-
1كتاب إلكتروني
المساهمون: Dørum, knut
مصطلحات موضوعية: political economy, small town feudalism, privatized monopoly towns, family dynasties, company towns, network towns, politisk økonomi, småbyføydalisme, privatiserte monopolbyer, familiedynastier, nettverksbyer, bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy, bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBL History: earliest times to present day::HBLH Early modern history: c 1450/1500 to c 1700, bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBL History: earliest times to present day::HBLL Modern history to 20th century: c 1700 to c 1900, bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCZ Economic history, bic Book Industry Communication::1 Geographical Qualifiers::1D Europe::1DN Northern Europe, Scandinavia
الوصف: This book, written by 12 authors, asks: Who governed the Nordic towns from c. 1500 to 1800? The book is inspired by pivotal studies undertaken by Finn-Einar Eliassen in the late 1990s concerning the progression of family dynasties in ruling several small towns in Norway from c. 1600–1800. Eliassen ascertained that 8–10 small Norwegian towns happened to be dominated by two-three families in economic, social, political and administrative matters. He maintained that ownership of the very ground upon which the town was built came to define a privatized lordship, not only in Norway but also in various peripheries in central and northern Europe. Our investigations explore quite opposite patterns. The Norwegian landlords more effectively dominated their towns – compared with landlords in Danish, Finnish, and Baltic towns – by actually living and working there, and due to their vast engagement in lumber trade and shipping. In other parts of the Nordic region the landlords normally did not reside in the towns or get involved in business in the town district. However, they possessed other types of power and authority. Finally, we assert that the paths to power and wealth in privatized monopoly towns lay in the establishment of social networks, the ownership of strategic land estates in connection with trade, industry and transport, and, above all, controlling the credit system that bound the peasants and other social groups to supply their masters with labour, lumber, agricultural products, and so on. However, the power of the dynasties had obvious limitations.
Denne boka kretser rundt spørsmålet om hvem som styrte de nordiske byene ca. 1500–1800. Boka – skrevet av tolv forfattere – er inspirert av Finn-Einar Eliassens pionerarbeid fra 1990-årene om familiedynastier i norske byer. Eliassen kom fram til at åtte–ti norske småbyer i perioden 1600–1800 ble dominert av to–tre familier økonomisk, sosialt, politisk, administrativt og kulturelt, noe han mener også har vært mønstre i periferier i Nord- og Sentral-Europa. Kilden til makt lå i det å eie bygrunnen. Våre undersøkelser viser andre mønstre. De norske godseierbyene ca. 1500–1800 skilte seg ut fra tilsvarende byer i resten av Norden på flere måter. I Norge kom byherrene til å styre og dominere mer, de var sterkt involvert i næringsvirksomheten, og de bodde i byene. I resten av Norden ble godseierbyene preget av andre økonomiske eliter og av at godseierne ikke residerte i byene. På den andre siden hadde danske, svenske og finske godseiere andre maktmuligheter enn de norske. Samtidig avdekker våre funn at det å eie grunnen ofte ikke var hovedkilden til makt og rikdom i en by. Dynastier og eliter fant ressursene i sosiale nettverk og strategisk eierskap i næringer og kredittsystemer. Like viktig var det at byherrenes makt i Norden på flere måter var begrenset.وصف الملف: application/pdf
-
2كتاب إلكتروني
المساهمون: Ranestad, Kristin, Bruland, Kristine
مصطلحات موضوعية: The copper industry, industrial history, Scandinavian copper industry, early modern history, Kobberindustrien, skandinavisk kobberindustri, tidlig moderne historie, bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBT History: specific events & topics::HBTK Industrialisation & industrial history, bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBJ Regional & national history::HBJD European history, bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBL History: earliest times to present day::HBLH Early modern history: c 1450/1500 to c 1700
الوصف: Copper is an ancient product that has persisted into the advanced industrial age. Its production methods and uses have been radically transformed several times, and it has played a central role in the building of the modern world economy. Despite this, it has been neglected by historians. For many years in early modern Europe Scandinavia was the biggest producer of copper, particularly through the large copper plants at Røros in Norway and in Falun in Sweden. This book tells the story. The amount of copper produced and traded is investigated, working conditions are discussed, the organisation of the companies is clarified, the active role of the state is emphasised, and the influence of the copper industry on local conditions is explored. The book gives copper an important place in European industrialisation more generally and shows that the Scandinavian copper industry was part of an extensive European copper network, which in turn was part of a global manufacturing and trading system. Through such connections, the Scandinavian copper industry was linked closely to the international and global history of copper, and therefore to colonialism, industrialisation, slavery and violence.
Kobber er et forhistorisk produkt som fortsatt produseres. Produksjonsmetodene og bruksområdene har blitt radikalt forandret mange ganger, og metallet stod sentralt i fremveksten av den moderne verdensøkonomien. I tidlig moderne tid var Skandinavia lenge den største produsenten av kobber i Europa, spesielt gjennom kobberanleggene i Falun i Sverige og på Røros i Norge. Likevel har metallet ofte blitt oversett. Denne boken forteller historien. Mengde kobber som ble produsert og solgt undersøkes, arbeidsforhold diskuteres, organiseringen av selskapene avklares, statens aktive rolle vektlegges, og kobberindustriens innflytelse på lokale forhold utforskes. Det vises at den skandinaviske kobberindustrien var en del av et stort europeisk kobbernettverk, som igjen var en del av et globalt produksjons- og handelssystem. Slik knyttes skandinavisk kobber tett til metallets internasjonale og globale historie: til europeisk industriutvikling, kolonialisme, slaveri og vold.وصف الملف: application/pdf
