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المؤلفون: Darshanand Maraj, Nav Persaud, Dalton R. Budhram, Ri Wang, Krish Bilimoria, Simran Benipal
المصدر: Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 46:S4
مصطلحات موضوعية: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Population health, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Essential medicines, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Endocrinology, Interquartile range, Diabetes mellitus, Environmental health, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, medicine, Per capita, Diabetes Mellitus, Internal Medicine, Humans, Developing Countries, Cause of death, business.industry, 1. No poverty, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, Health equity, 3. Good health, Cross-Sectional Studies, business, Drugs, Essential
الوصف: Aim Diabetes is the ninth leading cause of death. Improving access to diabetes medicines may decrease mortality. Diabetes medicines on national essential medicines lists (NEMLs) vary considerably. We examine the association between diabetes population health outcomes, relating to mortality, and the listing of diabetes medicines on national essential medicine lists for 127 countries. Materials and methods We conducted a cross-sectional study. We determined the number of diabetes medicines on NEMLs and used multiple linear regression to analyze the association between diabetes health outcomes and the number of medicines on NEMLs. We used linear regression to assess the association between diabetes health outcomes and the listing or not listing of medicines that were listed by 25% to 75% of countries. Diabetes prevalence, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and mean expenditure per person with diabetes were controlled for in all analyses. Results The total number of diabetes medicines listed on NEMLs ranged from 0 to 16 (median: 4; interquartile range: 3 to 6). Diabetes health outcome scores were associated with the number of diabetes medicines on NEMLs (1·3-point increase [95% Confidence Interval, 95% CI 0·5-2·1] for every additional medicine on NEMLs; p = 0·002) and GDP per capita (19·5-point increase [95% CI 5·4 to 33·6] for every 10-fold increase in GDP; p = 0·003). Diabetes expenditure was not associated with health outcome scores (p = 0·23). Increases in diabetes health outcomes score were associated with the listing of glimepiride (7·9-point increase 95% CI 2·3-13·5, p = 0.006) and glipizide (5·8-point increase 95% CI 0·03-11·6, p = 0·049) on NEMLs. Conclusions Listing of diabetes medicines on NEMLs has the potential to improve population health outcomes related to mortality in countries with diverse incomes and diabetes prevalence without necessarily increasing diabetes health expenditure. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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المؤلفون: Manuela De Allegri, Jean-Claude Taptué Fotso, Anne-Marie Turcotte-Tremblay, Habakkuk Azinyui Yumo, Isidore Sieleunou, Denise Magne Tamga, Valéry Ridde
المصدر: Health Policy and Planning
مصطلحات موضوعية: Drug Industry, Health Personnel, media_common.quotation_subject, 030231 tropical medicine, Psychological intervention, Supplement Articles, essential medicines, Essential medicines, Nonprobability sampling, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Healthcare Financing, Humans, Cameroon, 030212 general & internal medicine, Marketing, Reimbursement, Incentive, Qualitative Research, media_common, Pharmacies, Health Policy, 1. No poverty, Performance-based financing, essential drugs, 3. Good health, Management system, Accountability, Business, Thematic analysis, Drugs, Essential, Autonomy, Qualitative research
الوصف: Performance-based financing (PBF) is being implemented across low- and middle-income countries to improve the availability and quality of health services, including medicines. Although a few studies have examined the effects of PBF on the availability of essential medicines (EMs) in low- and middle-income countries, there is limited knowledge of the mechanisms underlying these effects. Our research aimed to explore how PBF in Cameroon influenced the availability of EMs, and to understand the pathways leading to the experiential dimension related with the observed changes. The design was an exploratory qualitative study. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, using semi-structured questionnaires. Key informants were selected using purposive sampling. The respondents (n = 55) included health services managers, healthcare providers, health authorities, regional drugs store managers and community members. All interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using qualitative data analysis software. Thematic analysis was performed. Our findings suggest that the PBF programme improved the perceived availability of EMs in three regions in Cameroon. The change in availability of EMs experienced by stakeholders resulted from several pathways, including the greater autonomy of facilities, the enforced regulation from the district medical team, the greater accountability of the pharmacy attendant and supply system liberalization. However, a sequence of challenges, including delays in PBF payments, limited autonomy, lack of leadership and contextual factors such as remoteness or difficulty in access, was perceived to hinder the capacity to yield optimal changes, resulting in heterogeneity in performance between health facilities. The participants raised concerns regarding the quality control of drugs, the inequalities between facilities and the fragmentation of the drug management system. The study highlights that some specific dimensions of PBF, such as pharmacy autonomy and the liberalization of drugs supply systems, need to be supported by equity interventions, reinforced regulation and measures to ensure the quality of drugs at all levels.
