المؤلفون: Kilian, Lutz, Rapson, David, Schipper, Burkhard

المصدر: Working Papers Series (Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas); Mar2024, Issue 2401, Preceding p1-53, 54p

مصطلحات موضوعية: PETROLEUM sales & prices, PRICE regulation, PETROLEUM export & import trade, EMBARGO, INTERNATIONAL sanctions

مصطلحات جغرافية: RUSSIA

مستخلص: This paper documents the effect of the oil embargo and price cap on Russian oil exports in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. We show that the embargo forced Russia to accept a $32/bbl discount on its Urals crude in March 2023 relative to January 2022, nearly half of which is directly attributable to the higher cost of shipping crude oil over longer distances, as Russia diverted much of its crude oil exports to India. Based on a calibrated model of global oil supply and demand, the remainder ($17/bbl) can be explained by increased Indian bargaining power. We also provide a similar analysis for the ESPO price discount on exports to China. In contrast, the price cap deprived Russia of the financial resources it spent on assembling a “shadow” fleet of tankers, but its effect on the Russian oil export price was negligible once the adoption of the price cap had facilitated the use of Western services to transport Russian oil to Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Poussenkova, Nina

المصدر: Russian Analytical Digest; 1/29/2024, Issue 308, p2-8, 7p

مصطلحات موضوعية: IMPORT substitution, INTERNATIONAL sanctions, PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM industry, DIESEL fuels, ENERGY industries, PETROLEUM export & import trade

مستخلص: This article explores the impact of Western sanctions on the Russian oil sector since February 24, 2022. These sanctions have targeted individuals, companies, technologies, and processes, with the US banning Russian oil imports and the EU imposing various restrictions on investments, energy technologies, and goods. Despite these challenges, Russian oil companies have shown remarkable resilience. In 2022, crude oil production and oil exports increased, and oil revenues grew. Gasoline and diesel fuel production also jumped significantly. Russian companies adapted to sanctions by focusing on import substitution and seeking new partners in Asia and other parts of the world. In particular, they increased exports to China and India and strengthened ties with Chinese and Indian energy companies. However, the longer-term outlook is less promising, particularly when it comes to developing hard-to-recover reserves, which will be a very serious challenge without state-of-the-art Western technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: KENNEDY, CRAIG

المصدر: East Asia Forum Quarterly; Apr-Jun2023, Vol. 15 Issue 2, p6-8, 3p

مصطلحات موضوعية: INTERNATIONAL sanctions, PETROLEUM export & import trade, RUSSIAN invasion of Ukraine, 2022-, EXPORT marketing, INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics)

People: PUTIN, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 1952-

المؤلفون: Cho, Sharon, Sharma, Rakesh

المصدر: Bloomberg.com; 3/19/2024, pN.PAG-N.PAG, 1p

مصطلحات موضوعية: INTERNATIONAL sanctions, PETROLEUM export & import trade, PETROLEUM refineries

مصطلحات جغرافية: INDIA

مستخلص: Indian oil refiners are increasing their purchases of American crude oil due to tighter enforcement of US sanctions on Russia. State-owned Bharat Petroleum Corp., Indian Oil Corp., and Reliance Industries Ltd. have bought about 7 million barrels of US crude so far this month, the largest monthly volume since May. The increase in US purchases comes as Russian crude flows to India have been disrupted by US sanctions and discounts have narrowed. Most of the US crude purchased has been West Texas Intermediate Midland, which is more expensive than barrels from the Middle East but can produce more gasoline and diesel. [Extracted from the article]

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المؤلفون: Sharma, Rakesh

المصدر: Bloomberg.com; 1/1/2024, pN.PAG-N.PAG, 1p

مصطلحات موضوعية: PETROLEUM export & import trade, PETROLEUM, INTERNATIONAL sanctions, PAYMENT, IMPORTS

مصطلحات جغرافية: RUSSIA, INDIA

مستخلص: India's crude oil imports from Russia have dropped to their lowest level since January 2023 due to payment issues and tightening sanctions. Data from Kpler shows that imports fluctuated downwards after reaching a record high in May, and in December, imports were at 1.48 million barrels per day, compared to the previous average of 140,000 barrels per day. Indian refiners were unable to receive any cargoes of Sokol grade oil last month due to payment difficulties. Despite these challenges, trade between Russia and India is expected to continue, with new cargoes indicating India as their final destination. [Extracted from the article]

