المؤلفون: Miyata, Masaaki, Takeda, Kento, Nagira, Sayuri, Sugiura, Yoshimasa

المصدر: International Journal of Food Sciences & Nutrition; Jun2024, Vol. 75 Issue 4, p385-395, 11p

مصطلحات موضوعية: TRIMETHYLAMINE oxide, BILE acids, NON-alcoholic fatty liver disease, FARNESOID X receptor, TRIMETHYLAMINE, CHOLESTEROL, SYNTHETIC enzymes, CHOLESTEROL metabolism, CHOLESTEROL hydroxylase

مستخلص: There are conflicting animal experiments on the effect of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), the dietary metabolite, on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aims to determine the effect of TMAO on NAFLD. A diet containing 0.3% TMAO was fed to farnesoid X receptor (Fxr)-null mice, a model of NAFLD, for 13 weeks. Fxr-null mice fed TMAO showed significant reductions in liver damage markers but not wild-type mice. Hepatic bile acid and cholesterol levels were significantly decreased, and triacylglycerol levels tended to decrease in TMAO-fed Fxr-null mice. Changes in mRNA levels of hepatic bile acid and cholesterol transporters and synthetic enzymes were observed, which could explain the decreased hepatic bile acid and cholesterol levels in Fxr-null mice given the TMAO diet but not in the wild-type mice. These results suggest that TMAO intake ameliorates liver damage in Fxr-null mice, further altering bile acid/cholesterol metabolism in an FXR-independent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Zhong, Saiwei, Yang, Jingpeng, Huang, He

المصدر: Critical Reviews in Microbiology; May2024, Vol. 50 Issue 3, p285-299, 15p

مصطلحات موضوعية: CLOSTRIDIOIDES difficile, INFECTION prevention, BIOFILMS, BILE acids, QUORUM sensing, MICROBIAL metabolites, SYNTROPHISM, FARNESOID X receptor, DISEASE relapse

مستخلص: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a serious disease with a high recurrence rate. The single and mixed biofilms formed by C. difficile in the gut contribute to the formation of recurrent CDI (rCDI). In parallel, other gut microbes influence the formation and development of C. difficile biofilms, also known as symbiotic biofilms. Interactions between members within the symbiotic biofilm are associated with the worsening or alleviation of CDI. These interactions include effects on C. difficile adhesion and chemotaxis, modulation of LuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing (QS) system activity, promotion of cross-feeding by microbial metabolites, and regulation of intestinal bile acid and pyruvate levels. In the process of C. difficile biofilms control, inhibition of C. difficile initial biofilm formation and killing of C. difficile vegetative cells and spores are the main targets of action. The role of symbiotic biofilms in CDI suggested that targeting interventions of C. difficile-promoting gut microbes could indirectly inhibit the formation of C. difficile mixed biofilms and improved the ultimate therapeutic effect. In summary, this review outlines the mechanisms of C. difficile biofilm formation and summarises the treatment strategies for such single and mixed biofilms, aiming to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of CDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Ortiz, Kimberly, Cetin, Zeliha, Yiyue Sun, Zhiping Hu, Takeshi Kurihara, Tafaleng, Edgar N., Florentino, Rodrigo M., Ostrowska, Alina, Soto Gutierrez, Alejandro, Faccioli, Lanuza A. P.

المصدر: Organogenesis; Dec2023, Vol. 19 Issue 1, p1-11, 11p

مصطلحات موضوعية: LIVER diseases, FARNESOID X receptor, BILE acids, CHOLANGITIS, LIVER cells, OXIDATIVE stress

مستخلص: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), the most common types of cholestatic liver disease (CLD), result in enterohepatic obstruction, bile acid accumulation, and hepatotoxicity. The mechanisms by which hepatocytes respond to and cope with CLD remain largely unexplored. This study includes the characterization of hepatocytes isolated from explanted livers of patients with PBC and PSC. We examined the expression of hepatocyte-specific genes, intracellular bile acid (BA) levels, and oxidative stress in primary-huma-nhepatocytes (PHHs) isolated from explanted livers of patients with PBC and PSC and compared them with control normal human hepatocytes. Our findings provide valuable initial insights into the hepatocellular response to cholestasis in CLD and help support the use of PHHs as an experimental tool for these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Hu, Shanshan, Luo, Liyong, Zeng, Liang

المصدر: Critical Reviews in Food Science & Nutrition; 2023, Vol. 63 Issue 24, p7126-7147, 22p

مصطلحات موضوعية: CHRONOBIOLOGY disorders, FARNESOID X receptor, G protein coupled receptors, TEA, TYPE 2 diabetes, BILE acids, FATTY liver