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::540ec2f03d6ad49471675e510bc1f81a
https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz084 -
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المؤلفون: Nav Persaud, Jordan D Jarvis, Adrianna Murphy, Pablo Perel
المصدر: Canadian Medical Association Journal. 191:E1093-E1099
مصطلحات موضوعية: Canada, Prescription drug, Attitude of Health Personnel, Decision Making, Essential medicines, Interviews as Topic, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Political science, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Formulary, Qualitative Research, Health policy, Government, business.industry, Research, Health Policy, General Medicine, Public relations, Private sector, 3. Good health, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Thematic analysis, Drugs, Essential, business, Qualitative research
الوصف: BACKGROUND: Policy approaches have been considered to address inconsistent and inequitable prescription drug coverage in Canada, including a national essential medicines list. We sought to explore key factors influencing the acceptability and feasibility of an essential medicines list in Canada. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured interviews with decision-makers and other key stakeholders from government or pan-Canadian institutions, civil society and the private sector across Canada. We analyzed data using inductive thematic analysis and by applying Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Framework to analyze the emergent themes deductively. RESULTS: We conducted 21 interviews before thematic saturation was achieved. We categorized emergent themes to describe the problem, the essential medicines list policy (including content and process), and politics. There was consensus among participants that prescription drug coverage was an important problem to address. Participants differed in their views on how to define essential medicines and concerns about what would be excluded from an essential medicines list. There was consensus on important features for a process to develop an essential medicines list: an independent decision-making body, use of defined selection criteria based on quality evidence, and clear communication of the purpose of the essential medicines list. Federal government financing and the broader pharmacare model, engagement of various interest groups and changing political agendas emerged as core political factors to consider if developing a Canadian essential medicines list. INTERPRETATION: Although stakeholders’ views on the content of a Canadian essential medicines list varied, there was consensus on the process to formulate and implement an essential medicines list or common national formulary, including choosing medicines based on best evidence. Greater understanding is now needed on how patients, clinicians and the public perceive the concept of an essential medicines list.
وصف الملف: application/pdf
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المؤلفون: Lilian Mbau, Kara Hanson, Adrianna Murphy, Martin McKee, Els Torreele
المصدر: BMJ Global Health
BMJ Global Health, Vol 6, Iss 2 (2021)مصطلحات موضوعية: Economic growth, 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, COVID-19 Vaccines, Phase iii trials, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), World Health Organization, Essential medicines, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, cardiovascular disease, Pandemic, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, 030212 general & internal medicine, China, Pandemics, Health policy, lcsh:R5-920, SARS-CoV-2, 030503 health policy & services, Health Policy, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, vaccines, 3. Good health, Commentary, Business, lcsh:Medicine (General), Drugs, Essential, 0305 other medical science, health systems
