المؤلفون: Yepishin V; Institute for Evolutionary Ecology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; 37; Academician Lebediev St.; 03143; Kyiv; Ukraine. viktoryepishin@gmail.com., Govorun O; Sumy State Pedagogical University named after A.S. Makarenko; 87; Romenska St.; 40002; Sumy; Ukraine. a.govorun76@gmail.com.

المصدر: Zootaxa [Zootaxa] 2024 Feb 05; Vol. 5406 (2), pp. 397-400. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Feb 05.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Magnolia Press Country of Publication: New Zealand NLM ID: 101179386 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1175-5334 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 11755326 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Zootaxa Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Moths*, Animals ; Hawaii

المؤلفون: Girard MG; Department of Vertebrate Zoology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington; DC 20560; USA; Biodiversity Institute; University of Kansas; Lawrence; KS 66045; USA. GirardMG@si.edu., Carter HJ; Virginia Institute of Marine Science and College of William and Mary; Gloucester Pt.; VA 23062; USA. jacque.h.carter@gmail.com., Johnson GD; Department of Vertebrate Zoology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington; DC 20560; USA. JOHNSOND@si.edu.

المصدر: Zootaxa [Zootaxa] 2023 Aug 15; Vol. 5330 (2), pp. 265-279. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Aug 15.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Magnolia Press Country of Publication: New Zealand NLM ID: 101179386 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1175-5334 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 11755326 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Zootaxa Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Fishes* , Gadiformes*, Animals ; Hawaii ; Eels ; Larva

مستخلص: In 1985, Carter and Cohen noted that there are several yet-to-be described species of Monomitopus (Ophidiidae), including one from Hawaii. Recently, blackwater divers collected a larval fish off Kona, Hawaii, similar to the previously described larvae of M. kumae, but DNA sequence data from the larva does not match any of the six previously sequenced species within the genus. Within the Smithsonian Institutions National Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Collection, we find a single unidentified adult specimen of Monomitopus collected North of Maui, Hawaii in 1972 whose fin-ray and vertebral/myomere counts overlap those of the larval specimen. We describe this new Hawaiian species of Monomitopus based on larval and adult characters. Additionally, blackwater photographs of several species of Monomitopus show the larvae coiled into a tight ball, a novel behavior to be observed in cusk-eels. We describe this behavior, highlighting the importance of blackwater photography in advancing our understanding of marine larval fish biology.

المؤلفون: Poore GCB; Museums Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia. . gpoore@museum.vic.gov.au., Longenecker K; Hawaii Biological Survey, Bishop Museum 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817, USA.. klongenecker@bishopmuseum.org., Tudge CC; Biology Department, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave, NW Washington, DC 20016-8007, USA.. ctudge@american.edu.

المصدر: Zootaxa [Zootaxa] 2023 Mar 01; Vol. 5249 (2), pp. 277-289. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Mar 01.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Magnolia Press Country of Publication: New Zealand NLM ID: 101179386 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1175-5334 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 11755326 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Zootaxa Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Decapoda*, Animals ; Hawaii ; Animal Distribution ; Animal Structures/anatomy & histology ; Body Size ; Organ Size

مستخلص: Four species of the callichirid ghost shrimp genus Corallianassa Manning, 1987 are recognised in Hawaii based on evidence from morphology and the CO1 gene. Corallianassa borradailei (De Man, 1928) is a widespread Indo-West Pacific species now confirmed for Hawaii. Corallianassa lanceolata Edmondson, 1944 is an endemic species similar to C. assimilis (De Man, 1928) from Indonesia and Guam. Corallianassa martensi (Miers, 1884) is also a widespread Indo-West Pacific species. Callianassa (Callichirus) winslowi Edmondson, 1944 (Hawaii), Callianassa (Callichirus) nakasonei Sakai, 1967 (Japan) and Callianassa haswelli Poore & Griffin, 1979 (Australia) are treated as junior subjective synonyms of C. martensi. Callianassa (Callichirus) oahuensis Edmondson, 1944, long treated as a junior synonym of C. borradailei, is revived as a valid species of Corallianassa. The four species differ in the shape and dorsal setae of the telson, the extent of the carina along the upper margin of the major cheliped palm, the attitude of the rostrum, and the shape of the maxilliped 3.