مستخلص: Circadian rhythm is an intrinsic mechanism developed by organisms to adapt to external environmental signals. Nowadays, owing to the job and after-work entertainment, staying up late – Circadian rhythm disorders (CRD) are common. CRD is linked to the development of fatty liver, type 2 diabetes, and chronic gastroenteritis, which affecting the body's metabolic and inflammatory responses via multi-organ crosstalk (gut-liver-brain axis, etc.). However, studies on the mechanisms of multi-organ interactions by CRD are still weak. Current studies on therapeutic agents for CRD remain inadequate, and phytochemicals have been shown to alleviate CRD-induced syndromes that may be used for CRD-therapy in the future. Tea, a popular phytochemical-rich beverage, reduces glucolipid metabolism and inflammation. But it is immature and unclear in the mechanisms of alleviation of CRD-mediated syndrome. Here, we have analyzed the threat of CRD to hosts and their offspring' health from the perspective of the "gut-liver-brain" axis. The potential mechanisms of tea in alleviating CRD were further explored. It might be by interfering with bile acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and G protein-coupled receptors, with FXR, AHR, and GPCR as potential targets. We hope to provide new perspectives on the role of tea in the prevention and mitigation of CRD. The review highlights the health challenges of CRD via the gut-liver-brain axis. CRD research should focus on the health effects on healthy models and its offspring. Tea may prevent CRD by regulating bile acid, tryptophan, and GPCR. Potential targets for tea prevention and mitigation of CRD include FXR, AHR and GPCR. A comprehensive assessment mechanism for tea in improving CRD should be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Gu, Yu, Li, Lingfeng, Yang, Min, Liu, Tianyu, Song, Xueli, Qin, Xiali, Xu, Xin, Liu, Jinghua, Wang, Bangmao, Cao, Hailong

المصدر: Critical Reviews in Microbiology; May2023, Vol. 49 Issue 3, p350-369, 20p

مصطلحات موضوعية: IRRITABLE colon, FARNESOID X receptor, G protein coupled receptors, FECAL microbiota transplantation, PROBIOTICS, BILE acids

مستخلص: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder of gut–brain interaction with an increasing prevalence, and its precise aetiology remains unclear. Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been found to be associated with IBS pathogenesis. In addition, a high incidence of bile acid diarrhoea and disturbed bile acid metabolism has been observed in IBS patients. The abundant microorganisms inhabited in human gut have essential functions in bile acid biotransformation, and can immensely affect the size and constitution of bile acid pool. Meanwhile, the alterations of bile acid profile can inversely interfere with the gut microbiota. This review discussed the role of intricate correlations between bile acids and gut microbiota in IBS pathogenesis and delineated the possible molecular mechanisms, mainly the signalling induced by farnesoid X receptor and transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor 5. Besides, some biomarkers for identifying bile acid diarrhoea in IBS population were listed, assisting the diagnosis and classification of IBS. Moreover, it also assessed some therapeutic strategies for IBS that regulate the bile acid–gut microbiota axis, such as dietary modulation, probiotics/prebiotics, faecal microbiota transplantation, and antibiotics. Collectively, this article illustrated the relationship between bile acids and gut microbiota in IBS pathophysiology and might offer some novel therapeutic options for IBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Kai Wang, Yue Chen, Jinyi Cao, Ruimin Liang, Yi Qiao, Likun Ding, Xiaojuan Yang, Zhifu Yang

المصدر: Pharmaceutical Biology; 2022, Vol. 60 Issue 1, p2189-2199, 11p

مصطلحات موضوعية: GUT microbiome, FARNESOID X receptor, BILE acids, ISCHEMIC stroke, CEREBRAL infarction, HOMEOSTASIS, REPERFUSION, REGULATORY T cells

مستخلص: Context: Effective treatment of ischaemic stroke is required to combat its high prevalence and incidence. Although the combination of Astragalus membranaeus (Fisch.) Bge. (Fabaceae) and Carthamus tinctorius L. (Asteraceae) is used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of stroke, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Objective: The objective of this study is to elucidate the mechanism underlying Huangqi-Honghua (HQHH) for the treatment of ischaemic stroke by gut microbiota analysis and metabonomics. Materials and methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the sham, model, HQ-HH, and Naoxintong (NXT) groups. The middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion model was established after 7 days of intragastric administration in the HQ-HH (4.5 g/kg, qd) and NXT (1.0 g/kg, qd) groups. The neurological examination, infarct volume, gut microbiota, bile acids, and inflammation markers were assessed after 72 h of reperfusion. Results: Compared with the model group, HQ-HH significantly reduced the neurological deficit scores of the model rats (2.0 ± 0.2 vs. 3.16 ± 0.56), and reduced the cerebral infarct volume (27.83 ± 3.95 vs. 45.17 ± 2.75), and reduced the rate of necrotic neurons (26.35 ± 4.37 vs. 53.50 ± 9.61). HQ-HH regulating gut microbiota, activating the bile acid receptor FXR, maintaining the homeostasis of bile acid, reducing Th17 cells and increasing Treg cells in the rat brain, reducing the inflammatory response, and improving cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Conclusions: These data indicate that HQ-HH combination can improve ischaemic stroke by regulating the gut microbiota to affect bile acid metabolism, providing experimental evidence for the wide application of HQ-HH in clinical practice of ischaemic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Qiu, Yixuan, Yu, Jiaming, Li, Yi, Yang, Fan, Yu, Huiyuan, Xue, Mengjuan, Zhang, Fan, Jiang, Xin, Ji, Xueying, Bao, Zhijun

