المؤلفون: MAZOWER, MARK

المصدر: Nation; 9/24/2012, Vol. 295 Issue 13, p27-36, 8p, 2 Maps

مصطلحات موضوعية: INTERNATIONALISM, INTERNATIONAL organization, EUROPEAN integration, NONGOVERNMENTAL organizations, NEOLIBERALISM, DISTRIBUTION (Economic theory), HISTORY, GOVERNMENT policy

مصطلحات جغرافية: EUROPE

الشركة/الكيان: EUROPEAN Parliament, EUROPEAN Union

People: SPINELLI, Altiero, 1907-1986

مستخلص: The article looks at the idea and practice of internationalism, tracing it through the second half of the 20th century and up to 2012, with a focus on Europe. The author cites Altiero Spinelli, an Italian activist and political prisoner in World War II, who with fellow prisoners drafted a proposal for a European federation, the Ventotene Manifesto. He describes the post-war integration of Europe and says the adoption of neoliberal economic policies beginning in the 1970s and the expansion of the European Union (EU) in the 1990s were turning points. Topics include the balance between supranational institutions such as the European Parliament and national governments, the extent of economic redistribution within the EU, and the role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).

المؤلفون: Mandel, Michael J., Dunham, Richard S.

المصدر: BusinessWeek; 4/19/2004, Issue 3879, p34-37, 4p, 2 Color Photographs, 1 Chart, 4 Graphs

مصطلحات موضوعية: WEALTH, DISTRIBUTION (Economic theory), TAX cuts, FINANCIAL markets, GLOBALIZATION, UNITED States economy, 2001-2009

مصطلحات جغرافية: UNITED States

People: BUSH, George W. (George Walker), 1946-

مستخلص: Contends that the productivity boom has made asset owners rich and left wage-earners behind. Continuing profit of asset owners from weak wage growth and strong productivity; Electioneering claim by George W. Bush of an ownership society and tax cuts; Growing reach and efficiency of financial markets; Worldwide assets due to globalization; Impact of tax code changes over the past 12 years.

المؤلفون: Bradley, Bill, Jansen, Paul, Silverman, Les

المصدر: Harvard Business Review; May2003, Vol. 81 Issue 5, p94-103, 10p, 3 Color Photographs, 1 Diagram, 2 Graphs

مصطلحات موضوعية: NONPROFIT organization finance, CHARITIES, COST analysis, MARKET surveys, COST effectiveness, INDUSTRIAL costs, FUNDRAISING, MANAGEMENT of charities, INDUSTRIAL efficiency, DISTRIBUTION (Economic theory), INDUSTRIAL management, ECONOMICS, MANAGEMENT

مصطلحات جغرافية: UNITED States

مستخلص: Imagine what an extra $100 billion a year could do for philanthropic and other nonprofit institutions. According to a new study, the nonprofit sector could free that amount--maybe even more--by making five changes in the way it operates. The study asked two central questions: Does the sector's money flow from its source to its ultimate use as efficiently and effectively as possible? If not, where are the big opportunities to increase social benefit? According to former senator Bill Bradley and McKinsey's Pauljansen and Les Silverman, nonprofits could save roughly $25 billion a year by changing the way they raise funds. By distributing funds more quickly, they could put an extra $30 billion to work. Organizations could generate more than $60 billion a year by streamlining and restructuring the way in which they provide services and by reducing administrative costs. And they could free up even more money--an amount impossible to estimate--by better allocating funds among service providers. The authors admit that making those changes won't be easy. The nonprofit world, historically seen as a collection of locally focused charities, has become an enormous sector, but it lacks the managerial processes and incentives that help keep the for-profit world on track. And when the baby boomers start to retire in less than a decade, public budgets will be squeezed even more than they are today. If the nonprofit sector is to help the nation cope with the stresses ahead, it must become more efficient and challenge its traditional concepts of stewardship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright 2003 Harvard Business Publishing. All Rights Reserved. Additional restrictions may apply including the use of this content as assigned course material. Please consult your institution's librarian about any restrictions that might apply under the license with your institution. For more information and teaching resources from Harvard Business Publishing including Harvard Business School Cases, eLearning products, and business simulations please visit hbsp.harvard.edu. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Buchanan, Mark

