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المؤلفون: Adam Z. Cheng, Craig J. Bierle, Peter J. Southern, Reuben S. Harris, Nadine M. Shaban, Elisa Fanunza, Sofia N. Moraes, Wade A. Bresnahan, Stephen A. Rice
المصدر: Viruses, Vol 13, Iss 390, p 390 (2021)
Virusesمصطلحات موضوعية: DNA Replication, 0301 basic medicine, APOBEC, viruses, innate antiviral immunity, lcsh:QR1-502, Somatic hypermutation, Review, Biology, Virus Replication, ribonucleotide reductase, medicine.disease_cause, lcsh:Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, herpesvirus, Virology, DNA editing, APOBEC Deaminases, evolution, medicine, DNA cytosine deamination, Animals, Humans, APOBEC3A, Herpesviridae, Genetics, Mutation, DNA Viruses, DNA replication, Herpesviridae Infections, restriction factors, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Ribonucleotide reductase, chemistry, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, DNA, Viral, Host-Pathogen Interactions, mutation, DNA
الوصف: The apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) family of DNA cytosine deaminases provides a broad and overlapping defense against viral infections. Successful viral pathogens, by definition, have evolved strategies to escape restriction by the APOBEC enzymes of their hosts. HIV-1 and related retroviruses are thought to be the predominant natural substrates of APOBEC enzymes due to obligate single-stranded (ss)DNA replication intermediates, abundant evidence for cDNA strand C-to-U editing (genomic strand G-to-A hypermutation), and a potent APOBEC degradation mechanism. In contrast, much lower mutation rates are observed in double-stranded DNA herpesviruses and the evidence for APOBEC mutation has been less compelling. However, recent work has revealed that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) are potential substrates for cellular APOBEC enzymes. To prevent APOBEC-mediated restriction these viruses have repurposed their ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) large subunits to directly bind, inhibit, and relocalize at least two distinct APOBEC enzymes—APOBEC3B and APOBEC3A. The importance of this interaction is evidenced by genetic inactivation of the EBV RNR (BORF2), which results in lower viral infectivity and higher levels of C/G-to-T/A hypermutation. This RNR-mediated mechanism therefore likely functions to protect lytic phase viral DNA replication intermediates from APOBEC-catalyzed DNA C-to-U deamination. The RNR-APOBEC interaction defines a new pathogen-host conflict that the virus must win in real-time for transmission and pathogenesis. However, partial losses over evolutionary time may also benefit the virus by providing mutational fuel for adaptation.
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