المؤلفون: Péter Bodolai, Attila Vörösváczki, Gábor Bihari, Szabolcs Fási, Péter Szabó, Zoltán Koltai

المصدر: IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp n/a-n/a (2023)

مصطلحات موضوعية: aircraft testing, battery management systems, harmonic analysis, hybrid power systems, Transportation engineering, TA1001-1280, Applications of electric power, TK4001-4102

الوصف: Abstract This article describes the collaborative efforts between Tecnam, Rolls‐Royce, and Rotax to equip a 4‐seat Tecnam P2010 aircraft with a parallel hybrid‐electric powertrain, the first of its kind ever developed for general aviation, to help reduce fuel consumption while maintaining, and even extending, the aircraft range. The High Power, High Scalability Hybrid Powertrain project set out to design, build, ground‐test and demonstrate in a flight campaign such a propulsion system. Creating a parallel hybrid‐electric drive system, which brings together the electric and combustion engine worlds, creates a completely new set of challenges in the design, assembly, operation, and safety assurance of aircraft which must be addressed for a successful business proposition. The article reflects on some of the challenges faced as this innovative and scalable powertrain was developed on the road to minimise emissions in the aviation industry.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

Relation: https://doaj.org/toc/2042-9738; https://doaj.org/toc/2042-9746

URL الوصول: https://doaj.org/article/18ca9554bf5d4e8f96455afa0fc86bba

المؤلفون: Monika Verma, Madhusudan Singh, Mini Sreejeth

المصدر: IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 26-35 (2022)

مصطلحات موضوعية: electric machines, finite element analysis, genetic algorithms, optimisation, permanent magnet motors, torque, Transportation engineering, TA1001-1280, Applications of electric power, TK4001-4102

الوصف: Abstract In this study, an Integrated Taguchi method‐assisted polynomial Metamodelling & Genetic Algorithm (ITM&GA)‐based optimisation technique is implemented for design optimisation of a surface inset permanent magnet synchronous motor (SIPMSM). The motor geometry is analysed by implementing the finite element method for application of the motor in electric compressors of the cooling system of an electric vehicle (EV). The polynomial surrogate model is computed with the help of Taguchi experiments to eliminate the redesigning process of models to reach the optimum values of design parameters and reduce the ambiguity to select the best optimum solution in Traditional Taguchi Method. The root‐mean‐square error test is performed to validate the accuracy of metamodels. The optimum solutions are then converged using the GA technique. The optimum results are compared and presented. Using the ITM&GA technique, the reduction in unwanted ripples in torque and cogging torque along with the improved torque performance of the motor is achieved successfully. The proposed mechanism is effective in obtaining quick and accurate solutions for preliminary designs of the SIPMSM for the electric compressor application in EVs.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

Relation: https://doaj.org/toc/2042-9738; https://doaj.org/toc/2042-9746

URL الوصول: https://doaj.org/article/351c1a8724904212b060ea586d266929

المؤلفون: Chang Liu, Shiwu Yang, Yong Cui, Shaotong Chu, Qihui Xiong

المصدر: IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 65-78 (2022)

مصطلحات موضوعية: electromagnetic interference, high‐speed railway, longitudinal electromotive force, power line, signal cable, Transportation engineering, TA1001-1280, Applications of electric power, TK4001-4102

الوصف: Abstract High‐speed railway (HSR) presents the characteristics of a heavy load, large traction current, and ballastless track‐bed. As the 'neural network' of the signalling system, the line‐side signal cable may threaten both human safety and control information transmission for an HSR operation when interfered with by a strong traction current. This study comprehensively investigates the electromagnetic interference (EMI) factors of the traction power supply system (TPSS) and the integrated earthing system (IES) to a signal cable and completes the electromagnetic coupling mechanism analysis of longitudinal electromotive force (LEF). Then, an improved theoretical calculation method is proposed for the multi‐conductor power line network of the HSR instead of the traditional look‐up table method. Regarding the essential influence of different earthing methods and cable laying conditions, the quantitative calculation of the LEF on the cable is evaluated. The validity of the theoretical method is verified through finite element simulation. Finally, the solutions to suppress the EMI are put forward for cable laying. This work provides an accurate quantitative basis for the implementation of the on‐site LEF test, is significant for the design of cable laying schemes in railway engineering, and is also beneficial to ensure the safe operation of HSR.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