المصدر: Harvard Business Review; Apr2002, Vol. 80 Issue 4, p49-54, 6p, 2 Color Photographs, 1 Graph

مصطلحات موضوعية: BEHAVIORAL economics, WEALTH, SOCIOECONOMICS, DISTRIBUTION (Economic theory), SOCIAL stratification, SOCIOECONOMIC factors, ECONOMETRICS, PARETO optimum, ECONOMIC policy, STRUCTURAL social mobility, SOCIAL classes, ECONOMICS

People: PARETO, Vilfredo, 1848-1923

مستخلص: The economic world is full of patterns, and one of the most controversial is the distribution of wealth. You might expect the balance between rich and poor to vary widely from country to country. But back in 1897, Vilfredo Pareto discovered a pattern of wealth distribution that appears to be universal. Whenever you double the amount of wealth within a country, the number of people in each successively higher wealth bracket falls by a constant factor. The factor varies among countries, but the pattern remains essentially the same. From a mathematical standpoint, Pareto's distribution has stubbornly defied explanation. But recently, researchers were able to replicate the curve by applying the principles of network organization. They began with two simple assumptions. First, wealth accumulates either by transfers from person to person or through investment returns, positive or negative. Second, rich people invest more money than poor people. Starting with a hypothetical group of 1,000 people of equal wealth and abilities, the model always produces Pareto's wealth distribution no matter how the links in the network are organized or how the balance between interpersonal transactions and investment returns are set. The model also indicates that the degree of wealth concentration can be influenced. Increasing the number of links in the network or the total amount of money flowing through an economy tends to decrease wealth disparities; increasing investment returns or volatility tends to increase it. Replete with public policy implications, the model is only one example of how network analysis can reshape our understanding of complex economic and social systems, which may have less to do with the behavior of individual members than with impersonal and seemingly insignificant forces. INSET: The Origins of Segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

: Copyright 2002 Harvard Business Publishing. All Rights Reserved. Additional restrictions may apply including the use of this content as assigned course material. Please consult your institution's librarian about any restrictions that might apply under the license with your institution. For more information and teaching resources from Harvard Business Publishing including Harvard Business School Cases, eLearning products, and business simulations please visit hbsp.harvard.edu. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Alternate Title: How to make room for bulk in the store. (English)

المؤلفون: CAUSSAT, PASCALE

المصدر: Stratégies; 2/23/2023, Issue 2163, p36-37, 2p

مصطلحات موضوعية: CLIMATE change laws, RETAIL industry, DISTRIBUTION (Economic theory), HYGIENE, DIGITAL transformation, THIRD-party logistics

مستخلص: The article reports that France's Climate and Resilience Law aims to have 20 percent of the sales area of retail businesses dedicated to bulk by 2030. Topics include Retailers have begun implementing solution in pilot stores with a standardized distribution system and national brands; and the commercial and logistical results around hygiene risks, the excessive cost, and the lack of practicality conversation about the transformation of distribution.

المؤلفون: KOLHATKAR, SHEELAH

المصدر: New Yorker; 6/24/2019, Vol. 95 Issue 17, p36-47, 12p, 2 Color Photographs, 5 Cartoon or Caricatures

مصطلحات موضوعية: UNITED States presidential election, 2020, UNITED States economic policy, CAMPAIGN issues, DISTRIBUTION (Economic theory)

People: WARREN, Elizabeth, 1949-

مستخلص: The article presents a profile of Senator Elizabeth Warren, It mentions her campaign for president in the 2020 election, her focus on economic policy and inequality as her main campaign issue, and her experience in economics and politics that lead to her entering the race.