الوصف: Summary box By the beginning of 2021 the world welcomed encouraging news on several candidate vaccines for COVID-19. Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Oxford/AstraZeneca and the Chinese BBIBP-CorV vaccines are already rolled out in some high-income countries, and other vaccines may follow. While in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) access is lagging, there are several vaccines with significant potential for fighting the pandemic in those LMICs that need them. For instance, Coronavac, developed by China’s Sinovac Biotech, has been approved in China and is undergoing phase III trials in several LMICs, including Brazil, Indonesia, Bangladesh and the Philippines. By early December, Brazil and Indonesia had received over a million doses of the vaccine. The Sputnik V vaccine has been approved in Russia. The Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine is being rolled out in India. The advantage of these last three vaccines is that they can be transported, stored and delivered using the standard 2°C–8°C cold chain infrastructure (the Pfizer vaccine needs to be kept at −70°C and Moderna at −20°C). Based on currently available information, the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine is also likely to cost less than competitor vaccines, partly because of its different design, but …
وصف الملف: application/pdf
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المؤلفون: Aaron S. Kesselheim, Mehdi Najafzadeh, David G. Li, Arash Mostaghimi
المصدر: The BMJ
مصطلحات موضوعية: Medicare Part D, Beneficiary, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Medicare, World Health Organization, World health, Essential medicines, Drug Costs, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Health care, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Medicine, Drugs, Generic, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Medical prescription, Unit cost, Retrospective Studies, business.industry, Research, Retrospective cohort study, General Medicine, United States, 3. Good health, Health Expenditures, business, Drugs, Essential, Demography
الوصف: ObjectivesTo characterize the trends, drivers, and potential modifiers of increased spending by US Medicare beneficiaries on medicines deemed essential by the World Health Organization.DesignRetrospective cost analysis of Medicare Part D Prescriber Public Use File, detailing annual generic and brand name drug prescribing and spending from 2011 through 2015 by Medicare Part D participants who filled prescriptions for WHO essential medicines.SettingUS Medicare System.Main outcome measuresTotal and per beneficiary Medicare spending, total and per beneficiary out-of-pocket patient spending, cumulative beneficiary count, claim count, and per unit drug cost. All spending measures were adjusted for inflation and reported in 2015 US dollars.ResultsMedicare Part D expenditures on 265 WHO essential medicines between 2011 and 2015 was $87.2bn (£68.4bn; €76.5bn), with annual spending increasing from $11.9bn in 2011 to $25.8bn in 2015 (116%). Patients’ out-of-pocket spending for essential medicines over the same period was $12.1bn. Total annual out-of-pocket spending increased from $2.0bn to $2.9bn (47%), and annual per beneficiary out-of-pocket spending on these drugs increased from $20.42 to $21.17 (4%). Total prescription count increased from 376.1m to 498.9m (33%), and cumulative beneficiary count grew from 95.9m to 135.8m (42%). Of the essential medicines included in the study, the per unit cost of 133 (50%) agents increased faster than the average inflation rate during this period. Overall, approximately 58% of the increase in total spending during this period can be attributed to the introduction of novel agents.ConclusionsSpending associated with essential medicines grew substantially from 2011 to 2015, driven largely by the increased use of two expensive novel drugs used in treating hepatitis C. Approximately 22% of increased total spending during this period can be attributed to increases in per unit cost of existing drugs. These trends may limit patients’ access to essential drugs while also increasing healthcare system costs.