Relation: https://doaj.org/toc/2042-9738; https://doaj.org/toc/2042-9746

URL الوصول: https://doaj.org/article/6ed6110e44064d3e9d824145b0591a2b

المؤلفون: Thomas Moore, Felix Schmid, Pietro Tricoli

المصدر: IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-14 (2022)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Transportation engineering, TA1001-1280, Applications of electric power, TK4001-4102

الوصف: Abstract Alternating current power supplies and rolling stock with 25 kV (50 or 60 Hz) and 15 kV (16.7 Hz) traction systems do not have the characteristics and behaviour of a typical three‐phase medium‐voltage distribution system. Switching inductive loads with a vacuum circuit breaker (VCB) in MV traction systems poses familiar challenges as well as some unique challenges, such as the crossing of phase change neutral sections. Transformers represent highly inductive loads due to their iron core and, thus, the consequences of energizing and disconnecting a transformer and dealing with the energy stored in its inductance must be considered within a system context. The authors of this study consider two transient phenomena associated with switching single‐phase, medium voltage, AC traction transformer loads using a VCB on railway rolling stock: (i) switching transients that occur when disconnecting a transformer, particularly if lightly loaded and (ii) pre‐ignition and current inrush that occurs when energizing a transformer. Both phenomena can cause reliability problems, requiring increased system maintenance or resulting in premature failures of system components. The authors review the use of controlled switching and other state‐of‐the‐art methods to prevent or limit voltage transients when switching a transformer load by means of a VCB. The effective application of such techniques has been demonstrated in previous research or established in practical applications by manufacturers and electrical distribution network companies.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

Relation: https://doaj.org/toc/2042-9738; https://doaj.org/toc/2042-9746

URL الوصول: https://doaj.org/article/e1eaf6593b054bbf88a0b1f0ecfa27d4

المؤلفون: Mahyar J. Koshkouei, Erik Kampert, Andrew D. Moore, Matthew D. Higgins

المصدر: IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 15-25 (2022)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Transportation engineering, TA1001-1280, Applications of electric power, TK4001-4102

الوصف: Abstract Power Line Communication (PLC) is used to transmit high‐fidelity data on internal cell characteristics from within instrumented cells to an external Battery Management System (BMS). Using PLC is beneficial, as it avoids the need for a complex and heavyweight wiring harness within a battery. The use of advanced modulation, such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), is considered here. The existing experimental results of lithium‐ion cell impedance characteristics for frequencies of 100 kHz–200 MHz are exploited in order to create a realistic battery model. This model is used to determine the effectiveness and optimal properties of PLC with QAM, as a means of in situ battery communication for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) in combination with a real‐world dynamic drive profile. Simulations reveal that the performance of the PLC system is heavily dependent on the selected carrier frequency due to the significant changes in reactance and internal resistance of the lithium‐ion cells tested. Furthermore, cells placed in parallel display a decreased performance compared with cells in series. The results highlight that the optimal carrier frequency for in situ QAM‐based PLC for a lithium‐ion battery system is 30 MHz, and that additional signal conditioning is required for 4‐QAM and higher modulation orders.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

Relation: https://doaj.org/toc/2042-9738; https://doaj.org/toc/2042-9746

URL الوصول: https://doaj.org/article/78fbdc018e814317b272e29eb74d5fc4

المؤلفون: Ahmed Elserougi, Ibrahim Abdelsalam, Ahmed Massoud

المصدر: IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 79-88 (2022)

