المؤلفون: McGregor D; Alcohol and Tobacco Research Unit, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada., Murray RP, Barnes GE

المصدر: Journal of studies on alcohol [J Stud Alcohol] 2003 Sep; Vol. 64 (5), pp. 634-40.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Rutgers University. Center of Alcohol Studies Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7503813 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0096-882X (Print) Linking ISSN: 0096882X NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Stud Alcohol Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Alcoholic Beverages* , Beer* , Wine*, Alcohol Drinking/*psychology , Personality Inventory/*statistics & numerical data, Adolescent ; Adult ; Coronary Disease/prevention & control ; Coronary Disease/psychology ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; Manitoba ; Middle Aged ; Psychometrics/statistics & numerical data ; Sex Factors

مستخلص: Objective: To date there are many studies describing the protective and risk factors associated with alcohol consumption and cardiovascular health (the U- or J-shaped curve). These studies have only accounted for part of the effects. One hypothesis is that personality differences may account for some of the unexplained variance. It is also unclear if wine, beer and distilled spirits have equivalent effects on health. The purpose of this study is to describe the differences in personality among users of wine, beer and spirits.
Method: Data were from a community sample of 1,257 men and women in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, that was first enrolled in 1989-90. We examined and compared the demographic and personality characteristics of wine, beer and spirits drinkers in this sample.
Results: The groups differed significantly on the dimensions of extraversion, psychoticism and reducer-augmenter in univariate tests. In multivariate models, for the total sample and for females, predominant drinking of wine was associated with low scores on the Vando scale (augmenters). Higher consumption of beer among males was associated with higher levels of neuroticism.
Conclusions: In these instances, personality does contribute to the characterization of groups.

المؤلفون: Chikritzhs T; National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. T.N.Chikritzhs@curtin.edu.au, Stockwell T

المصدر: Journal of studies on alcohol [J Stud Alcohol] 2002 Sep; Vol. 63 (5), pp. 591-9.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Rutgers University. Center of Alcohol Studies Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7503813 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0096-882X (Print) Linking ISSN: 0096882X NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Stud Alcohol Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Social Change*, Alcoholic Beverages/*economics , Commerce/*trends , Violence/*statistics & numerical data, Adult ; Alcoholic Beverages/statistics & numerical data ; Commerce/legislation & jurisprudence ; Commerce/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Male ; Time Factors ; Violence/economics ; Violence/psychology ; Western Australia/epidemiology

مستخلص: Objective: To examine the impact of later trading hours for licensed hotels (Australian public houses are usually known as "hotels") in Perth, Western Australia, on levels of violent assault on or near these premises.
Method: Data on assault offenses reported to police between July 1, 1991, and June 30, 1997, were examined to identify those offenses that occurred on or close to hotels. During this period, 45 (24%) of the 188 hotels meeting study criteria were granted an extended trading permit for 1AM closing ("ETP hotels"), whereas the rest continued to close at midnight ("non-ETP hotels"). A time-series analysis employing linear regression was used to test whether there was a relationship between the introduction of extended trading and monthly rates of assaults associated with ETP hotels, while controlling for the general trend in assault rates among normally trading hotels. Possible confounders and other variables of interest (e.g., levels of alcohol purchases) were also examined.
Results: After controlling for the general trend in assaults occurring throughout Perth hotels, there was a significant increase in monthly assault rates for hotels with late trading following the introduction of extended trading permits. This relationship was largely accounted for by higher volumes of high alcohol content beer, wine and distilled spirits purchased by late trading hotels.
Conclusions: Late trading was associated with both increased violence in and around Perth hotels and increased levels of alcohol consumption during the study period. It is suggested that greater numbers of patrons and increased levels of intoxication contributed to the observed increase in violence and that systematic planning and evaluation of late trading licenses is required.

المؤلفون: Lipton R; Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, California 94704, USA. rlipton@prev.org, Gruenewald P

المصدر: Journal of studies on alcohol [J Stud Alcohol] 2002 Mar; Vol. 63 (2), pp. 187-95.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Rutgers University. Center of Alcohol Studies Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7503813 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0096-882X (Print) Linking ISSN: 0096882X NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Stud Alcohol Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Demography* , Models, Statistical*, Alcoholic Beverages/*economics , Violence/*economics, Alcoholic Beverages/statistics & numerical data ; California/epidemiology ; Humans ; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Urban Population/statistics & numerical data ; Violence/statistics & numerical data