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المؤلفون: Jeffrey K Aronson, Carl Heneghan, Igho Onakpoya, Anjli Bali, Onella Charles, Hannah Woods, Simran Benipal, Nav Persaud
المصدر: PLoS ONE
PLoS ONE, Vol 14, Iss 12, p e0225429 (2019)مصطلحات موضوعية: Databases, Factual, Social Sciences, Global Health, Essential medicines, Geographical Locations, Database and Informatics Methods, 0302 clinical medicine, Sociology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Global health, Public and Occupational Health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Database Searching, License, Marketing, Medical Audit, Multidisciplinary, Communication, Records, Drugs, Research Assessment, 3. Good health, Europe, Systematic review, Medicine, Drugs, Essential, Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, Systematic Reviews, Science, 030231 tropical medicine, Cardiology, MEDLINE, Audit, World Health Organization, Research and Analysis Methods, Safety-Based Drug Withdrawals, 03 medical and health sciences, Adverse Reactions, medicine, Humans, Adverse effect, Pharmacology, Health Priorities, Evidence-based medicine, Communications, Family medicine, People and Places, Business
الوصف: © 2019 Charles et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Background Essential medicines lists and related policies are intended to meet the priority health needs of populations and their implementation is associated with more appropriate use of medicines. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that countries carefully select the medicines to be included in their national essential medicines lists. Lists that are used to prioritize access to important treatments should not include medicines that have been withdrawn elsewhere because of an unfavourable benefit-to-harm balance; however, countries still list and use medicines that have been withdrawn worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine whether the national essential medicines lists of 137 countries include medicines that have been withdrawn in other countries. Methods and findings We performed an audit of national essential medicines lists for medicines that had been withdrawn. Medicines withdrawn from worldwide markets between 1953 and 2014 were identified using a systematic review of published literature and regulatory documents. The reviewers used sources including the WHO's database of drugs, PubMed, and the websites of regulatory agencies to obtain information regarding adverse effects associated with the medicines, the year of first withdrawal, markets of withdrawal, and the level of evidence supporting each withdrawal. We recorded the number of countries with a withdrawn medicine included in their national medicines list, the number of withdrawn medicines included in each nation's list, and the number of national essential medicines including each withdrawn medicine. 97 medicines were withdrawn in at least one country but still included in one more national essential medicines list. Of 137 countries with a national essential medicines list, 136 lists included at least one withdrawn medicine, with 54% of the lists containing 5 or fewer withdrawn medicines, and 27% including 10 or more withdrawn medicines. 11 medicines were withdrawn worldwide but still included on at least one national essential medicines list. Countries with longer essential medicines lists had more withdrawn medicines included in their lists. Conclusions This study found that withdrawn medicines are included in all but one national essential medicines list, representing a need for more stringent processes for selecting and removing medicines on these lists. Countries may wish to apply special scrutiny to medicines withdrawn in other nations when selecting medicines to include on their lists.
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المؤلفون: Dzintars Gotham, Andrew Hill, Melissa J Barber
المصدر: BMJ Open
مصطلحات موضوعية: Current price, Drug Industry, Design data, Finished Pharmaceutical Product, India, essential medicines, Essential medicines, Injections, South Africa, 03 medical and health sciences, Agricultural science, Health Economics, 0302 clinical medicine, Profit margin, Humans, Medicine, Production (economics), 030212 general & internal medicine, generics, Original Research, 030304 developmental biology, Estimation, 0303 health sciences, Health economics, business.industry, General Medicine, 3. Good health, England, Costs and Cost Analysis, cost of production, Drugs, Essential, business, health systems
الوصف: ObjectivesChallenges remain in ensuring universal access to affordable essential medicines. We previously estimated the expected generic prices based on cost of production for medicines in solid oral formulations (ie, capsules or tablets) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML). The objectives of this analysis were to estimate cost-based prices for injectable medicines on the EML and to compare these to lowest current prices in England, South Africa, and India.DesignData on the cost of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) exported from India were extracted from an online database of customs declarations (www.infodriveindia.com). A formula was designed to use API price data to estimate a cost-based price, by adding the costs of converting API to a finished pharmaceutical product, including the cost of formulation in vials or ampoules, transportation and an average profit margin.ResultsFor injectable formulations on the WHO EML, medicines had prices above the estimated cost-based price in 77% of comparisons in England (median ratio 2.54), and 62% in South Africa (median ratio 1.48), while 85% of medicines in India had prices below estimated cost-based price (median ratio 0.30). 19% of injectable medicines in England, 9% in South Africa, and 5% in India had prices more than 10 times the estimated cost-based price. Medicines that appeared in the top 20 by ratio of lowest current price to estimated cost-based price for more than one country included numerous oncology medicines—irinotecan, leuprorelin, ifosfamide, daunorubicin, filgrastim and mesna—as well as valproic acid and ciclosporin.ConclusionsEstimating manufacturing costs can identify cases in which profit margins for medicines may be set significantly higher than average.