المؤلفون: Steck M; School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States of America. steck4@hawaii.edu., Winnicki E; School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States of America. user@example.com., Kobayashi DR; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States of America. user@example.com., Whitney JL; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States of America. user@example.com., Ahyong ST; 3Australian Museum Research Institute, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia, and School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia. . shane.ahyong@austmus.gov.au., Porter ML; School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States of America. user@example.com.

المصدر: Zootaxa [Zootaxa] 2022 Dec 01; Vol. 5214 (2), pp. 235-260. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Dec 01.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Magnolia Press Country of Publication: New Zealand NLM ID: 101179386 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1175-5334 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 11755326 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Zootaxa Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Crustacea*/genetics , Ecosystem*, Animals ; Phylogeny ; Hawaii ; Larva/genetics ; Larva/anatomy & histology

مستخلص: Estimating stomatopod species diversity using morphology alone has long been difficult; though over 450 species have been described, new species are still being discovered regularly despite the cryptic behaviors of adults. However, the larvae of stomatopods are more easily obtained due to their pelagic habitat, and have been the focus of recent studies of diversity. Studies of morphological diversity describe both conserved and divergent traits in larval stomatopods, but generally cannot be linked to a particular species. Conversely, genetic studies of stomatopod larvae using DNA barcoding can be used to estimate species diversity, but are generally not linked to known species by analyses of morphological characters. Here we combine these two approaches, larval morphology and genetics, to estimate stomatopod species diversity in the Hawaiian Islands. Over 22 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified genetically, corresponding to 20 characterized morphological types. Species from three major superfamilies of stomatopod were identified: Squilloidea (4 OTUs, 3 morphotypes), Gonodactyloidea (9, 8), and Lysiosquilloidea (6, 7). Among these, lysiosquilloids were more diverse based on larval morphotypes and OTUs as compared to previously documented Hawaiian species (3), while squilloids had a lower diversity of species represented by collected larvae as compared to the seven species previously documented. Two OTUs / morphotypes could not be identified to superfamily as their molecular and morphological features did not closely match any available information, suggesting they belong to poorly sampled superfamilies. The pseudosquillid, Pseudosquillana richeri, was discovered for the first time from Hawai'i. This study contributes an updated estimate for Hawaiian stomatopod diversity for a total of 24 documented species, provides references for identification of larval stomatopods across the three major superfamilies, and emphasizes the lack of knowledge of species diversity in more cryptic stomatopod superfamilies, such as Lysiosquilloidea.

المؤلفون: Honsberger DN; Entomology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Mnoa, 3050 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, U.S.A.. dnh8@hawaii.edu., Wright MG; Entomology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Mnoa, 3050 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, U.S.A.. markwrig@hawaii.edu.

المصدر: Zootaxa [Zootaxa] 2022 Mar 17; Vol. 5116 (1), pp. 107-122. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Mar 17.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Magnolia Press Country of Publication: New Zealand NLM ID: 101179386 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1175-5334 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 11755326 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Zootaxa Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Coleoptera* , Hymenoptera* , Weevils*/parasitology, Animals ; Biology ; Female ; Hawaii

مستخلص: A third species in the genus Phymastichus LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Phymastichus holoholo sp. nov., is described from specimens endoparasitic on adult Xyleborus beetles in Hawaii. Plant and insect host records known for this species, and aspects of its searching, oviposition, and emergence behavior are discussed and illustrated with photographs and video. This new species, along with Phymastichus xylebori which is also present in Hawaii, has potential as a biological control agent against Xyleborus beetles where they are problematic. Of special interest is their potential as natural enemies of X. ferrugineus, X. affinis, and X. perforans, which have recently been implicated in possibly spreading Rapid hia Death in Hawaii. Some aspects of their potential use to combat this disease, as well as some important but as of yet unanswered questions, are discussed. Two observed instances of parasitism by the newly described species of beetles in the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex, Euwallacea fornicatus (sensu stricto) and Euwallacea perbrevis, are also reported.

