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1كتاب إلكتروني
الوصف: Firm Social Capital and the Innovation Process conceptualizes, measures, and evaluates social capital as a productive input for innovative firms. First, a theoretical production function is conceptualized that considers social capital as an input into the production of three important innovation outputs: receipt of developmental (i.e., late-stage) funding; commercialization of an innovation realized through sales of a new product, service, or process; and growth-related activity of the firm developing the innovation, such as an initial public offering, formation of a spin-off firm, a firm sale or merger, a joint venture, or a product licensing agreement. Second, measures of social capital for innovative firms are developed based on the structural and content dimensions of relationships cultivated internally by and externally to the firm. Through internal collaboration and engagements with external parties, social trust and reciprocity are built that promote the sharing of ideas and innovation. Third, social capital as an input into the production of innovation outputs is evaluated using a unique dataset comprising survey responses to a Federal small business award program—the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program—that supports early-stage funding needs of firms developing an innovation. The dataset contains questions that provide insight into a firm's innovation output and its social capital, such as the nature and degree of engagements with third parties, as well as the accomplishments associated with the firm's internal collaborative activities. The empirical results presented in this monograph suggest that social capital may have significant importance in the production of innovative outcomes. The key contributions of this monograph include development of a theoretical production model that includes social capital, the measurement of a firm's social capital as an input into production, and the quantification, empirically, of social capital as a productive input for innovative firms.
المؤلفون: Christopher Lee Parrish
نوع المادة: eBook.
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2كتاب إلكتروني
الوصف: Drivers of International Research Spending contributes to the literature on the economics of technical change in two ways. First, it provides an overview and a critical appraisal of the literature on the drivers of research spending, especially focusing on the extant empirical studies in recent years. Second, it provides a unique insight into the empirical determinants of research spending using micro or firm-level data on research spending decisions across a very large sample of mostly emerging nations. Firm-level information on research enables the consideration of many characteristics (e.g., size, vintage, ownership, etc.) of firms that perform research. This monograph is organized as follows. The authors begin by presenting a schematic diagram that describes their vision about what constitutes R&D, its various dimensions, and the key players involved in such activity. Next, they present an extended overview of the literature on the causes and effects of technical change, including the drivers of research spending. The authors then discuss micro-level data sets on technical changes and R&D activity, with special attention given to the Enterprise Surveys (ES) dataset organized through the World Bank, which is employed in modeling cross-country firm-level R&D decision-making. Finally, the monograph provides recommendations for technology policy and suggests some directions for future research.
المؤلفون: Rajeev K. Goel, Devrim Göktepe-Hultén, Michael A. Nelson
نوع المادة: eBook.
الموضوعات: Technological innovations--Finance, Technological innovations--Government policy, Research and development projects--Finance, Technology--Research--Finance, Research, Industrial--Government policy--Congresses, Technology and state
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3كتاب إلكتروني
الوصف: The U.S. Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Program: An Assessment and an Evaluation of the Program is intended to expand the National Academies'report and set a stage for more in depth studies in the future of the STTR program by offering a systematic analytical overview of the STTR program and tying that overview to a qualitative/quantitative assessment and evaluation of the program given the limited data collected by and available from the NRC. In addition, this is an effort to orientate readers to a number of nuances of the STTR program that were beyond the scope of the National Academies'report. A secondary purpose is to highlight the economic importance of the STTR program itself. The remainder of this monograph is organized as follows. The legislative background for the STTR program is discussed in Section 2. Section 3 explains program assessments and program evaluations from a conceptual perspective. Section 4 describes the nature of the NRC's dataset used in this study, and based on that dataset a systematic analytical overview of the STTR program is presented. Section 5 presents a qualitative/quantitative assessment of the STTR program followed by a qualitative/quantitative evaluation of the STTR program in Section 6. Section 7 offers a summary of the paper and some concluding observations and additional suggestions for future NRC-led studies.
المؤلفون: Albert N. Link
نوع المادة: eBook.
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4كتاب إلكتروني
الوصف: The U.S. government is pursuing a series of new industrial policies at a level not seen before. This effort has been driven politically on a bipartisan basis by concern over China's extensive industrial policy system. Growing concern about climate change has also been a major driver for these new policies as has the Covid-19 pandemic. Industrial Innovation Policy in the United States places these new policy approaches into an historical context, particularly emphasizing industrial policy approaches to the innovation system. It then reviews the definitional and economic debates over industrial policy. Next, it catalogs and summarizes the main thrusts of new U.S. industrial policy efforts and describes the major elements, as well as gaps in these approaches. In particular, it notes the critical gap in the U.S. for scale-up funding for moving new technologies into production as compared to China. The author also notes the types of industrial innovation policies, characterizing “top down” and “bottom up” approaches. Finally, the monograph reviews the new mechanisms and supporting infrastructure needed to make industrial policy approaches operational.
المؤلفون: William B. Bonvillian
نوع المادة: eBook.