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المؤلفون: Hannah Woods, Efosa Oronsaye, Jordan D Jarvis, Anjli Bali, Nav Persaud
المصدر: PLoS ONE
PLoS ONE, Vol 14, Iss 8, p e0220781 (2019)مصطلحات موضوعية: Psychological intervention, Cardiovascular Medicine, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Global Health, Cervical Cancer, Essential medicines, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine and Health Sciences, Global health, Medicine, Public and Occupational Health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Vaccines, Multidisciplinary, Vaccination and Immunization, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Cardiovascular Diseases, Medical Microbiology, Viral Pathogens, Viruses, Pathogens, Cambodia, Drugs, Essential, Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, Hepatitis B vaccine, Papillomaviruses, Infectious Disease Control, Influenza vaccine, Science, Immunology, 030231 tropical medicine, Cardiology, MEDLINE, World Health Organization, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Environmental health, Humans, Noncommunicable Diseases, Microbial Pathogens, Preventive healthcare, Biology and life sciences, business.industry, Organisms, Human Papillomavirus, Cancers and Neoplasms, Non-communicable disease, medicine.disease, Angola, Preventive Medicine, DNA viruses, business, Gynecological Tumors
الوصف: BackgroundNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Inadequate and inequitable access to essential NCD medicines is a major concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. National Essential Medicines Lists (EMLs) are important policy tools that indicate which medicines are prioritized as essential within a country's health system. This study sought to analyze a wide range of national essential medicines lists (EMLs) for their inclusion of priority non communicable disease (NCD) interventions recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).MethodsThree lists of WHO endorsed priority NCD interventions were included. A database with 137 national EMLs and the WHO EML was created from the WHO Repository and these EMLs were compared for listing of priority NCD interventions.ResultsAcross 137 countries with national EMLs, the median percentage of 20 Best Buys interventions listed was 90% (IQR 80-95) and 31 Package of essential noncommunicable disease interventions (PEN) interventions listed was 94% (IQR 90-97), of 9 HEARTS interventions was 100% (IQR 89-100), and of the 43 unique interventions across the three priority lists was 88% (IQR 84-93). Less than 80% of the 43 interventions were listed by 22 (16%) countries and less than half of the interventions were listed by 2 countries: Angola (35%) and Cambodia (23%). Interventions listed on the fewest number of national EMLs were: influenza vaccine, HPV vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, cervical cancer chemotherapy, codeine, promethazine, senna, and oxygen.ConclusionMost NCD interventions have been prioritized in national policy in most cases. The majority of priority medicines for NCDs described within key WHO NCD technical packages are listed on nearly all national EMLs across 137 countries of all income levels. Most NCD interventions have been prioritized in national policy in most cases, but in some countries and for select interventions such as the HPV vaccine, prioritization may be reviewed.
وصف الملف: application/pdf
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المصدر: Journal of Global Health
مصطلحات موضوعية: medicine.medical_specialty, 030231 tropical medicine, MEDLINE, India, Pharmacy, Essential medicines, World health, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Surveys and Questionnaires, Environmental health, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, health care economics and organizations, Reproductive health, Pharmacies, 2. Zero hunger, business.industry, Health Policy, Public health, technology, industry, and agriculture, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Articles, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Tuberculosis control, Drugs, Essential, business
الوصف: Background The aim of this study is to assess the availability and rational use of six essential medicines in private retail outlets in Maharashtra state. The study focuses on the range of brands for each medicine, and the availability of these brands in the pharmacies. The medicines were chosen because they are included in the World Health Organization's (WHO) essential medicines list (EML), the Indian national and Maharashtra state medicines list, and are all included in existing Indian public health initiatives and national disease control programmes. Methods Data was gathered on the availability of the medicines and the range and frequency of brands in 124 private retail pharmacies between January and May 2012. As there is currently no centralised database in India of available pharmaceutical brands, we collected data on the range of products of the 6 essential medicines available in the Indian market by consulting three open access Indian pharmaceutical databases, CIMS India, Medindia, and Medguide, and the commercial database, Pharmatrac; we compared this data with the results of the survey. The six essential medicines used in this study are: artemisinin (malaria), lamivudine (HIV/AIDS), rifampicin (tuberculosis control), oxytocin (reproductive health), fluoxetine (mental health) and metformin (diabetes). Results The study found that for each of the selected medicines there were multiple approved products listed in Indian databases, 2186 in total. The Pharmatrac database lists only 1359 brands of the selected medicines; 978 (72%) of these had zero sales in 2011-2012. Our survey found very low availability of the brands: 17% Pharmatrac marketed brands (163/978) and 12% of all Pharmatrac brands (163/1359) were available. Metformin was the only medicine with high availability in the study pharmacies at 91%, Rifampacin was the second highest at 64.5%; the other four medicines were available in less than half the pharmacies. A small number of brands were dominating the market. Conclusion the survey shows that market competition has generated a large number of brands of the six study medicines but this has not translated into sufficient availability of these medicines in the study pharmacies. The data calls for a review of available brands, taking into consideration levels of sale and grounds for approval, and the setting up of a centralised database of registered pharmaceutical products.