المؤلفون: Rampasso AS; Cornell University, Department of Entomology, 129 Garden Avenue, Comstock Hall #3140, Ithaca, NY 14853.. as3928@cornell.edu., Ogrady PM; Cornell University, Department of Entomology, 129 Garden Avenue, Comstock Hall #3140, Ithaca, NY 14853.. ogrady@cornell.edu.

المصدر: Zootaxa [Zootaxa] 2022 Mar 08; Vol. 5106 (1), pp. 1-80. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Mar 08.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Magnolia Press Country of Publication: New Zealand NLM ID: 101179386 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1175-5334 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 11755326 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Zootaxa Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Drosophilidae*, Animals ; Drosophila ; Hawaii ; Phylogeny

مستخلص: This checklist contains taxonomic information and distributions for 720 drosophilid species, including all species descended from the most recent common ancestor of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae and all adventive species present in the Hawaiian Islands. The ancestor of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae colonized the archipelago roughly 25 million years ago and now includes 689 described taxa. This includes species placed in the genus Scaptomyza (273 spp), only some of which are Hawaiian endemics (148 spp), and all endemic Hawaiian Drosophila (416 spp). There are also 33 adventive species that have been introduced to Hawaii in the past ~200 years. Taxonomic placement, to the level of species subgroup, and all references related to replacement names and synonyms are included. This is the first comprehensive list to be published in over a decade and includes many recent changes and additions to the fauna, including 130 new species names. This checklist will serve as the basis for future revisionary work on the endemic Hawaiian Drosophilidae, particularly the genus Scaptomyza.

المؤلفون: Calder DR; Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queens Park, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2C6. Research Associate, Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9W2. dalec@rom.on.ca., Faucci A; ath Sciences Division, Leeward Community College, Pearl City, Hawaii, 96782, USA. anuschka@hawaii.edu.

المصدر: Zootaxa [Zootaxa] 2021 Dec 24; Vol. 5085 (1), pp. 1-73. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Dec 24.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Magnolia Press Country of Publication: New Zealand NLM ID: 101179386 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1175-5334 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 11755326 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Zootaxa Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Hydrozoa*, Animals ; Hawaii ; Islands ; Phylogeny ; Water

مستخلص: Forty-two species of hydroids, excluding stylasterids, are reported in the present collection from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Of these, four are anthoathecates and 38 are leptothecates. Among the latter, Sertularella affinicostata and Monotheca gibbosa are described as new species. The binomen Halopteris longibrachia is proposed as a new replacement name for Plumularia polymorpha var. sibogae Billard, 1913, an invalid junior primary homonym of P. sibogae Billard, 1911. Based largely on evidence from earlier molecular phylogenies, the genus Disertasia Neppi, 1917 is resurrected to accommodate species including Dynamena crisioides Lamouroux, 1824, Sertularia disticha Bosc, 1802, and Sia. moluccana Pictet, 1893. Sertularella robusta Coughtrey, 1876 is an invalid junior primary homonym of Sla. gayi var. robusta Allman, 1874a, and has been replaced here by the binomen Sla. quasiplana Trebilcock, 1928, originally described as Sla. robusta var. quasiplana Trebilcock, 1928. Clytia hummelincki (Leloup, 1935) is referred to the synonymy of its senior subjective synonym, C. brevithecata (Thornely, 1900). Following Reversal of Precedence provisions in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to preserve prevailing usage of binomena, the familiar names Sia. disticha Bosc, 1802 (also known as Dynamena disticha) and Lytocarpia phyteuma (Stechow, 1919b) are designated nomena protecta and assigned precedence over their virtually unknown senior synonyms Hydra quinternana Bosc, 1797 and Aglaophenia clavicula Whitelegge, 1899, respectively, names now reduced to the status of nomena oblita. Twenty species are reported for the first time from Hawaii [Eudendrium merulum Watson, 1985, Phialellidae (undetermined), Hebella sp., Hebellopsis scandens (Bale, 1888), H. sibogae Billard, 1942, Clytia brevithecata, C. linearis (Thornely, 1900), C. cf. noliformis (McCrady, 1859), Halecium sp., Sla. affinicostata, Sla. angulosa Bale, 1894, Pasya heterodonta (Jarvis, 1922), Tridentata orthogonalis (Gibbons Ryland, 1989), Pycnotheca producta (Bale, 1881), Monotheca gibbosa, H. longibrachia, A. postdentata Billard, 1913, A. suensonii Jderholm, 1896, A. whiteleggei Bale, 1888, and L. flexuosa (Lamouroux, 1816)]. Sertularia orthogonalis, reported for only the third time worldwide, is assigned to the genus Tridentata Stechow, 1920. Hydroids of the NOWRAMP 2002 collection consisted largely of presumptive widespread species, with over 75% of them having been reported elsewhere in the tropical Indo-west Pacific region.

