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المؤلفون: Gunjan Jain
المصدر: Social Values and Society. 1:13-16
مصطلحات موضوعية: Hindi, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Population, Language barrier, Universal language, Employability, World language, Public relations, Language acquisition, language.human_language, Political science, language, Official language, education, business
الوصف: In the age of global communication English is more universally and widely circulated among the masses and is accepted as universal language which can connect people in every corner of the world. Article 343 declares Hindi as an official language, in a country of 125 crore population more than 50 % speak Hindi and 17% of the world’s population resides in India whose 25% of the language constitutes the world language, so overcome the language barrier of language diversity English is used as a common language of communication. The English language competency in Indians varies because of the indifferent educational background and the socio-economic circumstances which obstructs the use and interest in the language. Though English is taught as a mandatory subject from primary level to the secondary and even in higher education still, it is a challenge of developing proficiency and interest which is the primary need of a time. According to a scholar, English will inevitably remain an important language because of our past association and because of its present importance in the world. The paper aims to justify the need and highlight the challenges faced by students in developing English language competency in India, despite recognized exigent for the development of economical and intellectual growth for self and country for accessing opportunities in an increasing global world.
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::1fb711218b0a293123b526df325b8b54
https://doi.org/10.26480/svs.01.2019.13.16 -
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المؤلفون: Erin Runions
المصدر: Religious Studies and Theology. 29:143-169
مصطلحات موضوعية: education.field_of_study, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Religious studies, Empire, Gender studies, Universal language, Ambivalence, language.human_language, Movie theater, Politics, Aesthetics, language, Sociology, education, business, Biopower, Social control, media_common
الوصف: D.W. Griffith’s 1916 film Intolerance: Love’s Struggle through the Ages, and Alejandro González Iñárritu’s 2006 film Babel both treat the biblical figure of Babylon/Babel positively and negatively. These films are analyzed for their ambivalence toward Babylon, as it dramatizes and facilitates the tensions between unity and diversity, control and mobility, rights and interest, individual discipline and regularization of the population at work in biopolitical U.S. empire. These films wish to rebuild Babel: they propose cinema as a universal language able to bridge communicative divides and remedy the violence and social control of intolerant empire. In imagining a more tolerant world, they ostensibly value diversity. Yet they want to return to the normative sexual relations of the white heteronormative family. Thus, both films mirror an ambivalence, also found in Genesis 11, toward social/political unity and diversity, producing a liberal tolerance discourse wherein the regulation and regularization of populations via biopolitics can be detested and yet pursued.
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المؤلفون: Robert M. Genta
المصدر: World Journal of Surgery. 39:566-567
مصطلحات موضوعية: Esophageal Neoplasms, media_common.quotation_subject, Immigration, Population, Specialty, Ethnic group, Universal language, Adenocarcinoma, German, Barrett Esophagus, Terminology as Topic, medicine, Humans, education, Understatement, media_common, education.field_of_study, business.industry, medicine.disease, language.human_language, Genealogy, Barrett's esophagus, language, Surgery, business, Precancerous Conditions
الوصف: Eastern and Western gastroenterologists disagree on what endoscopic features define Barrett’s esophagus: salmoncolored mucosa in the West [1] and distal palisading vascular arborizations in the East [2]. British and American pathologists (and many others who embrace either the British or the American viewpoint) disagree on what type of columnar mucosa must be seen in a biopsy specimen from the lower esophagus to seal a diagnosis of Barrett’s mucosa [3, 4]. Eastern and Western pathologists—in spite of consensus meetings in Padua, Vienna, and other lovely venues—cannot decide what dysplasia is [5]. In addition to these geographic differences, locally codified and supported by venerable American, British, and Japanese professional associations [3, 6, 7], those supposedly united by common definitions are separated by an alarming degree of interobserver variability. In spite of Spechler’s partiality to pink [1], other American endoscopists may have very different perceptions of the color of a salmon. Three goblet cells at the squamocolumnar junction may be sufficient for a pathologist to declare Barrett’s esophagus and sentence the patient to a lifetime of surveillance and oncophobia, while a more prudent colleague would mention the very focal metaplasia without referring to the ‘B’ word. Since the 1980s, dysplasia in Barrett’s mucosa has been the object of innumerable studies based on the highly deceptive, but inexplicably revered, j statistics, whose results can be cynically summarized as follows: there is good agreement on the absence of dysplasia and on the presence of high-grade dysplasia, but the categories ‘indefinite’ and ‘low-grade’ could just as well be decided by tossing dice [8, 9]. Yes, there is agreement on high-grade dysplasia, except that a Japanese and a German pathologist might call it cancer ... [5, 10]. In light of these radical differences, the question posed by Rugge et al. [11], ‘‘Are we speaking the same language?’’, rhetorically asked in the title of his insightful yet depressing article published in this issue of the World Journal of Surgery, comes as a gross understatement. In an unusually lucid and detached fashion, the authors present a systematic list of what prevents clinicopathologic consensus on Barrett’s