المؤلفون: LAFRANCE, MARY

المصدر: Tax Lawyer; Fall2023, Vol. 77 Issue 1, p129-168, 40p, 1 Chart

مصطلحات موضوعية: RESEARCH & development, BUSINESS tax, TAX laws, RESEARCH & development projects, RESEARCH & development tax credit, INTELLECTUAL property, INTERNAL revenue law, TAXATION

مستخلص: In the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), Congress eliminated the deduction for research and experimental (R&E) expenditures that has been a part of the federal Tax Code since 1954. Despite numerous attempts at delay or repeal, this change went into effect in 2022. Instead of deducting their R&E costs, businesses must now capitalize and amortize those expenses over five years, or 15 years for research conducted abroad. The new law has the potential to cause substantial tax increases for businesses that engage in R&E activities. It also creates a number of interpretive issues, and sets up potential conflicts with other provisions of the tax code. In addition, it makes the United States an outlier among the OECD nations, where current expensing of R&E expenditures remains the norm. The TCJA's changes to section 174 may incentivize large businesses either to reduce their research activities or to shift those activities to foreign affiliates, taking high-paying jobs, and even the resulting intellectual property, with them. Despite these potential consequences, Congress made the decision to up-end more than sixty years of consistent tax policy with remarkably little discussion, data analysis, or explanation. This article analyzes the new rules governing the tax treatment of R&E expenditures, identifies significant interpretive issues, and considers the potential impact of these rules on businesses engaged in R&E activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Belderbos, René, Park, Jinhyuck (Joseph), Carree, Martin

المصدر: Strategic Management Journal (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.); Aug2021, Vol. 42 Issue 8, p1401-1431, 31p, 7 Charts, 2 Graphs

مصطلحات موضوعية: RESEARCH & development projects, FOREIGN investments, MARKET value, INTERNATIONAL business enterprises, INTELLECTUAL property, KNOWLEDGE management

مستخلص: Research Summary: The growth of emerging economies has attracted R&D investments by multinational enterprises, but firms have struggled to protect their knowledge assets in these environments with weak intellectual property rights protection. Knowledge misappropriation may be reduced if firms use cross‐unit R&D teams to strengthen intra‐firm interdependencies and control. We examine the relationship between such internal linkage strategies, foreign R&D investments, and firm market valuation in a dynamic market valuation model for 117 leading multinational firms. While foreign R&D investments are positively associated with market value, IP risks in host countries reduce it. The latter effect disappears if firms have developed a pronounced internal linkage strategy in weak IP environments. Linkage strategy bears costs and, in the absence of IP risks, is negatively associated with market value. Managerial Summary: The growing market potential of emerging economies has led to an increase in research & development (R&D) activities there by multinational firms. A known challenge to multinational R&D investors in these economies is the weak protection of intellectual property rights (IPR). Firms may seek to reduce the risks of local knowledge spillovers and IPR infringement by actively embedding internal linkages in the organization of R&D and relying on cross‐unit international R&D teams. We examine the consequences of such an internal linkage strategy for the performance effects of firms' investments in weak IPR countries. Based on an analysis of 1763 cross‐border R&D investments by 117 leading multinational firms, we find that a firm's market value is negatively affected by new R&D investments in weak IPR countries, but that such a negative influence can indeed be mitigated if the firm's R&D organization embeds internal linkages. Consistent with this observation, we demonstrate that firms with an internal linkage strategy are able to limit local knowledge outflows in weak IPR environments. However, if an internal linkage strategy is applied in strong, rather than weak, IPR environments, it bears substantial costs and negatively affects performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Gustafsson, Janne

المصدر: Decision Analysis; Jun2020, Vol. 17 Issue 2, p154-168, 15p

مصطلحات موضوعية: RESEARCH & development projects, DEFINITIONS, VALUATION, ABELIAN groups, INTELLECTUAL property

