approach to the outbreak. Some citizens’ initiatives complemented the official measures. First, associations of chikungunya virus–infected patients helped families (through means that included psychological and friendly support and home visits) and updated mass media with regard to disease complications, persistent symptoms, and administrative difficulties (including receiving long-term sick leave and disability, recognition of professional exposure, and free analgesic medication). Second, citizens created a chikungunya-dedicated website (http://www.chikungunya.net) that included citizens’ frequently asked questions and university-affiliated physicians’ responses and patients’ forums. Third, citizens actively supported the twice-yearly Kass moustik (Creole for “to break mosquitoes”) operations, which involved vast community mobilizations to educate persons on mosquitoes’ role in spreading chikungunya and to destroy breeding sites near homes. The operations also involved mobilizing community-based and municipality groups, making door-to-door visits, and lobbying for government funds (each operation cost US $60,000). After implementation of these initiatives, telephone operators sent health messages to all cell phones on the island. These actions demonstrate that citizens have a place in their countries’ response to chikungunya outbreaks.

URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::2e49ffaad92ffbf7769b975cac524fc9
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4412222

المؤلفون: Robert Howard

المصدر: Emerging Infectious Diseases
Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 6, Iss 4, Pp 426-427 (2000)

مصطلحات موضوعية: medicine.medical_specialty, communication strategy, lcsh:Medicine, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Political science, value of information exchange, medicine, health communication, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, Research article, Mass Media, Health Education, Mass media, business.industry, single overriding communication objectives, Public health, Communication, lcsh:R, Mark Twain, Public relations, United States, Prime time, Communicable Disease Control, Health education, Public Health, business, Research Article

URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::99d6b73a60ea5aadb2dc4dea46cf5e41
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2640879

المؤلفون: Caroline Labreuil, Philippe Gautret, Mohamadou Seyni, Philippe Parola, Philippe Brouqui, Jean Delmont

المصدر: Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 17, Iss 6, Pp 1131-1132 (2011)
Emerging Infectious Diseases

مصطلحات موضوعية: Microbiology (medical), Veterinary medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Epidemiology, medicine.medical_treatment, letter, lcsh:Medicine, rabies, medicine.disease_cause, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Environmental health, medicine, Animals, Humans, viruses, lcsh:RC109-216, Mass Media, Post-exposure prophylaxis, Letters to the Editor, Index case, business.industry, Public health, Rabies virus, media, lcsh:R, Rabies testing, medicine.disease, zoonoses, Metropolitan France, Infectious Diseases, Enzootic, Rabies, prophylaxis, France, Post-Exposure Prophylaxis, business

الوصف: To the Editor: Rabies was officially declared eliminated in nonflying mammals in metropolitan France during 2001–2008 by the World Organisation for Animal Health; the last case of rabies was believed to occur in a fox in 1998. However, rabies remained a public health concern because of the risk of translocation of infected dogs from enzootic areas and the natural circulation of bat rabies–associated lyssaviruses (BRALVs). In 2008, France temporarily lost its rabies-free status following evidence of an indigenous case of rabies in a dog, linked to an index case in a dog infected in Morocco. In 2007, a domestic cat was found infected with a BRALV, an indication that, although bats are the primary hosts of this pathogen, other mammals may be infected (1). Rabies is a tragic and frightening disease, and bats have a sinister image. Therefore, possible transmission of rabies from bats to humans represents a particularly terrifying threat in which emotional distortion may play a key role in public responses. Patient demand for rabies postexposure prophylaxis (RPEP) has been associated with media-communicated health alerts in France (2,3) and French Guiana (4). We compared the number of RPEP treatments in humans after bat-related exposures in the south of France with newspaper reports about rabies-related events over an 8-year period. In France, primary health care management of patients seeking RPEP is delivered through an official network of antirabies medical centers. All centers in the southern half of France were asked to provide the number of RPEP treatments that followed bat-related exposures in mainland France during 2002 through 2009. Of 22 centers, 18 participated in the study, reporting 326 RPEP treatments (Figure). Two marked peaks were observed: in September 2004 and in September 2008. The number of patients reporting bat-related exposures that occurred during the summer period (June–September) showed marked annual variations with a 2.1-fold increase in 2004 (44 cases) and a 4.7-fold increase in 2008 (96 cases) compared with the 2002–2009 average of 20.5 cases/summer (range 7–31). Most cases in 2008 were reported by the Marseille and Bordeaux centers. In 2004, 3 cases of illegally imported dogs with rabies were observed in France, in February, May, and August (2,5). Newspapers reported extensively on the third case, with 54 articles published in the 3 major national newspapers (Le Monde, Le Figaro, Liberation) (2), after an alert was issued in late August (Figure). On July 30, 2008, in response to a familial cluster of RPEP following bat bites near Marseille, a media-communicated health alert was organized by the Marseille center in the major regional newspaper (La Provence) to warn people about the potential risk of rabies after bat-related exposures and the necessity of seeking advice when such events occur. The alert was developed by the Agence France Presse, released by the majority of national and regional newspapers, and included in a large number of websites (Figure). On August 28, 2008, an additional alert was released in Bordeaux because of 2 BRALV-infected bats in the region (Figure). The alert was published in the regional newspaper (Sud-Ouest) (3). No other rabies-related events were intensively reported in French media during the study period. Figure Number of rabies postexposure prophylaxis treatments caused by bat-related exposures as reported by 18 antirabies medical centers in southern France, by time of first visit, 2002–2009. Centers responding were Annecy, Annonay, Aurillac, Bastia, ... The pattern of spikes in RPEP in the south of France seen after bat-rabies media reports supports the results of other studies that found effective newspaper reporting increases patient demand for RPEP (2–4). However, the increase is of short duration. Our results may indicate that media reports bring out the worried well who were not truly exposed but still request RPEP. The results may also indicate that bat-related injuries or contacts are underreported in the absence of media events. Classical rabies virus has been transmitted to humans by bats in South America (6). In Europe, European bat lyssavirus type 1 (EBLV-1) has been isolated from bats in Germany, France, the Netherlands, Denmark, Yugoslavia, Spain, and Poland and EBLV-2 from bats in the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany, and Finland (6,7). Only 3 cases of rabies in humans caused by bat bites have been reported in Europe (6). In France, health authorities recommend that all cases of confirmed bat-related exposures (bites, scratches, exposures to a mucous membrane) receive RPEP with both vaccine and immunoglobulin (8), based on World Health Organization guidelines (9). Whether RPEF is needed for other types of exposures is subject to considerable debate (10). The centers in southern France are directed to provide RPEP only for known exposures. Based on results of study we conducted in 2008 when RPEP increased 4.7 fold after 2 media releases within several weeks, it is possible that only 20% of persons with bat exposure typically seek RPEP in periods without media reports. Although the risk of human rabies acquired through exposure to European bats is rare, information should be provided to the French public to avoid direct contact with bats, including handling when found inside homes during the summertime. When available, bats should be submitted for rabies testing to determine whether RPEP is needed. Following these procedures should minimize both the potential risk for transmission and the number of expensive RPEP treatments.

URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::b29c3939e2b0f48ffc68d978d571062c
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/6/10-1962_article