مستخلص: Objective: This study examines whether the association between violence and population density is moderated by the presence of alcohol outlets, both within a target geographical area and in adjacent geographical areas. The effect of sociodemographic variables on violence is also examined controlling for spatial confounding.
Method: Zip code areas (N = 766) in California from four distinct areas (three urban and one rural) were examined for rates of violence, taking into consideration population characteristics of persons living in those areas and the potential interaction effects of alcohol outlets on violence rates. Population characteristics were assessed using Census data: outlet densities were obtained from the California Department of Alcohol Beverage Control; and violence rates were abstracted from hospital discharge data. A spatial population model of the production of violence was used to examine the relationships of population characteristics of target and surrounding areas to violence rates.
Results: The density of bars was found to be strongly associated with greater rates of assault, while density of restaurants was associated with less violence. Both appeared to have greatest effect in densely populated areas. Local and nearby population characteristics were also found to be related to greater rates of violence.
Conclusions: While limited to cross-sectional data, the current study suggests that alcohol outlets, in the presence of socioeconomic measures, moderate the occurrence of violence in urban areas.

المؤلفون: Guarna J; Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Ohio 43403, USA., Rosenberg H

المصدر: Journal of studies on alcohol [J Stud Alcohol] 2000 Mar; Vol. 61 (2), pp. 341-4.

نوع المنشور: Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Rutgers University. Center of Alcohol Studies Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7503813 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0096-882X (Print) Linking ISSN: 0096882X NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Stud Alcohol Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Alcoholic Beverages* , Health Education* , Set, Psychology*, Alcohol Drinking/*legislation & jurisprudence , Alcohol-Related Disorders/*rehabilitation , Automobile Driving/*legislation & jurisprudence, Adult ; Alcohol-Related Disorders/psychology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

مستخلص: Objective: To test the hypothesis that self-reported alcohol outcome expectancies are situationally specific beliefs that vary depending on contextual variables, such as the quantity and type of beverage one is instructed to imagine consuming.
Method: One hundred thirty DUI offenders attending a 72-hour weekend program were randomly assigned to either a "small dose" or "large dose" instruction condition and then completed five versions of the Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol scale, a separate version for each of five beverage types ("alcohol," "beer," "wine," "mixed drinks" and "straight liquor").
Results: Two separate 2 (dose) x 5 (beverage type) ANOVAs revealed that positive and negative expectancies varied significantly as a function of both dose and beverage type. Specifically, participants endorsed more positive outcomes and more negative outcomes when they imagined drinking a large amount versus a small amount. In addition, participants endorsed significantly more positive expectancies for beer and mixed drinks than for wine. They endorsed the largest number of negative expectancies for straight liquor and the fewest for wine.
Conclusions: Expectancies are to some degree context-bound and researchers and clinicians should consider providing explicit dose and beverage type instructions to research participants and clients when they use self-report questionnaires to assess alcohol outcome expectancies.

المؤلفون: Skog OJ; Department of Sociology, University of Oslo, Norway.

المصدر: Journal of studies on alcohol [J Stud Alcohol] 2000 Jan; Vol. 61 (1), pp. 95-100.

نوع المنشور: Clinical Trial; Controlled Clinical Trial; Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Rutgers University. Center of Alcohol Studies Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7503813 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0096-882X (Print) Linking ISSN: 0096882X NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Stud Alcohol Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Alcohol Drinking/*epidemiology , Alcoholic Beverages/*supply & distribution , Commerce/*methods, Alcohol Drinking/psychology ; Alcoholic Beverages/economics ; Commerce/statistics & numerical data ; Data Collection ; Humans ; Models, Statistical ; Random Allocation ; Regression Analysis ; Sweden/epidemiology

مستخلص: Objective: To evaluate if a change from over-the-counter to self-service sales of alcoholic beverages in monopoly outlets has an impact on the sales volume.
Method: Fourteen Swedish towns were selected, each having only one state-run monopoly shop selling alcoholic beverages. Seven pairs were formed by matching towns in terms of demographic and economic criteria, and according to sales of alcoholic beverages. Within each pair, one town continued with the traditional over-the-counter sales, while the other switched to self-service sales of beer, wine and spirits. This was decided by randomization. The effect of switching to self-service was evaluated by comparing monthly sales volume of experimental and control towns over an extended period of time. In order to evaluate changes due to transfer of customers from neighboring towns, the sales statistics in these towns were analyzed. In two towns, this transfer was also evaluated with the aid of customer surveys before and after the change.
Results: It was found that the change produced an increase in sales volume of 17%. The increase was permanent. Approximately one half of the increase could be explained by an inflow of new customers from neighboring towns.
Conclusions: The self-service shops became quite popular among the customers, and sales volume increased substantially. About one half of the increase appears to be due to new customers from neighboring towns. The remaining increase may be due to increased consumption by the local residents. Thus, the results seem to confirm the hypothesis that the physical availability of alcoholic beverages may affect consumption levels.

