المؤلفون: Ellis TM; Agriculture Fisheries and Conservation Department, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR., Sims LD, Wong HK, Wong CW, Dyrting KC, Chow KW, Leung C, Peiris JS

المصدر: Developments in biologicals [Dev Biol (Basel)] 2006; Vol. 124, pp. 133-43.

نوع المنشور: Comparative Study; Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Karger Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 100940058 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1424-6074 (Print) Linking ISSN: 14246074 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Dev Biol (Basel) Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/*pathogenicity , Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/*immunology , Influenza in Birds/*epidemiology , Influenza in Birds/*prevention & control , Mass Vaccination/*veterinary, Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; Influenza Vaccines/immunology ; Mass Vaccination/methods ; Poultry

مستخلص: Outbreaks of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) that occurred in Hong Kong up until February/March 2002 were controlled by stamping out. With endemic presence of the virus in the region and large daily importation of poultry to Hong Kong, the Administration considered that further risk management measures, in addition to improved biosecurity and enhanced surveillance, were necessary to prevent outbreaks. Vaccination using a killed H5N2 vaccine was evaluated over a 12-month period in the district with the last HPAI cases in the early 2002 outbreak. The vaccination trial showed that farmer-administered killed H5N2 vaccine produced suitable flock antibody responses; vaccinated birds were protected against H5N1 HPAI virus challenge and excreted significantly less H5N1 virus; and vaccination was able to control virus excretion in flocks during field outbreaks. Universal vaccination of local chicken farms was introduced in June 2003 and by the end of 2003 all chickens entering the live poultry markets in Hong Kong were vaccinated by killed H5N2 vaccine. In addition to vaccination, an enhanced biosecurity programme on farms and in live poultry markets and a comprehensive surveillance programme in poultry, wild birds, recreation park birds and pet birds were in place. Vaccination use and performance is closely monitored. This programme was successful in protecting local farms and live poultry markets from H5N1 outbreaks during the regional H5N1 outbreaks in 2004.

المؤلفون: Villarreal CL; Mexico-United States Commission for the Prevention of Foot and Mouth Disease and other Exotic Animal Diseases, Animal Health General Directorate, Senasica, Sagarpa, Mexico. coor.tec@senasica.sagarpa.gob.mx

المصدر: Developments in biologicals [Dev Biol (Basel)] 2006; Vol. 124, pp. 125-6.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Karger Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 100940058 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1424-6074 (Print) Linking ISSN: 14246074 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Dev Biol (Basel) Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary , Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/*immunology , Influenza in Birds/*epidemiology , Influenza in Birds/*prevention & control, Animals ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Mexico/epidemiology ; Poultry ; Vaccination/methods

مستخلص: In December 1994, a highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza (AI) outbreak occurred in Mexico, caused by the subtype H5N2, affecting two main regions of egg and poultry-meat production. At that time, governmental actions included immediate stamping out of the affected flocks, disinfection of affected premises, quarantine measures in the region, strict movement controls on poultry and their products and vaccination. With these policies, the disease was eradicated in a relatively short time. The last case of HPAI was detected in June 1995 and the country was declared as free of HPAI virus in January 1996 to the World Animal Health Organisation (OIE). Since then, Mexico has maintained a control programme against low pathogenic (LP) AI virus that is based on a zoning classification, movement controls and other strategies.

المؤلفون: Senne DA; US Department of Agriculture, APHIS, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA 10050, USA. dennis.a.senne@aphis.usda.gov, Suarez DL, Stallnecht DE, Pedersen JC, Panigrahy B

المصدر: Developments in biologicals [Dev Biol (Basel)] 2006; Vol. 124, pp. 37-44.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Review

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Karger Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 100940058 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1424-6074 (Print) Linking ISSN: 14246074 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Dev Biol (Basel) Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary , Disease Reservoirs/*veterinary , Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/*pathogenicity , Influenza in Birds/*epidemiology , Influenza, Human/*epidemiology, Age Factors ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Birds ; Commerce ; Geography ; Humans ; Influenza in Birds/transmission ; North America/epidemiology ; Poultry ; Risk Factors ; South America/epidemiology ; Species Specificity

مستخلص: Wild waterfowl and shorebirds are known to be the natural reservoir for influenza A viruses. Surveillance studies in waterfowl and shorebirds in North America show that influenza A viruses are repeatedly recovered from these birds. However, the virus recovery is influenced by geography, season, age and species of birds. In addition to the natural reservoir, the live-bird marketing system (LBMS) in certain regions of the United States has been recognized as a man-made reservoir of influenza viruses and has been linked to several outbreaks of low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) in poultry. Outbreaks of LPAI in commercial poultry is attributed to movement of infected birds, dirty or improperly cleaned crates, and contaminated vehicles from the LBMS to poultry farms. However, in the majority of outbreaks in poultry, the source of infection is suspected to be wild aquatic birds or the source is unknown. Since 2002, three outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have occurred in the Americas; one each in Chile (H7N3), United States (H5N2), and Canada (H7N3). In each of these outbreaks, a precursor virus of low pathogenicity mutated to become highly pathogenic after circulating in poultry. The HPAI viruses recovered from the three outbreaks had unique molecular and phenotypic characteristics that do not conform to other known HPAI viruses. These findings emphasize the need for monitoring wild and domestic bird species for presence of influenza A viruses.