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المؤلفون: Kalehsar, Omid Shokri

المصدر: Middle East Policy; Summer2020, Vol. 27 Issue 2, p108-119, 12p

مصطلحات موضوعية: GEOPOLITICS, INTERNATIONAL sanctions, SHALE oils, ENERGY policy, PETROLEUM export & import trade

مصطلحات جغرافية: UNITED States

People: OBAMA, Barack, 1961-

مستخلص: The article examines the geopolitical aspects and political goals of U.S. energy sanctions against Iran. Topics discussed include the impact of the U.S. shale revolution on the global oil supply, the two major goals of the administration of former President Barack Obama in boycotting Iran, and the benefits of the U.S. energy sanctions against Iran to Russia.

المؤلفون: Shubin, Vladimir

المصدر: South African Historical Journal; Sep2019, Vol. 71 Issue 3, p365-370, 6p

مصطلحات موضوعية: LIBERTY, INTERNATIONAL sanctions, ANTI-apartheid movements, PETROLEUM export & import trade

مصطلحات جغرافية: ZIMBABWE

مستخلص: This is not my first article on the developments in Zimbabwe during the racist Rhodesian regime. I expressed Moscow's assessment of the evolving situation and its role in Part 3 of The Hot 'Cold War': The USSR in Southern Africa (London and Scottsville, Pluto Press and UKZN Press, 2008), and in particular in the article 'Moscow and Zimbabwe's Liberation', published in the Journal for Southern African Studies (Volume 43, 2017, issue 1), where I reflected primarily on my personal experience and discussions with other witness participants. So here I will limit my writing to milestones of the 'Rhodesian crisis' as they were seen from Moscow, and elaborate on the question of sanctions and their efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Kassai, Lucia

المصدر: Bloomberg.com; 8/25/2023, pN.PAG-N.PAG, 1p

مصطلحات موضوعية: INTERNATIONAL sanctions, VENEZUELANS, PETROLEUM, ENERGY futures, PETROLEUM export & import trade

مستخلص: US imports of Venezuelan crude are currently around 150,000 barrels a day, compared with more than 500,000 daily barrels before sanctions throttled the Latin American nation's exports. (Bloomberg) -- Sanctions relief could boost Venezuelan production to just short of 1.1 million barrels a day by the end of 2024, with most of those barrels coming to the US, according to Rapidan Energy Advisors. [Extracted from the article]

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المؤلفون: Vakhshouri, Sara

المصدر: Oil & Gas Journal; 6/4/2018, Vol. 116 Issue 6, p48-51, 4p

مصطلحات موضوعية: PETROLEUM industry, PETROLEUM export & import trade, INTERNATIONAL sanctions, EUROPE-United States relations, INTERNATIONAL economic relations, PETROLEUM production

مصطلحات جغرافية: IRAN

مستخلص: The article focuses on the U.S. president Donald Trump's decision to reimpose sanctions on oil import and investment from Iran due to it's nuclear program. It talks about the sanction on export imposed by the U.S. threatening the production and export of oil or petroleum in Iran. It tells about the sanctions along with the tension between Iran and Saudi Arabia affecting the import of petroleum through the Middle East. It speaks about the sanction on Iran affecting the Europe and U.S. relation.

المؤلفون: Katzman, Kenneth

المصدر: Congressional Research Service: Report; 1/31/2017, p54-57, 4p

مصطلحات موضوعية: INTERNATIONAL sanctions, GROSS domestic product, PETROLEUM sales & prices, PETROLEUM export & import trade, FOREIGN exchange rates, ECONOMICS

مصطلحات جغرافية: IRAN

مستخلص: The article discusses the economic impact of sanctions imposed to Iran. Information regarding the country's declining rates on Gross Domestic Product (GDP), crude oil sales and exports, and the foreign exchange rate, are mentioned. The article also mentions the inflation rate, U.S. foreign economic relations, and automotive production.