المؤلفون: Macdonald SA; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Addiction Research Foundation Division, London, Ontario, Canada., Wells SL, Giesbrecht N, West PM

المصدر: Journal of studies on alcohol [J Stud Alcohol] 1999 May; Vol. 60 (3), pp. 378-82.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Rutgers University. Center of Alcohol Studies Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7503813 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0096-882X (Print) Linking ISSN: 0096882X NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Stud Alcohol Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Alcohol Drinking/*epidemiology , Alcoholic Beverages/*statistics & numerical data, Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Alcohol Drinking/economics ; Alcohol Drinking/psychology ; Alcoholic Beverages/economics ; Commerce/economics ; Commerce/legislation & jurisprudence ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ontario/epidemiology ; Socioeconomic Factors

مستخلص: Objective: In 1994, regulatory changes were introduced in Ontario, Canada, permitting the purchase of alcoholic beverages with credit cards at government-operated liquor stores. Two objectives of this study were: (1) to compare the characteristics of credit card shoppers with non credit card shoppers at liquor stores, and (2) to assess whether changes occurred in alcohol consumption patterns among shoppers following the introduction of credit cards.
Method: Random digit dialing was used to interview 2,039 telephone participants prior to the introduction of credit cards (Time 1); 1,401 of these subjects were contacted 1 year later (Time 2). Independent sample t tests were used to compare credit card shoppers with shoppers not using credit cards, and paired t tests were performed to assess whether drinking behaviors changed from Time 1 to Time 2.
Results: The credit card shoppers were more likely than the non credit card shoppers to be highly educated (p < .001) and to have high incomes (p < .05). Credit card shoppers drank an average of 6.3 drinks over the previous week compared with 4.0 drinks among non credit card shoppers (p < .01). Although the overall amount of alcohol consumed among credit card shoppers dropped from 6.7 drinks at Time 1 to 6.3 at Time 2 (NS), credit card shoppers reported drinking significantly more often after credit cards were introduced (p < .05).
Conclusions: The results suggest that credit cards may not present public health problems since significant increases in alcohol consumption among credit card shoppers were not found.

المؤلفون: Pinsky I; Department of Psychiatry, Escola Paulista de Medicina/UNIFESP (Federal University of the State of São Paulo), Brazil., Silva MT

المصدر: Journal of studies on alcohol [J Stud Alcohol] 1999 May; Vol. 60 (3), pp. 394-9.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Rutgers University. Center of Alcohol Studies Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7503813 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0096-882X (Print) Linking ISSN: 0096882X NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Stud Alcohol Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Alcoholic Beverages*, Advertising/*statistics & numerical data, Advertising/economics ; Brazil/ethnology ; Humans

مستخلص: Objective: Two studies were conducted with the objective of analyzing the frequency and content of alcoholic beverage advertising on Brazilian television.
Method: Study 1 presents a frequency analysis based on 84 hours of TV monitoring in which 1,640 commercials and 243 vignettes were recorded between 8:00 PM and 11:00 PM on the two main stations. Study 2 presents a content analysis of 139 alcoholic and 51 nonalcoholic beverage commercials aired in 1992-93, as evaluated by three trained judges.
Results: Study 1 showed the relative frequency of alcoholic beverage commercials (4.6%) to be higher than the frequency of other products such as cigarettes, nonalcoholic beverages and medicines, and lower than that of foods and various other items. Frequency of alcoholic "vignettes" (26.6%) was higher than the frequency of all the other product categories. Frequency data were closely matched by marketing investment data for the period. In Study 2, the most frequent themes and appeals present in alcohol commercials were relaxation, national symbolism, conformity, camaraderie and humor. Human models were present in most ads. Product-related themes such as information, quality or tradition were virtually absent, as were messages to drink moderately. However, 7.2% of the alcohol commercials displayed appeals promoting abusive drinking.
Conclusions: The results seem to reflect the minimal regulation of alcohol advertising in Brazil, and a joint effort by health planners, educators, legislators, alcohol industries and advertising agencies is recommended as a necessary step to reduce alcoholic beverage problems in Brazilian society.