المصدر: Annals of Medicine; December 2021, Vol. 53 Issue 1, p508-522, 15p

مصطلحات موضوعية: SKELETAL muscle, GUT microbiome, MUSCULAR atrophy, FARNESOID X receptor, BILE acids, BUTYRATES, MUSCLE proteins

مستخلص: Background: Recent evidence indicates that host-gut microbiota crosstalk has nonnegligible effects on host skeletal muscle, yet gut microbiota-regulating mechanisms remain obscure. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were treated with a cocktail of antibiotics (Abx) to depress gut microbiota for 4 weeks. The profiles of gut microbiota and microbial bile acids were measured by 16S rRNA sequencing and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), respectively. We performed qPCR, western blot and ELISA assays in different tissue samples to evaluate FXR-FGF15/19 signaling. Results: Abx treatment induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mice. These effects were associated with microbial dysbiosis and aberrant bile acid (BA) metabolism in intestine. Ileal farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) signaling was inhibited in response to microbial BA disturbance. Mechanistically, circulating FGF15 was decreased, which downregulated skeletal muscle protein synthesis through the extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway. Treating Abx mice with FGF19 (human FGF15 ortholog) partly reversed skeletal muscle loss. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the BA-FXR-FGF15/19 axis acts as a regulator of gut microbiota to mediate host skeletal muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Peng, Wan, Dai, Man-Yun, Bao, Li-Juan, Zhu, Wei-Feng, Li, Fei

المصدر: Xenobiotica; Jun2021, Vol. 51 Issue 6, p716-727, 12p

مصطلحات موضوعية: LIVER injuries, FARNESOID X receptor, METABOLIC disorders, BILE acids, RHEUMATOID arthritis

مستخلص: Tripterygium glycosides tablets (TGT) and Tripterygium wilfordii tablets (TWT) are the preparations of Tripterygium wilfordii used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the clinic, but the hepatotoxicity was reported frequently. This study aimed to determine the potential toxicity mechanism of liver injury induced by the preparations of Tripterygium wilfordii in mice. Here, we performed metabolomic analysis, pathological analysis and biochemical analysis of samples from mice with liver injury induced by TGT and TWT, which revealed that liver injury was associated with bile acid metabolism disorder. Quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) and western blot indicated that the above changes were accompanied by inhibition of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signalling. Liver injury from TWT could be alleviated by treatment of the FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) via activation of the FXR to inhibit the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway and improve bile acid metabolism disorder by activating bile salt export pump (BSEP) and organic solute-transporter-β (OSTB). The data demonstrate that FXR signalling pathway plays a key role in T. wilfordii-induced liver injury, which could be alleviated by activated FXR. These results indicate that FXR activation by OCA may offer a promising therapeutic opportunity against hepatotoxicity from the preparations of T. wilfordii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Sahu, Rakesh, Mishra, Rakhi, Majee, Chandana

المصدر: Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Oct2020, Vol. 14 Issue 10, p985-998, 14p

مصطلحات موضوعية: FARNESOID X receptor, CHOLANGITIS, G protein coupled receptors, BILE acids, URSODEOXYCHOLIC acid

مستخلص: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease which on progression causes cirrhosis; various studies also suggested that several diseases can co-exist in patients. In existing depiction of disease PBC, apart from entire use of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), several patients need to step forward to liver-transplantation or death due to resistance or non-responder with UDCA monotherapy. To overcome this non-respondent treatment, novel bile acid semi-synthetic analogs have been identified which shows their potency against for farnesoid X receptor and transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor-5 which are identified as target for many developing analogs which have desirable pharmacokinetic profiles. A range of studies suggests that adding semisynthetic analogs in therapeutic regime improves liver biochemistries in patients with suboptimal response to UDCA. Thus, the aspire of this review is to abridge and compare therapeutic value and current markets affirm of various bile acids semi-synthetic analogs which certainly are having promising effects in PBC monotherapy or in pooled treatment with UDCA for PBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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