-
1
المؤلفون: Gerhard Schaller, Adriana Passos Oliveira, Rafael Garrett, Konrad Urech, Carla Holandino, Ulrike Weissenstein, Mirio Grazi, Claudia Dalla Torre, Marcia A. M. Capella, Stephan Baumgartner, João Vitor da Costa Batista, Hartmut Ramm, Michelle Nonato de Oliveira Melo
المصدر: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, Vol 20, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2020)مصطلحات موضوعية: Phytochemistry, Viscum album, Cytotoxicity, Flavonoid, Antineoplastic Agents, Apoptosis, In Vitro Techniques, 01 natural sciences, High-performance liquid chromatography, 03 medical and health sciences, Cell Line, Tumor, Viscotoxins, Animals, Humans, Viscum album L, 030304 developmental biology, chemistry.chemical_classification, 0303 health sciences, biology, Santalaceae, Traditional medicine, Plant Extracts, 010405 organic chemistry, Tincture, lcsh:Other systems of medicine, lcsh:RZ201-999, biology.organism_classification, Mistletoe, 0104 chemical sciences, Complementary and alternative medicine, chemistry, Phytochemical, Anti-proliferative activity, Research Article
الوصف: Background Viscum album L. (Santalaceae), commonly known as mistletoe, is a hemiparasitic plant traditionally used in complementary cancer treatment. Its antitumor potential is mostly attributed to the presence of aqueous soluble metabolites; however, the use of ethanol as solvent also permits the extraction of pharmacological compounds with antitumor potential. The clinical efficacy of mistletoe therapy inspired the present work, which focuses on ethanolic extracts (V. album “mother tinctures”, MT) prepared from different host trees. Methods Samples from three European subspecies (album, austriacum, and abietis) were harvested, and five different V. album-MT strains were prepared. The following phytochemical analyses were performed: thin layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The proliferation assay was performed with WST-1 after incubation of tumor (Yoshida and Molt-4) and fibroblast cell lines (NIH/3 T3) with different MT concentrations (0.5 to 0.05% v/v). The cell death mechanism was investigated by flow cytometry (FACS) using Annexin V-7AAD. Results Chemical analyses of MT showed the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids and lignans. The MT flavonoid and viscotoxin contents (mg/g fresh weight) were highest in Quercus robur (9.67 ± 0.85 mg/g) and Malus domestica (3.95 ± 0.58 mg/mg), respectively. The viscotoxin isoform proportions (% total) were also different among the VA subspecies with a higher content of A3 in V. album growing on Abies alba (60.57 ± 2.13). The phytochemical compounds as well as the viscotoxin contents are probably related to the antitumor effects of MT. The cell death mechanisms evaluated by colorimetric and FACS methodologies involved necrotic damage, which was host tree-, time- and dose- dependent, with different selectivity to tumor cells. Mother tincture from V. album ssp. abietis was the most effective at inducing in vitro cellular effects, even when incubated at the smallest concentration tested, probably because of the higher content of VT A3. Conclusion Our results indicate the promising antitumor potential of Viscum album ethanolic extracts and the importance of botanical and phytochemical characterization for in vitro anti-proliferative effects.
وصف الملف: application/pdf
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::407c24e38883de7ae8720392f6e1212b
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-02987-4 -
2
المؤلفون: Ulrike Weissenstein, Juetheresa Wang, Ursula Regueiro, Matthias Kunz, Konrad Urech, Stephan Baumgartner, Mouhssin Oufir, Matthias Hamburger
المصدر: BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol 19, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2019)
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicineمصطلحات موضوعية: Cytotoxicity, Pharmaceutical Science, Estrogen receptor, Apoptosis, Pharmacology, Mistletoe (Viscum album L.), Endoxifen, 0302 clinical medicine, Drug Discovery, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A, Medicine, skin and connective tissue diseases, 0303 health sciences, biology, CYP2D6, Cell Cycle, lcsh:Other systems of medicine, General Medicine, Cytostasis, 030205 complementary & alternative medicine, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, MCF-7 Cells, Herb-drug interactions, Molecular Medicine, Hormonal therapy, Research Article, medicine.drug, CYP3A4/5, Viscum album, 03 medical and health sciences, Breast cancer, Humans, Active metabolite, 030304 developmental biology, Cell Proliferation, Iscador, CYP3A4, Plant Extracts, business.industry, lcsh:RZ201-999, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Tamoxifen, Complementary and alternative medicine, business
الوصف: Background Women diagnosed with breast cancer frequently seek complementary and alternative (CAM) treatment options that can help to cope with their disease and the side effects of conventional cancer therapy. Especially in Europe, breast cancer patients use herbal products containing mistletoe (Viscum album L.). The oldest and one of the most prescribed conventional drugs for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer is tamoxifen. Aside from positive clinical experience with the combination of tamoxifen and mistletoe, little is known about possible herb-drug interactions (HDIs) between the two products. In the present in vitro study, we investigated the effect of standardized commercial mistletoe preparations on the activity of endoxifen, the major active metabolite of tamoxifen. Methods The estrogen receptor positive human breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7 was treated with (E/Z)-endoxifen hydrochloride in the presence and absence of a defined estradiol concentration. Each concentration of the drug was combined with fermented Viscum album L. extracts (VAE) at clinically relevant doses, and proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle were analyzed. In parallel, possible inhibition of CYP3A4/5 and CYP2D6 was investigated using 50-donor mixed gender pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs). Results VAE did not inhibit endoxifen induced cytostasis and cytotoxicity. At higher concentrations, VAE showed an additive inhibitory effect. VAE preparations did not cause inhibition of CYP3A4/5 and CYP2D6 catalyzed tamoxifen metabolism. Conclusions The in vitro results suggest that mistletoe preparations can be used in combination with tamoxifen without the risk of HDIs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-019-2439-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