مصطلحات موضوعية: battery chargers, electric vehicle charging, Transportation engineering, TA1001-1280, Applications of electric power, TK4001-4102

الوصف: Abstract In this work, a novel three‐phase unidirectional off‐board Electric Vehicles (EVs) fast charger is proposed. Each phase of the proposed converter consists of a two‐stage converter. The first stage is an AC–DC front‐end converter with power factor correction (PFC) control. The front‐end AC–DC converter is based on an isolated boost converter, which has a boosting capability and provides galvanic isolation. In this stage, parallel‐in parallel‐out isolated boost converter modules are employed in each phase. This enables sharing the current among modules to avoid implementing one module with a high current rating to meet the fast‐charging requirements. The multimodule option provides fault‐ride through capability for the proposed charger. The DC outputs of involved phases, that is, three isolated DC voltages, are fed to three cascaded DC–DC unidirectional buck converters. The charging terminals are used to charge the EV battery through a filter inductor with a charging current controller's aid. A detailed illustration of the suggested closed‐loop controllers is presented to ensure a successful operation for the proposed architecture. A simulation case study for a 25‐kW charger is presented. Finally, a 1‐kW prototype is implemented for experimental validation.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

Relation: https://doaj.org/toc/2042-9738; https://doaj.org/toc/2042-9746

URL الوصول: https://doaj.org/article/858ae24226c7404790d7ed79492ce00b

المؤلفون: Erdem Gümrükcü, Ferdinanda Ponci, Antonello Monti, Giuseppe Guidi, Salvatore D’Arco, Jon Are Suul

المصدر: IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 49-64 (2022)

مصطلحات موضوعية: demand side management, electric vehicle charging, energy management systems, optimisation, scheduling, Transportation engineering, TA1001-1280, Applications of electric power, TK4001-4102

الوصف: Abstract This study proposes a load management strategy for parking and charging facilities with the capacity to serve several hundreds of electric vehicles. The strategy is built upon two assumptions on power distribution systems of large charging stations: i) they are configured as clusters, each comprising a number of charging units for reduced cabling complexity, ii) the power delivery components (such as feeders and circuit breakers) of individual clusters are sized for load factors smaller than 100% to reduce the capital costs. Unless controlled, the load demand can concentrate into particular cluster(s) whereas other clusters can still tolerate additional demand. This may lead to avoidable load interruptions and, thus, reduced energy provision. To address this issue, a load management strategy that optimises the distribution of vehicles across the clusters and their charging profiles is proposed. The strategy is compared in simulation with a benchmark strategy in different commercial parking lot scenarios. The results demonstrate that the optimal management achieves identical demand fulfilment rates despite more pronounced load factor limitations as compared to the benchmark strategy. This can enable further reduction in system component sizing. In the tested scenarios, the proposed strategy leads to increased long term profits ranging between 12% and 43%.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

Relation: https://doaj.org/toc/2042-9738; https://doaj.org/toc/2042-9746

URL الوصول: https://doaj.org/article/f55e002a80874f51a7f2f2aa02a31602

المؤلفون: Bingchang Lv, Liwei Shi, Lintao Li, Kaiwen Liu, Jianning Jing

المصدر: IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 36-48 (2022)

مصطلحات موضوعية: air‐gap flux density, asymmetry, electromagnetic performance, less‐rare‐earth, no‐load back‐EMF, permanent magnet motor, Transportation engineering, TA1001-1280, Applications of electric power, TK4001-4102

