المؤلفون: Altmejd, Adam, Dreber, Anna, Forsell, Eskil, Huber, Juergen, Imai, Taisuke, Johannesson, Magnus, Kirchler, Michael, Nave, Gideon, Camerer, Colin

المصدر: PLoS ONE; 12/5/2019, Vol. 14 Issue 12, p1-18, 18p

مصطلحات موضوعية: SCIENTIFIC experimentation, EXPERIMENTAL economics, STATISTICAL models, EXPERIMENTAL psychology, SOCIAL sciences

مستخلص: We measure how accurately replication of experimental results can be predicted by black-box statistical models. With data from four large-scale replication projects in experimental psychology and economics, and techniques from machine learning, we train predictive models and study which variables drive predictable replication. The models predicts binary replication with a cross-validated accuracy rate of 70% (AUC of 0.77) and estimates of relative effect sizes with a Spearman ρ of 0.38. The accuracy level is similar to market-aggregated beliefs of peer scientists [1, 2]. The predictive power is validated in a pre-registered out of sample test of the outcome of [3], where 71% (AUC of 0.73) of replications are predicted correctly and effect size correlations amount to ρ = 0.25. Basic features such as the sample and effect sizes in original papers, and whether reported effects are single-variable main effects or two-variable interactions, are predictive of successful replication. The models presented in this paper are simple tools to produce cheap, prognostic replicability metrics. These models could be useful in institutionalizing the process of evaluation of new findings and guiding resources to those direct replications that are likely to be most informative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of PLoS ONE is the property of Public Library of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Gehrig, Stefan, Schlüter, Achim, Hammerstein, Peter

المصدر: PLoS ONE; 1/17/2019, Vol. 14 Issue 1, p1-16, 16p

مصطلحات موضوعية: SOCIOCULTURAL factors, DILEMMA, MIXING, GROUP identity, EXPERIMENTAL economics, MARINE biology

مستخلص: Collective action of resource users is essential for sustainability. Yet, often user groups are socioculturally heterogeneous, which requires cooperation to be established across salient group boundaries. We explore the effect of this type of heterogeneity on resource extraction in lab-in-the-field Common Pool Resource (CPR) experiments in Zanzibar, Tanzania. We create heterogeneous groups by mixing fishers from two neighbouring fishing villages which have distinct social identities, a history of conflict and diverging resource use practices and institutions. Additionally, we analyse between-village differences in extraction behaviour in the heterogeneous setting to assess if out-group cooperation in a CPR dilemma is associated with a community’s institutional scope in the economic realm (e.g., degree of market integration). We find no aggregate effect of heterogeneity on extraction. However, this is because fishers from the two villages behave differently in the heterogeneity treatment. We find support for the hypothesis that cooperation under sociocultural heterogeneity is higher for fishers from the village with larger institutional scope. In line with this explanation, cooperation under heterogeneity also correlates with a survey measure of individual fishers’ radius of trust. We discuss implications for resource governance and collective action research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of PLoS ONE is the property of Public Library of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Chen, Yan, YeckehZaare, Iman, Zhang, Ark Fangzhou

المصدر: PLoS ONE; 6/27/2018, Vol. 13 Issue 6, p1-18, 18p

مصطلحات موضوعية: PHISHING, EXPERIMENTAL economics, STATISTICAL correlation, APPLIED mathematics, SOCIAL sciences

مستخلص: We present a lab-in-the-field experiment to demonstrate how individual behavior in the lab predicts their ability to identify phishing attempts. Using the business and finance staff members from a large public university in the U.S., we find that participants who are intolerant of risk, more curious, and less trusting commit significantly more errors when evaluating interfaces. We also replicate prior results on demographic correlates of phishing vulnerability, including age, gender, and education level. Our results suggest that behavioral characteristics such as intolerance of risk, curiosity, and trust can be used to predict individual ability to identify phishing interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of PLoS ONE is the property of Public Library of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Keiko Aoki, Kenju Akai