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5كتاب إلكتروني
الوصف: The Returns to Publicly Funded R&D focuses on the returns to U.S. public-sector investments in R&D and the accompanying new empirical analysis relates specifically to the returns to public-sector R&D expenditures in U.S. Federally Funded Research and Development Centers (FFRDCs). One motivation for studying the rates of return to public-sector R&D is the paucity of existing literature on the topic. However, there are two other important motivations for studying the rates of returns to public-sector R&D: a public accountability motivation and a mandated public policy motivation. Although the analysis of investments in R&D in FFRDCs presented herein is econometrics based, there is however a frequently overlooked program evaluation literature that also offers insight into the rates of returns to public-sector R&D. Examples of the program evaluation literature is presented in Section 3 for completeness as well as to illustrate a broader rate of return concept than that presented in the econometrics-based literature. U.S. legislative actions to increase publicly funded R&D in support of private-sector R&D are discussed in Section 4. For the purpose of providing context, a brief history of FFRDCs in the United States is presented in Section 5. FFRDCs have surprisingly been an overlooked element of the public-sector ecosystem that supports public-sector research. An empirical analysis of U.S. public-sector R&D expenditures in FFRDCs, and the associated scientific publications, is presented and discussed in Section 6. Concluding observations about the themes discussed throughout this monograph are offered in Section 7.
المؤلفون: Albert N. Link, James A. Cunningham
نوع المادة: eBook.
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6كتاب إلكتروني
الوصف: Innovation Barriers, Indicators and Policies explores the historical coevolution of these three core concepts in the field: barriers, indicators, and policies. The authors show how these concepts have coevolved and reinforced each other throughout the history of Innovation Studies. This detailed historical review on the general conception of innovation is warranted in order to support a clear understanding of innovation barriers, indicators, and related policies as they have been shaped and co-evolved through time. Based on the thorough review of innovation barriers undertaken herein, we see that financial and non-financial obstacles do not affect the innovation output directly. Instead they impede the effect of the innovation determinants, whether these determinants are firm-specific, network-specific, or referring to the contextual environment. Section 2 presents a thorough discussion on the historical evolution of the innovation concept and its connection to the concepts of barriers, indicators, and policies. Section 3 discusses the beginnings of the measurement of innovation barriers, as well as the linkage between the study of obstacles to innovation and a policy-driven approach towards scientific and technological progress. Finally, Section 4 concludes with the main findings and avenues for future study.
نوع المادة: eBook.
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7كتاب إلكتروني
الوصف: This study develops a detailed description of the successful technology transfer of an invention — the drug-eluting coronary stent — originating in intramural research within the US National Institutes of Health. The history of the commercialization of the invention is used to illustrate a new policy, proposed and explained in this study, for the payment to the government of royalties on the sales of biomedical products developed with substantial public funding provided through indirect as well as direct funding avenues. The proposed policy addresses concerns about the high prices that taxpayers as consumers pay for biomedical products that were developed with funding from the taxpayers as investors. The study explains the theoretical circumstances in which the policy would not adversely affect the appropriate level of R&D investment, and then uses the history of the drug-eluting coronary stent as an example where biomedical R&D is consistent with those circumstances.
المؤلفون: Robert S. Danziger, John T. Scott
نوع المادة: eBook.
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8كتاب إلكتروني
الوصف: Case Studies of Successful Technology Transfer from Federal Laboratories presents a case study protocol and analyses of nine technology transfer success stories across federal agencies and their research laboratories to begin to fill a gap in the existing literature where there is less available research on the impact and the mechanisms of technology transfer from federal labs. The goal is to present a methodology for doing case studies of technology transfer from federal laboratories and showcase a group of case studies done using that methodology. In addition to providing rich insights into different technology transfer processes, analysis across case studies with the same methodology allows one to begin to draw conclusions about similarities and differences in the mechanisms and conditions leading to successful technology transfer from national laboratories.
المؤلفون: Gretchen B. Jordan, Christopher S. Hayter, Michael Hogan, Manuel A. Gonzalez, Alan C. O’Connor
نوع المادة: eBook.
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9كتاب إلكتروني
الوصف: Toward More Effective Science and Technology Advice for Congress traces the historical roots of science and technology advice for Congress and chronicles the creation and evolution of the four organizations that provided this advice over the past half century -- (1) the National Research Council, (2) the Congressional Research Service, (3) the former Office of Technology Assessment, and (4) the Government Accountability Office. Key characteristics for providing effective S&T advice for Congress are defined and then used to evaluate the relative strengths and weaknesses of these organizations today and to identify prospective organizational improvements in each to meet today's needs.
المؤلفون: Peter D. Blair
نوع المادة: eBook.
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10كتاب إلكتروني
الوصف: The Globalization of the Bayh-Dole Act examines an overlooked metric associated with the impact of the Bayh-Dole Act, namely its effect on influencing university-based technology transfer policies in other countries. To substantiate this thesis, Bayh-Dole like university technology transfer policies in 20 other countries are reviewed. In an effort toward an assessment of these Bayh-Dole like policies, the monograph explores in each country higher education expenditures on research and development (R&D) before and after the Bayh-Dole like policies were adopted. The authors conclude that, in terms of this metric, in some countries the Bayh-Dole like policies have been more effective than in others.
المؤلفون: Thorsten Gores, Albert N. Link
نوع المادة: eBook.
الموضوعات: Patent laws and legislation, Patents and government-developed inventions, Technology transfer--Law and legislation, Research and development contracts, Research and development contracts, Government
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