مستخلص: This paper develops generalized versions of the concepts of buying price, selling price, and short selling price by employing abelian groups. Such generalized pricing concepts are especially useful for the valuation of research and development (R&D) projects, which are often characterized by unquantifiable uncertainties and nonnumeric inputs and outputs, such as know-how and intellectual property. Moreover, the generalized definitions are also applicable to the valuation of other kinds of features in the decision setting, such as decision opportunities embedded in R&D projects. To motivate the use of these pricing concepts, we show that the general definitions exhibit several consistency properties. The application of the generalized price definitions to the valuation of R&D projects and decision opportunities embedded in such projects is illustrated through an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Zhao, Chuanmin, Qu, Xi, Luo, Shougui

المصدر: Technological Forecasting & Social Change; Sep2019, Vol. 146, p103-118, 16p

مصطلحات موضوعية: TECHNOLOGICAL innovations, RESEARCH & development projects, ABSORPTIVE capacity (Economics), INTELLECTUAL property, ENDOGENEITY (Econometrics)

مستخلص: Based on the data from the Shanghai Science and Technology Enterprises survey 2011 to 2015, this paper evaluates how the InnoCom program of stimulating corporate research and development (R&D) implemented in China affects the innovation performance of beneficiary firms from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. We first develop a unified framework considering innovation inputs, absorptive capacity and innovation outputs. Then, we explore the mechanism by which companies with evaluation scores exceeding a certain threshold are more likely to be certified as high and new technology enterprises that qualify for the InnoCom program, and use a fuzzy regression discontinuity design to test whether the policy increases internal R&D inputs, profit, and the number of independent intellectual property rights. After correcting for potential endogeneity problems, the result confirms a positive, significant, and lasting impact of the InnoCom program on high-tech income and the number of intellectual property rights. Meanwhile, there is no significant impact on immediate corporate innovation investment, which suggests a crowding-out effect of government direct subsidies on a company's internal innovation investment. These conclusions are further confirmed by robustness tests. Our findings will help the government understand implementation effect of innovation policies and support them seeking to formulate more effective innovation strategies. • We determine the impacts of the InnoCom program in Shanghai by a fuzzy regression discontinuity approach. • Traditional policy evaluation methods bring biased results and have potential endogeneity problems • The innovation policy significantly affected innovation outputs rather than internal innovation inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Technological Forecasting & Social Change is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Choi, Jay Pil, Gerlach, Heiko

المصدر: Journal of Economics & Management Strategy; Winter2014, Vol. 23 Issue 4, p899-924, 26p

مصطلحات موضوعية: SELECTION bias (Statistics), TECHNOLOGICAL innovations, RESEARCH & development projects, OPTIMAL designs (Statistics), INTELLECTUAL property

مستخلص: This paper analyzes selection biases in the project choice of complementary technologies that are used in combination to produce a final product. In the presence of complementary technologies, patents allow innovating firms to hold up rivals who succeed in developing other system components. This hold-up makes innovation rewards independent of project difficulties and firms excessively cluster their R&D efforts on a relatively easier technology in order to preemptively claim stakes on component property rights. This selection bias is persistent and robust to several model extensions. Implications for the optimal design of intellectual property rights are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Journal of Economics & Management Strategy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Hu, Jin ‐ Li, Yang, Chih ‐ Hai, Chen, Chiang ‐ Ping

المصدر: Bulletin of Economic Research; Jan2014, Vol. 66 Issue 1, p55-71, 17p

مصطلحات موضوعية: RESEARCH & development, RESEARCH & development projects, ROYALTIES (Copyright), ROYALTIES (Patents), INTELLECTUAL property, TECHNOLOGICAL innovations

مستخلص: ABSTRACT This paper applies the distance function approach for stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to compare research and development (R&D) efficiency across 24 nations during 1998-2005. In this multiple input-output framework, R&D expenditure stock and R&D manpower were inputs, while patents, scientific journal articles, and royalties and licensing fees (RLF) were outputs. Intellectual property rights protection, technological cooperation among business sectors, knowledge transfer between business sectors and higher education institutions, agglomeration of R&D facilities, and involvement of the government sector in R&D activities significantly improve national R&D efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Bulletin of Economic Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Nackman, Mark J.