المصدر: PLoS ONE
PLoS ONE, Vol 17, Iss 1, p e0261369 (2022)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Citrus, Research Facilities, Meat, Asia, Experimental Economics, Economics, Science, Social Sciences, Transportation, Surveys, Research and Analysis Methods, Oranges, Fruits, Geographical Locations, Japan, Animal Products, Medicine and Health Sciences, Psychology, Nutrition, Carbon Footprint, Behavior, Multidisciplinary, Survey Research, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Eukaryota, Agriculture, University Laboratories, Plants, Diet, Research Design, Food, People and Places, Medicine, Engineering and Technology, Research Laboratories, Beef, Research Article

الوصف: This study investigates “hypothetical bias,” defined as the difference in the willingness to pay for a product attribute between hypothetical and non-hypothetical conditions in a choice experiment, for the carbon footprint of mandarin oranges in Japan. We conducted the following four treatments: a non-hypothetical lab economic experiment, a hypothetical lab survey, a hypothetical online survey, and a hypothetical online survey with cheap-talk. Each treatment asked participants to choose one of three oranges based on price and carbon emissions level. Next, participants were asked to answer questions on demographics and the following three kinds of environmental factors: environmental consciousness, purchasing behavior for goods with eco-labels, and daily environmental behavior. Using the random parameter logit model, the willingness to pay per 1g of carbon emission reduction were 0.53 JPY, 0.52 JPY, 0.54 JPY, and 0.58 JPY in the non-hypothetical lab economic experiment, hypothetical lab survey, hypothetical online survey and hypothetical online survey with cheap-talk, respectively. The complete combinatorial test of the willingness to pay for carbon emission reductions indicates no hypothetical bias between any treatment combinations. Our findings reveal that environmental attributes for food are less likely to show hypothetical bias than other goods. The results of the main effect with an interaction term show that environmental consciousness reduces the coefficients of carbon emissions in all treatments. Therefore, a psychological scale is useful for showing whether hypothetical bias emerges with treatment or participants’ personal backgrounds.

URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::3a6fcaf0737f19fc33e7477beb271e46
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8765649

المؤلفون: Iturbe-Ormaetxe, Iñigo, Ponti, Giovanni, Tomás, Josefa

المصدر: PLoS ONE; 12/14/2016, Vol. 11 Issue 12, p1-11, 11p

مصطلحات موضوعية: LOSS aversion, PSYCHOLOGICAL feedback, EXPERIMENTAL economics, ROLE ambiguity, RISK-taking behavior

مستخلص: Experimental evidence suggests that the frequency with which individuals get feedback information on their investments has an effect on their risk-taking behavior. In particular, when they are given information sufficiently often, they take less risks compared with a situation in which they are informed less frequently. We find that this result still holds when subjects do not know the probabilities of the lotteries they are betting upon. We also detect significant gender effects, in that the frequency with which information is disclosed mostly affects male betting behavior, and that males become more risk-seeking after experiencing a loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of PLoS ONE is the property of Public Library of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Wichinpong Park Sinchaisri, Shane T. Jensen

المصدر: PLoS ONE
PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 12 (2021)
PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 12, p e0257530 (2021)

مصطلحات موضوعية: FOS: Computer and information sciences, Time Factors, Epidemiology, Economics, Social Sciences, Criminology, Social Geography, Cultural Anthropology, Sociology, Residence Characteristics, Land Use, Medicine and Health Sciences, Economics of Poverty, Public and Occupational Health, Philadelphia, Human Capital, Family Characteristics, Multidisciplinary, Geography, Traumatic Injury Risk Factors, Religion, Research Design, Income, Medicine, population characteristics, Neighborhoods, Crime, Research Article, Census, Experimental Economics, Science, Human Geography, Research and Analysis Methods, Statistics - Applications, Confidence Intervals, Humans, Applications (stat.AP), Propensity Score, Violent Crime, Poverty, Survey Research, Neighborhood Characteristics, social sciences, Medical Risk Factors, Anthropology, Earth Sciences, Linear Models, human activities

الوصف: To what extent can the strength of a local urban community impact neighborhood safety? We construct measures of community vibrancy based on a unique dataset of block party permit approvals from the City of Philadelphia. Our first measure captures the overall volume of block party events in a neighborhood whereas our second measure captures differences in the type (regular versus spontaneous) of block party activities. We use both regression modeling and propensity score matching to control for the economic, demographic and land use characteristics of the surrounding neighborhood when examining the relationship between crime and our two measures of community vibrancy. We conduct our analysis on aggregate levels of crime and community vibrancy from 2006 to 2015 as well as the trends in community vibrancy and crime over this time period. We find that neighborhoods with a higher number of block parties have a significantly higher crime rate, while those holding a greater proportion of spontaneous block party events have a significantly lower crime rate. We also find that neighborhoods which have an increase in the proportion of spontaneous block parties over time are significantly more likely to have a decreasing trend in total crime incidence over that same time period.

URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::d3a826dc2f0fc46e45b1deb9b6e6922f
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8719732

المؤلفون: Pablo Brañas-Garza, Jaromír Kovářík, Diego Jorrat, María del Carmen Delgado López

المصدر: Addi. Archivo Digital para la Docencia y la Investigación
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PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 8, p e0255668 (2021)
PLoS ONE

مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, Social Cognition, Economics, Social Sciences, Commit, Social Policy, Altruism, Sociology, Salaries, Psychology, Salary, media_common, Multidisciplinary, Applied Mathematics, Social distance, stakes, Experimental Psychology, Experimental economics, sharing, Prosocial behavior, lottery prizes, Physical Sciences, Medicine, Female, Social psychology, Research Article, Experimental Economics, Social Psychology, Dictator Game, Science, media_common.quotation_subject, Young Adult, Lottery, Dictator game, Game Theory, Humans, Students, donations, Behavior, hyper-altruistic behavior, Cognitive Psychology, Biology and Life Sciences, Gift Giving, Altruistic Behavior, Prosocial Behavior, Labor Economics, Cognitive Science, Mathematics, Neuroscience

الوصف: Using an incentivized experiment with statistical power, this paper explores the role of stakes in charitable giving of lottery prizes, where subjects commit to donate a fraction of the prize before they learn the outcome of the lottery. We study three stake levels: 5€ (n = 177), 100€ (n = 168), and 1,000€ (n = 171). Although the donations increase in absolute terms as the stakes increase, subjects decrease the donated fraction of the pie. However, people still share roughly 20% of 1,000€, an amount as high as the average monthly salary of people at the age of our subjects. The number of people sharing 50% of the pie is remarkably stable across stakes, but donating the the whole pie–the modal behavior in charity-donation experiments–disappears with stakes. Such hyper-altruistic behavior thus seems to be an artifact of the stakes typically employed in economic and psychological experiments. Our findings point out that sharing with others is a prevalent human feature, but stakes are an important determinant of sharing. Policies promoted via prosocial frames (e.g., stressing the effects of mask-wearing or social distancing on others during the Covid-19 pandemic or environmentally-friendly behaviors on future generations) may thus be miscalibrated if they disregard the stakes at play.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::2e164d94c4035167a581c563cce65c58
http://hdl.handle.net/10810/53412

المؤلفون: Adam Maxwell Sparks, Pat Barclay, Sandeep Mishra, Amanda Rotella

المصدر: PLoS ONE
PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 10, p e0255531 (2021)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Social Cognition, Male, Observer effect, genetic structures, Economics, Emotions, Individuality, Social Sciences, 050109 social psychology, Surveys, Eye, Computer Applications, Extension (metaphysics), 0302 clinical medicine, Cognition, Medicine and Health Sciences, media_common, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Applied Mathematics, 05 social sciences, Feeling, Prosocial behavior, Research Design, Physical Sciences, Medicine, Female, Anatomy, Cues, Psychology, Social psychology, Reputation, Research Article, Adult, Computer and Information Sciences, Social Psychology, Experimental Economics, media_common.quotation_subject, Science, Dictator Game, Decision Making, psychology, Research and Analysis Methods, 050105 experimental psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Dictator game, Game Theory, Ocular System, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, 030304 developmental biology, Behavior, Motivation, Survey Research, Cognitive Psychology, Biology and Life Sciences, Prosocial Behavior, Cognitive Science, Eyes, Head, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Mathematics, Neuroscience