المؤلفون: Das, Koushan

المصدر: Vietnam Briefing (Asia Briefing Ltd.); Dec2018, Issue 36, p7-10, 4p

مصطلحات موضوعية: BUSINESS success, DISTRIBUTION (Economic theory), VIETNAMESE economy, 1975-

المؤلفون: Porter, Michael E.

المصدر: Harvard Business Review; May/Jun95, Vol. 73 Issue 3, p55-71, 17p, 1 Color Photograph

مصطلحات موضوعية: INNER cities, COMPETITIVE advantage in business, URBAN economics, BUSINESS enterprises, URBAN community development, CITIES & towns, ECONOMIC development, WEALTH, DISTRIBUTION (Economic theory), ECONOMIC history

مصطلحات جغرافية: UNITED States

مستخلص: The economic distress of America's inner cities may be the most pressing issue facing the nation. The lack of businesses and jobs in disadvantaged urban areas fuels not only a crushing cycle of poverty but also crippling social problems such as drug abuse and crime. And, as inner cities continue to deteriorate, the debate on how to aid them grows increasingly divisive. The sad reality is that the efforts of the past several decades to revitalize inner cities have failed. The establishment of a sustainable economic base--and with it employment opportunities, wealth creation, role models, and improved local infrastructure--still eludes us despite the investment of substantial resources. The time has come to recognize that revitalizing the inner cities will require a radically new approach. While social programs will continue to play a critical role in meeting human needs and improving education, they must support--and not undermine--a coherent economic strategy. The question we should be asking is how inner-city-based businesses and nearby employment opportunities for inner city residents can proliferate and grow. A sustainable economic base can be created in the inner city, but only as it has been created elsewhere: through private, for-profit initiatives and investment based on economic self-interest and genuine competitive advantage. An economic model must begin with the premise that inner city businesses must be profitable and positioned to compete on a regional, national, and even international scale. Our policies and programs have fallen into the trap of redistributing wealth. The real need--as well as the real opportunity--is to create wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright 1995 Harvard Business Publishing. All Rights Reserved. Additional restrictions may apply including the use of this content as assigned course material. Please consult your institution's librarian about any restrictions that might apply under the license with your institution. For more information and teaching resources from Harvard Business Publishing including Harvard Business School Cases, eLearning products, and business simulations please visit hbsp.harvard.edu. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Reich, Robert B.

المصدر: New Republic; 5/1/89, Vol. 200 Issue 18, p23-28, 4p

مصطلحات موضوعية: INCOME inequality, WAGES, PRICE inflation, MONETARY policy, FISCAL policy, LABOR market, DISTRIBUTION (Economic theory)

مصطلحات جغرافية: UNITED States

مستخلص: Reports on the increase in income inequality in the U.S. Implications of growth in income inequality; Failure of states to raise benefits for the poor and unemployed to keep up with inflation; Statistics on the earnings of workers and managers; Contribution of the government's fiscal and monetary policy to income inequality; Emergence of an international labor market; Information on three functional categories that reflect the real competitive positions of workers in the global economy.

المؤلفون: Lekachman, Robert

المصدر: New Republic; 7/29/78, Vol. 179 Issue 5, p15-18, 4p

مصطلحات موضوعية: DISTRIBUTION (Economic theory), INCOME inequality, TAXATION, DEVELOPED countries

مصطلحات جغرافية: CALIFORNIA, UNITED States

People: JARVIS, Howard

مستخلص: Focuses on the success of taxation policies in the state of California initiated by Howard Jarvis, founder of the Taxpayers Association in the state. Voters' customary receptiveness to novelty as seen in the state's economy; Imposition of a progressive levy on personal income; Spread of the "Jarvis fever" to the rest of the United States; Fact that American taxpayers are less burdened than the citizens of most advanced industrial societies; Comments on the politics of distribution.