esophagus and its complications. The consequences of these different, and in some cases even conflicting, definitions and guidelines are easy to envision: a diagnostic and therapeutic study based on a certain set of criteria is largely irrelevant to a setting where different criteria apply. Or is it? At a time when the concepts of tolerance and diversity are touted with almost religious fervor, the world seems to become ever more divided and less accepting of national boundaries, religious, linguistic, and ethnic differences, and there is little realistic hope that Rugge’s tepid exhortation (‘‘we need internationally accepted criteria’’) will be embraced soon. Other solutions are clearly needed, and some may be already available with help coming from two diverse sources: immigration studies and big data. Several of the world’s major countries were built on immigration or have opened their borders to people wishing to settle there. As a result, large segments of the population in North America, Oceania, and parts of Europe have their ancestral origin in other geographic areas. These countries, such as the USA and the UK, have well structured medical licensing, training, and specialty certification R. M. Genta (&) Miraca Life Sciences Research Institute, 6655 North MacArthur Blvd, Irving, TX 75039, USA e-mail: robert.genta@utsouthwestern.edu
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المؤلفون: Sergey Lobachev
المصدر: Partnership: The Canadian Journal of Library and Information Practice and Research, Vol 3, Iss 2 (2008)
مصطلحات موضوعية: education.field_of_study, business.industry, Population, Universal language, Public domain, Session (web analytics), language.human_language, lcsh:Z, Newspaper, lcsh:Bibliography. Library science. Information resources, World Wide Web, Web page, language, The Internet, Sociology, business, education, Scope (computer science)
الوصف: The paper aims to determine top languages in global information production and the ratio of information resources available in those languages. The scope of the study was limited to information resources, which are commonly available through the public domain, i. e. libraries and the Internet. They include books, academic journals, newspapers and popular magazines, films, and web pages. The summarized results were compared with the percentage of literate population in each corresponding language. The paper suggests that there is a significant gap between the users of information and available information resources. 82% of all information in the world is produced in top ten languages. Countries with low literacy rate and poor education are excluded from universal knowledge. English constitutes almost half of world’s information resources. The educated community tends to consider English as a universal language. At the same time, non-English resources are largely ignored in English-speaking countries. The term “language divide” can be equally applied to the English-speaking world. The paper outlines further research directions. The early version of this paper was presented as a poster session at the CLA Conference in Vancouver in May 2008.
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المؤلفون: Levent M. Arslan
المصدر: ICASSP
مصطلحات موضوعية: Vocabulary, education.field_of_study, Stop words, business.industry, Computer science, media_common.quotation_subject, Speech recognition, Population, Universal language, computer.software_genre, language.human_language, Speech segmentation, Constructed language, language, Conversation, Artificial intelligence, business, education, computer, Natural language processing, Natural language, media_common
الوصف: Automatic speech recognition systems are prone to errors when there are confusable words in the dictionary. Even human beings sometimes make errors when they have to choose between words like "fix" and "six". The situation is worse for telephone conversation. Most unvoiced phonemes with low energy are lost in the background noise. In this paper, a new approach to the solution of this problem is proposed. The idea is to create a new language with words that are orthogonal to each other in the acoustic space. The suggestion in this paper is to limit the vocabulary of the new language to include only a few very essential words (i.e., digits, yes-no, etc.). In such a case the users may have the option of learning 10-20 words in the new language and get better service in return, which may be preferred by some part of the population.
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::bb898312075977a787178cdc7ab118a8
https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2000.860217 -
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المؤلفون: James H. Forsee
المصدر: JAMA. 178:493
مصطلحات موضوعية: Economic growth, education.field_of_study, Education, Medical, business.industry, Aside, International Cooperation, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Developing country, Universal language, General Medicine, Plan (drawing), language.human_language, Friendship, Social Conditions, language, Humans, Medicine, Position (finance), business, education, Communism, media_common
الوصف: MEDICINE ranks high in our country among noncombatant forces which contribute to the peace of the world. In the developing countries the medical needs are tremendous. In one such country with a population of 8 million there are fewer than 80 practicing physicians and only 600 hospital beds. In another country, one of its provinces with a million population does not have a single physician. Medicine speaks a universal language and today the United States is the mecca for medicine. This is a recently gained position, held only during the past 35 years. Its retention requires that we make our medical know-how effectively available to the people of all nations. This could, aside from food, be the means of obtaining the highest respect and friendship from developing nations and also be a major weapon in combating Communism. The following is a basic plan as to how this concept could and
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::3bf36ca6157f73f38067469bf7509ce5
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1961.73040440011008
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