المؤلفون: Johnson AJ; School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611.. ajj@ufl.edu., Honsberger D; Entomology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Mnoa, 3050 Maile Way, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, U.S.A.. dnh8@hawaii.edu., Beaver RA; 161/2 Mu 5, Soi Wat Pranon, T. Donkaew, A. Maerim, Chiangmai 50180, Thailand. . rogerbeaver6@gmail.com.

المصدر: Zootaxa [Zootaxa] 2021 Jul 08; Vol. 4999 (1), pp. 41-57. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Jul 08.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Magnolia Press Country of Publication: New Zealand NLM ID: 101179386 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1175-5334 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 11755326 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Zootaxa Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Coleoptera* , Weevils*, Animals ; Hawaii

مستخلص: We review the taxonomy and provide identification resources for the species of Cryphalus Erichson, 1836 from the Hawaiian Islands. Five species are present, Cryphalus brasiliensis (Schedl, 1976) new country record, Cryphalus mangiferae Stebbing, 1914, Cryphalus negrosensis Browne, 1979, Cryphalus sylvicola (Perkins, 1900), and Cryphalus trypanoides (Beeson, 1935) (= Cryphalus mollis Schedl, 1955 syn. nov.). Additionally, while reviewing the species, two species not present in Hawaii are resurrected from synonymy with C. sylvicola: Cryphalus pini (Hopkins, 1915) stat. res. and Cryphalus swezeyi (Schedl, 1942) stat. res. None of the Hawaiian species are endemic, and most are known from most major Pacific islands, and presumed introduced. Cryphalus negrosensis is a likely recent introduction and is a frugivorous scolytine, collected from a wide range of fruits, and found breeding in Artocarpus altilis fruit pulp.

المؤلفون: Curini-Galletti M; Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.. curini@uniss.it., Schockaert ER; Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Universitaire Campus Gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.. user@example.com.

المصدر: Zootaxa [Zootaxa] 2021 Apr 29; Vol. 4965 (3), pp. 515528. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Apr 29.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Magnolia Press Country of Publication: New Zealand NLM ID: 101179386 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1175-5334 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 11755326 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Zootaxa Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Platyhelminths/*anatomy & histology , Platyhelminths/*classification, Animals ; Australia ; Hawaii ; Male ; Pacific Ocean

مستخلص: The genus Tajikacelis n. gen. is introduced for species of Archimonocelididae (Proseriata) characterized by the lack of atrial spines in the copulatory organ and by the opening of the seminal vesicles into the prostate vesicle at its ventral side. Six new species from the Pacific Ocean are ascribed to the new genus; they may be distinguished by features of the genital systems and the morphology of their copulatory stylets. T. tajikai n. sp. (type species of the new genus) and T. macrostomoides n. sp., both from eastern Australia, have a long tubular stylet. In T. macrostomoides n. sp., the stylet is more curved, bending to 180°, and has a narrower basis compared to that of T. tajikai n. sp. In T. artoisi n. sp., from Hawai'i, and T. nematoplanoides n. sp., from South Australia, the stylet is shaped as a truncated cone, with a broad, oblique proximal opening and a very short tubular part. T. artoisi n. sp. is distinct for the much stronger thickening of the dorsal side of the stylet, and for the different shape of the proximal opening. In T. acuta n. sp. and T. truncata n. sp., from West Panama, the tubular stylet is comparatively short; the two species differ for the shape of the distal opening, produced into a sharp spike in T. acuta n. sp., and square-ended in T. truncata n. sp.. Two species previously described in the genus Archimonocelis are transferred to Tajikacelis n. gen.: T. itoi Tajika, 1981 from Japan and T. keke Martens and Curini-Galletti, 1989 from Sulawesi (Indonesia). The taxonomic position of the problematic Archimonocelis glabrodorsata Martens and Curini-Galletti, 1989 from the Caribbean is discussed. The relationships of and within the genus Tajikacelis n. gen. are discussed and compared with recent results based on DNA studies.