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المؤلفون: Reed F. Beall, Rosanne Blanchet, Amir Attaran
المصدر: Globalization and Health
Globalization and Health, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2017)مصطلحات موضوعية: Canada, Economic growth, Index (economics), Population, Pharmaceutical policy, Developing country, Context (language use), International trade, World Health Organization, 0603 philosophy, ethics and religion, Essential medicines, Patents as Topic, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Per capita, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Human Development Index, Global governance, education, Developing Countries, education.field_of_study, Intellectual property, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Research, Health Policy, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, lcsh:RA1-1270, Access to medicines, 06 humanities and the arts, 16. Peace & justice, Gross domestic income, 3. Good health, Demographic economics, 060301 applied ethics, Business, Drugs, Essential
الوصف: Background This article is based upon data gathered during a study conducted in partnership with the World Intellectual Property Organization on the patent status of products appearing on the World Health Organization’s 2013 Model List of Essential Medicines (MLEM). It is a statistical analysis aimed at answering: in which developing countries are patents on essential medicines being filed? Methods Patent data were collected by linking those listed in the United States and Canada’s medicine patent registers to corresponding patents in developing countries using two international patent databases (INPADOC and Derwent) via a commerical-grade patent search platform (Thomson Innovation). The respective supplier companies were then contacted to correct and verify our data. We next tallied the number of MLEM patents per developing country. Spearman correlations were done to assess bivariate relationships between variables, and a multivariate regression model was developed to explain the number of MLEM patents in each country using SPSS 23.0. Results A subset of 20 of the 375 (5%) products on the 2013 MLEM fit our inclusion criteria. The patent estate reports (i.e., the global list of patents for a given drug) varied greatly in their number with a median of 48 patents (interquartile range [IQR]: 26-76 ). Their geographic reach had a median of 15% of the developing countries sampled (IQR: 8-28%). The number of developing countries covered appeared to increase with the age of the patent estate (r = .433, p = 0.028). The number of MLEM patents per country was significantly positively associated with human development index (HDI), gross domestic income (GDI) per capita, total healthcare expenditure per capita, population size, the Rule of Law Index, and average education level. Population size, GDI per capita, and healthcare expenditure (in % of national expenditure) were predictors of the number of MLEM patents in countries (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.009, respectively). Population size was the most important predictor (β = 0.59), followed by income (GDI per capita) (β = 0.32), and healthcare expenditure (β = 0.15). Holding the other factors constant, (i) 14.3 million more people, (ii) $833.33 more per capita (GDI), or (iii) 0.88% more of national spending on healthcare resulted in 1 additional essential medicine patent. Conclusion Population was a powerful predictor of the number of patent filings in developing countries along with GDI and healthcare expenditure. The age and historical context of the patent estate may make a difference in the number of patents and countries covered. Broad surveillance and benchmarking of the global medicine patent landscape is valuable for detecting significant shifts that may occur over time. With improved international medicine patent transparency by companies and data available through third parties, such studies will be increasingly feasible. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12992-017-0262-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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