المؤلفون: Mulford HA, Fitzgerald JL

المصدر: Journal of studies on alcohol [J Stud Alcohol] 1999 Jan; Vol. 60 (1), pp. 139.

نوع المنشور: Letter

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Rutgers University. Center of Alcohol Studies Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7503813 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0096-882X (Print) Linking ISSN: 0096882X NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Stud Alcohol Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Alcoholic Beverages*, Alcohol Drinking/*epidemiology , Privatization/*statistics & numerical data, Humans ; Iowa/epidemiology

المؤلفون: Gruenewald PJ; Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, California 94704, USA., Ponicki WR

المصدر: Journal of studies on alcohol [J Stud Alcohol] 1995 Nov; Vol. 56 (6), pp. 635-41.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Rutgers University. Center of Alcohol Studies Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7503813 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0096-882X (Print) Linking ISSN: 0096882X NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Stud Alcohol Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Alcoholic Beverages/*supply & distribution , Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic/*mortality, Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alcoholic Beverages/adverse effects ; Alcoholic Beverages/statistics & numerical data ; Alcoholism/mortality ; Cause of Death ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; United States/epidemiology

مستخلص: Objective: The goal of the current study was to evaluate the extent to which beverage specific alcohol sales (beer, wine and distilled spirits) are associated with cirrhosis mortality rates.
Method: Cirrhosis mortality rates were related to measures of beverage specific alcohol sales data from 50 states in the United States taken over 12 years. Cirrhosis mortality rates were regressed over beverage specific alcohol sales in a time series cross-sectional analysis that included age compositions of state populations, measures of the availability of health care, population density, proscriptions on alcohol use, income, tourism and nighttime traffic fatality crash rates as covariates.
Results: Controlling for empirically observed first order autocorrelated errors in estimation, and the effects of other related covariates, the analyses showed that there was a beverage specific effect of distilled spirits sales on cirrhosis mortality rates. One percent increases in spirits sales were reflected in .282% increases in cirrhosis mortality rates. There were no significant effects for either beer or wine sales.
Conclusions: The relationship of spirits sales to cirrhosis mortality rates may be explained most reasonably by the association of chronic heavy drinking with the consumption of spirits.

المؤلفون: Collins RL; Research Institute on Addictions, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA., Gollnisch G, Izzo CV

المصدر: Journal of studies on alcohol [J Stud Alcohol] 1996 Sep; Vol. 57 (5), pp. 563-71.

نوع المنشور: Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Rutgers University. Center of Alcohol Studies Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7503813 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0096-882X (Print) Linking ISSN: 0096882X NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Stud Alcohol Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Alcoholic Beverages* , Patient Education as Topic*, Alcohol Drinking/*psychology , Alcoholism/*rehabilitation , Self Care/*psychology, Adult ; Alcoholic Intoxication/psychology ; Alcoholism/psychology ; Beer ; Ethanol/pharmacokinetics ; Humans ; Male ; Motivation ; Set, Psychology ; Taste

مستخلص: Objective: We examined the role of drinking restraint (temptation and restriction), beverage instructions and content and self- monitoring in alcohol-related outcomes (consumption, subjective intoxication and blood alcohol concentration [BAC]) in a sample of moderate-to heavy-drinking young men.
Method: Male social drinkers (N = 132) participated in an individualized taste-rating task (TRT), an unobtrusive method for determining ad libitum alcohol consumption. Beverages were presented using the format of the balanced placebo design (BPD), in which subjects' expectation of an alcoholic versus a non- alcoholic beer was crossed with their receipt of an alcoholic versus a nonalcoholic beer. During a single 30-minute drinking occasion, each subject sampled two beers and rated their taste characteristics on a computer.
Results: Consumption during the TRT, ratings of subjective intoxication and postdrinking BAC, served as criterion variables in regressions in which BPD beverage condition, the two aspects of drinking restraint, self-monitoring, and their interactions, served as the predictors. The results indicated that TRT consumption was mainly a function of the temptation to drink (an aspect of restraint). As expected, assignment to the conditions of the BPD predicted subjective intoxication and BAC. Self-monitoring did not have an impact on any of the alcohol- related outcomes.
Conclusions: The results for TRT consumption suggest that drinking restraint, particularly the temptation to drink (i.e., view the regulation of intake as difficult and/or drink to repair negative affective states), enhances the consumption of social drinkers during a single drinking occasion. Consistent with previous research, the conditions of the BPD predicted some alcohol-related outcomes.