المؤلفون: Kobayashi S; Entomological laboratory, Graduate School of life Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531 Japan. McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. crossroad1994@hotmail.co.jp., Johns CA, Kawahara AY

المصدر: Zootaxa [Zootaxa] 2021 Mar 17; Vol. 4944 (1), pp. zootaxa.4944.1.1. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Mar 17.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Magnolia Press Country of Publication: New Zealand NLM ID: 101179386 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1175-5334 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 11755326 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Zootaxa Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Asteraceae* , Lepidoptera* , Moths*, Animals ; Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; Larva

مستخلص: Philodoria Walsingham, 1907 is a threatened, Hawaiian endemic genus of leaf-mining gracillariid moths that feeds as larvae on many threatened and endangered Hawaiian endemic plants. These moths are poorly studied and species lack detailed descriptions of morphology, distribution data, and natural history information of adults and immatures. Based on extensive fieldwork from 2013 to 2016, and examination of museum specimens, we describe or redescribe 51 species, 13 which are new species and provide biological and distribution data for 41 species. The 13 new species and their host plants are: P. alakaiensis Kobayashi, Johns Kawahara, sp. n. (Asteraceae: Dubautia sp.), P. funkae Kobayashi, Johns Kawahara, sp. n. (Asteraceae: Wilkesia gymnoxiphium), P. haelaauensis Kobayashi, Johns Kawahara, sp. n. (Urticaceae: Pipturus albidus, P. rockii, Pipturus sp.), P. hesperomanniella Kobayashi, Johns Kawahara, sp. n. (Asteraceae: Hesperomannia arborescens and H. swezeyi), P. keaensis Kobayashi, Johns Kawahara, sp. n. (host unknown), P. keahii Kobayashi, Johns Kawahara, sp. n. (Asteraceae: Remya mauiensis), P. knudseniiella Kobayashi, Johns Kawahara, sp. n. (Asteraceae: Dubautia knudsenii subsp. nagate and D. latifolia), P. lama Kobayashi, Johns Kawahara, sp. n. (Ebanaceae: Diospyros sandwicensis and/or D. hillebrandii), P. limahuliensis Kobayashi, Johns Kawahara, sp. n. (Malvaceae: Hibiscus waimeae subsp. hannerae), P. napaliensis Kobayashi, Johns Kawahara, sp. n. (Ebanaceae: Diospyros sandwicensis and/or D. hillebrandii), P. obamaorum Kobayashi, Johns Kawahara, sp. n. (Urticaceae: Pipturus albidus, Pipturus sp.), P. opuhe Kobayashi, Johns Kawahara, sp. n. (Urticaceae: Urera kaalae and U. sandvicensis) and P. platyphylliella Kobayashi, Johns Kawahara, sp. n. (Asteraceae: Dubautia platyphylla). Types of 30 species were examined, lectotypes of 16 species are designated, and a key to all Philodoria species and all Hawaiian leaf-mining moths are provided. We also present a new Hawaiian name for Philodoria, which we call Hunelele 'elilau, meaning "tiny flier, leaf excavator", referring to their life history and behavior. Philodoria feeds on five herbraceous and woody host plant families, and 41 species persist in localized populations in Hawaii as of 2016. Twelve species (P. alakaiensis, P. funkae, P. haelaauensis, P. hespermanniella, P. kauaulaensis, P. keaensis, P. keahii, P. knudsniiella, P. limahuliensis, P. platyphylliella, P. sciallactis, P. wilkesiella) appear to be severely threatened, as these species are rare or feed exclusively on plants that are endangered or rare. We were unable to document 10 species (P. costalis, P. lipochaetaella, P. micropetala, P. nigrella, P. nigrelloides, P. opuhe, P. pipturiana, P. pipturicola, P. pittosporella, P. spilota) after many efforts to sample in or near their historical habitats. We believe these species may be extinct. Given their restricted distribution and the fact that many species feed on rare and endangered plants, there is a risk that many more Philodoria species may go extinct unless immediate conservation measures are taken.