الوصف: Abstract To reduce the manufacturing cost, the cogging torque and the torque ripple of the traditional V‐shaped permanent magnet motor (TPMM), an asymmetrical less‐rare‐earth permanent magnet motor (ALREPMM) is proposed. An equivalent air‐gap flux density model is established, the model is employed to calculate the analytical expression of the no‐load back‐EMF, and the multiple objectives optimisation are carried out for the motor parameters based on the Taguchi algorithm. Electromagnetic performance of the TPMM structure and the ALREPMM structure is compared by finite element method‐based simulation. It is shown that the ALREPMM structure can reduce the amount of rare‐earth materials by 19%, and the cogging torque and the THD values of no‐load back‐EMF are reduced by 77.3% and 26.8%, respectively. Finally, a prototype is manufactured, thus verifying the rationality of the design of the ALREPMM structure through experiments.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

Relation: https://doaj.org/toc/2042-9738; https://doaj.org/toc/2042-9746

URL الوصول: https://doaj.org/article/4ad39d7bf1c84a9398f30c8ef5b2606d

المؤلفون: Chang-Ho Lee, Tuan-Vu Le, Feel-soon Kang, Sung-Jun Park

المصدر: IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, Vol 2023 (2023)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Transportation engineering, TA1001-1280, Applications of electric power, TK4001-4102

الوصف: When DC distribution grids with different voltage levels are connected, harmonic currents flow into the grid under light load conditions, which is a significant cause of grid instability. In this paper, we proposed a method to reduce the current ripple at light load by designing a bidirectional DC–DC converter reactor to have an inductance variable according to the load power capacity. The inductance is varied using magnetic saturation and implemented in three ways: two magnetic circuits in one magnetomotive force (MMF) circuit, a single magnetic circuit in one MMF circuit, and two magnetic components with different magnetic permeability in one MMF circuit. The feasibility is verified through simulation and experiments targeting the 750 and 380 V DC grid connection. The operating characteristics and efficiency are compared and analyzed by applying the existing and proposed variable reactor to a bidirectional DC–DC converter.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

Relation: https://doaj.org/toc/2042-9746

URL الوصول: https://doaj.org/article/b2de305f1577444e8d8e46e868e85d79

المؤلفون: Tanmay Shukla, N. P. Patidar, Apsara Adhikari

المصدر: IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, Vol 2023 (2023)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Transportation engineering, TA1001-1280, Applications of electric power, TK4001-4102

الوصف: This article presents a nonbridged isolated positive Cuk (NB-IPCuk) converter-based single-stage battery charging system (SSBCS). The architecture of the suggested charger ensures the intrinsic advantage of power quality improvement in discontinuous current conduction (DCC) mode at the supply mains. The suggested NB-IPCuk converter scheme has fewer components than other bridgeless/nonbridged Cuk converter schemes. This is because the NB-IPCuk converter is a partial integration of two Cuk converters. The usage of the Cuk converter garnishes the system with input and output inductances, which lessens supply current harmonic distortion and, thus supply terminal low pass filter requirement is eradicated. The advantages of the NB-IPCuk converter are the eradication of one inductor and multiple diodes (two back-feeding diodes), which are generally used in NB converter configurations. In place of two separate inductors, the NB-IPCuk converter uses a single secondary side output inductor. The usage of BL configuration of NB-IPCuk converter eradicates the bridge rectifier (BR) stage, and thus, the BR-associated losses also got eradicated. The NB-IPCuk converter also garnishes the system with electrical isolation which adds to the safety standards of the system. DCC mode operation of the NB-IPCuk converter is used in the present work. DCC mode requires lesser sensors in comparison to continuous current conduction mode. The abovementioned benefits of the NB-IPCuk converter make the SSBCS system cheaper, compact, and more efficient. The detailed stability analysis (Bode diagram and pole-zero map) and mathematics for the NB-IPCuk converter are also included in the paper. The prototype and MATLAB/Simulink model of NB-IPCuk converter-based SSBCS system with DCC mode control has been built, and results of both prototype and MATLAB/Simulink are deployed to verify SSBCS system’s performance during dynamic and steady-state conditions.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

Relation: https://doaj.org/toc/2042-9746

URL الوصول: https://doaj.org/article/66ff3899479e4816a75a4e7d2fe6fcc4