المصدر: Public Contract Law Journal; Winter2012, Vol. 41 Issue 2, p297-338, 42p, 1 Chart, 3 Graphs

مصطلحات موضوعية: RESEARCH & development projects, GOVERNMENT purchasing, IPADS, ACTIONS & defenses (Law), INTELLECTUAL property

مصطلحات جغرافية: UNITED States

الشركة/الكيان: ATK Thiokol Propulsion (Company), APPLE Inc.

مستخلص: The article presents information on the cost of the research and development (R&D) projects in the U.S. with reference to the future investments in technology and the court case ATK Thiokol v. United States. The impact of government procurement of the R&D projects of products on their companies is discussed with the example of the costs of the R&D of iPad 2 and its impact on Apple Inc. Information on the implications regarding the intellectual property of R&D costs is also presented.

المؤلفون: Craig, Sarah Renée

المصدر: Journal of Intellectual Property Law; Fall2011, Vol. 19 Issue 1, p143-171, 29p

مصطلحات موضوعية: PATENTS, PLACEBOS, INTELLECTUAL property, RESEARCH & development projects

مصطلحات جغرافية: UNITED States

الشركة/الكيان: UNITED States. Food & Drug Administration, UNITED States. Court of Appeals (Federal Circuit), UNITED States. District Court (New Jersey)

مستخلص: The article presents information on the patent rights of placebos with respect to the approval of the protection of the intellectual property of pharmaceuticals by the Food & Drug Administration of the U.S. A court case Eli Lilly v. Activas Elizabeth LLC under the court of appeals of the U.S. and the district court of New Jersey was on the issue of the patent rights of drugs. Information on the impact of this issue on the R & D of pharmaceutical drugs is also presented.

المؤلفون: BONATTI, LUIGI, COMINO, STEFANO

المصدر: JITE: Journal of Institutional & Theoretical Economics; Jun2011, Vol. 167 Issue 2, p327-342, 16p

مصطلحات موضوعية: PATENT law, INTELLECTUAL property, INTANGIBLE property, RESEARCH & development projects, MARKET equilibrium, ECONOMIC equilibrium

مستخلص: In a realistic framework where the potential innovators' research lines are imperfectly correlated and imitation takes some time, this paper studies an industry regulated by an authority that can subsidize the firms' R&D expenditures. By comparing the market equilibrium emerging when there is patent protection with the market equilibrium emerging without patents, the paper finds that social welfare is higher in the absence of patents. This result is driven by the fact that, without patents, more than one successful inventor may implement its discovery and enter the market, thus reducing the deadweight loss due to imperfect competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of JITE: Journal of Institutional & Theoretical Economics is the property of Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Alternate Title: Augmenter l'efficacité de la politique de l'innovation. (French)

المؤلفون: Gianella, Christian, Tompson, William

المصدر: OECD Papers; 2007, Vol. 7 Issue 1, p1-47, 47p

مصطلحات موضوعية: ECONOMIC development, INNOVATIONS in business, INNOVATION management, BUSINESS enterprises, INDUSTRIES, INTELLECTUAL property, SCIENTIFIC development, RESEARCH & development projects, FEDERAL aid to research

مصطلحات جغرافية: RUSSIA

مستخلص: The article discusses the significant role played by innovation policy in achieving economic growth in Russia. It states that the government has established strategies to address the various challenges faced by the country in the field of innovation. These include carrying out changes in the public science industry, enhancing regulations in intellectual property rights as well as encouraging business enterprises to engage in research and development (R&D). In addition, the allocation of enough funding to support research is beneficial in achieving productivity growth.