الوصف: Some evidence suggests that people behave more cooperatively and generously when observed or in the presence of images of eyes (termed the ‘watching eyes’ effect). Eye images are thought to trigger feelings of observation, which in turn motivate people to behave more cooperatively to earn a good reputation. However, several recent studies have failed to find evidence of the eyes effect. One possibility is that inconsistent evidence in support of the eyes effect is a product of individual differences in sensitivity or susceptibility to the cue. In fact, some evidence suggests that people who are generally more prosocial are less susceptible to situation-specific reputation-based cues of observation. In this paper, we sought to (1) replicate the eyes effect, (2) replicate the past finding that people who are dispositionally less prosocial are more responsive to observation than people who are more dispositionally more prosocial, and (3) determine if this effect extends to the watching eyes effect. Results from a pre-registered study showed that people did not give more money in a dictator game when decisions were made public or in the presence of eye images, even though participants felt more observed when decisions were public. That is, we failed to replicate the eyes effect and observation effect. An initial, but underpowered, interaction model suggests that egoists give less than prosocials in private, but not public, conditions. This suggests a direction for future research investigating if and how individual differences in prosociality influence observation effects.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::87203715c3143e7e733596f7b571b341
https://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/id/eprint/49670/1/Rotella-A-49670-VoR.pdf

المؤلفون: Zhang, Nan, Andrighetto, Giulia, Ottone, Stefania, Ponzano, Ferruccio, Steinmo, Sven

المصدر: PLoS ONE; 2/26/2016, Vol. 11 Issue 2, p1-14, 14p

مصطلحات موضوعية: TAXPAYER compliance, WILLINGNESS to pay, EXPERIMENTAL economics, FINANCIAL crises, ECONOMICS

مصطلحات جغرافية: UNITED Kingdom, ITALY

مستخلص: As shown by the recent crisis, tax evasion poses a significant problem for countries such as Greece, Spain and Italy. While these societies certainly possess weaker fiscal institutions as compared to other EU members, might broader cultural differences between northern and southern Europe also help to explain citizens’ (un)willingness to pay their taxes? To address this question, we conduct laboratory experiments in the UK and Italy, two countries which straddle this North-South divide. Our design allows us to examine citizens’ willingness to contribute to public goods via taxes while holding institutions constant. We report a surprising result: when faced with identical tax institutions, redistribution rules and audit probabilities, Italian participants are significantly more likely to comply than Britons. Overall, our findings cast doubt upon “culturalist” arguments that would attribute cross-country differences in tax compliance to the lack of morality amongst southern European taxpayers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of PLoS ONE is the property of Public Library of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Julia Amelie Hoppe, Carina Goldbach, Kirsten Thommes, Thomas Pitz, Christin Hoffmann

المصدر: PLoS ONE
PLoS ONE, Vol 15, Iss 7, p e0236589 (2020)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, Computer science, Economics, Social Sciences, Behavioral Ecology, Cognition, Order (exchange), Psychology, Marketing, Multidisciplinary, Animal Behavior, Ecology, 05 social sciences, Accidents, Traffic, Eukaryota, Snakes, Experimental economics, Squamates, Vertebrates, Medicine, Female, Research Article, Personality, Adult, Automobile Driving, Experimental Economics, Adolescent, Science, Decision Making, Young Adult, Risk-Taking, 0502 economics and business, Animals, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Animal behavior, 050102 behavioral science & comparative psychology, Life Style, Pace of life, Personality Traits, 050210 logistics & transportation, Behavior, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Cognitive Psychology, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Reptiles, Amniotes, Cognitive Science, Zoology, Neuroscience

الوصف: Despite discernible improvements in the last decades, speeding is still a pertinent problem for road safety, fuel efficiency, and greenhouse gas mitigation. In order to understand individual speeding decisions, we need a better understanding of who speeds. In our paper, we test whether individuals' general pace of life is associated with speeding decisions. We use a novel speed-choice experiment that confronts participants with a scenario in which they repeatedly decide between driving fast or slow. This decision is associated with different accident risks. Before the experiment, each participant's pace of life was measured. Our results show that individuals with a slower pace of life are more likely to choose slow in the experiment and are also more likely to switch to slow, even when they had success by driving fast in the preliminary round. Therefore, individuals' pace of life may contribute to our understanding of speeding.

URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::3a1ef726dfa270ce8d178267b20b1de7
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7384623