-
3
المصدر: Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol 2014 (2014)
Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAMمصطلحات موضوعية: Article Subject, Traditional medicine, biology, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, lcsh:Other systems of medicine, lcsh:RZ201-999, biology.organism_classification, Tumor formation, Lepidium sativum, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mistletoe extract, Complementary and alternative medicine, chemistry, Anthroposophic medicine, Cancer cell, Toxicity, Viscum album, Colchicine, Medicine, business, Research Article
الوصف: Extracts from European mistletoe (Viscum albumL.) developed in anthroposophic medicine are based on specific pharmaceutical procedures to enhance remedy efficacy. One such anthroposophic pharmaceutical process was evaluated regarding effects on cancer cell toxicityin vitroand on colchicine tumor formation inLepidium sativum. Anthroposophically processedViscum albumextract (APVAE) was produced by mixing winter and summer mistletoe extracts in the edge of a high-speed rotating disk and was compared with manually mixedViscum albumextract (VAE). The antiproliferative effect of VAE/APVAE was determined in five cell lines (NCI-H460, DU-145, HCC1143, MV3, and PA-TU-8902) by WST-1 assayin vitro; no difference was found between VAE and APVAE in any cell line tested (P>0.14). Incidence of colchicine tumor formation was assessed by measurement of the root/shoot-ratio of seedlings ofLepidium sativumtreated with colchicine as well as VAE, APVAE, or water. Colchicine tumor formation decreased after application of VAE (−5.4% compared to water,P<0.001) and was even stronger by APVAE (−8.8% compared to water,P<0.001). The high-speed mistletoe extract mixing process investigated thus did not influence toxicity against cancer cells but seemed to sustain morphostasis and to enhance resistance against external noxious influences leading to phenomenological malformations.
وصف الملف: text/xhtml
-
4
المؤلفون: Ursula Wolf, Sabine D. Klein, Annegret Sandig, Stephan Baumgartner
المصدر: Klein, Sabine; Sandig, Annegret; Baumgartner, Stephan; Wolf, Ursula (2012). Differences in Median Ultraviolet Light Transmissions of Serial Homeopathic Dilutions of Copper Sulfate, Hypericum perforatum, and Sulfur. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine eCAM, 2013, pp. 1-11. New York, N.Y.: Hindawi 10.1155/2013/370609 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/370609>
Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol 2013 (2013)مصطلحات موضوعية: Chromatography, Article Subject, Serial dilution, business.industry, chemistry.chemical_element, Hypericum perforatum, Tincture, 610 Medicine & health, Copper sulfate, lcsh:Other systems of medicine, lcsh:RZ201-999, Sulfur, Toxicology, Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, Complementary and alternative medicine, chemistry, Ultraviolet light, Medicine, Potency, business, Research Article
الوصف: Homeopathic remedies are produced by potentising, that is, the serial logarithmic dilution and succussion of a mother tincture. Techniques like ultraviolet spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, calorimetry, or thermoluminescence have been used to investigate their physical properties. In this study, homeopathic centesimal (c) potencies (6c to 30c) of copper sulfate,Hypericum perforatum, and sulfur as well as succussed water controls were prepared. Samples of these preparations were exposed to external physical factors like heat, pressure, ultraviolet radiation, or electromagnetic fields to mimic possible everyday storage conditions. The median transmissions from 190 nm to 340 nm and 220 nm to 340 nm were determined by ultraviolet light spectroscopy on five measurement days distributed over several months. Transmissions of controls and potencies of sulfur differed significantly on two of five measurement days and after exposure to physical factors. Transmissions of potencies exposed to ultraviolet light and unexposed potencies of copper sulfate and Hypericum perforatum differed significantly. Potency levels 6c to 30c were also compared, and wavelike patterns of higher and lower transmissions were found. The Kruskal-Wallis test yielded significant differences for the potency levels of all three substances. Aiming at understanding the physical properties of homeopathic preparations, this study confirmed and expanded the findings of previous studies.
وصف الملف: application/pdf; text/xhtml
-
5
المؤلفون: K. Urech, Ulrike Weissenstein, Katarina Hostanska, Matthias Kunz, Peter Heusser, Stephan Baumgartner, R. Kuonen, Myriam Estko
المساهمون: University of Zurich, Weissenstein, U
المصدر: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
Kuonen, R.; Weissenstein, U.; Urech, K.; Kunz, M.; Hostanska, K.; Estko, M.; Heusser, P.; Baumgartner, Stephan (2013). Effects of Lipophilic Extract of Viscum album L. and Oleanolic Acid on Migratory Activity of NIH/3T3 Fibroblasts and on HaCat Keratinocytes. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine eCAM, 2013, p. 718105. Hindawi 10.1155/2013/718105 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/718105>
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol 2013 (2013)مصطلحات موضوعية: Article Subject, biology, business.industry, 2707 Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Stimulation, Cell migration, 610 Medicine & health, lcsh:Other systems of medicine, Pharmacology, lcsh:RZ201-999, biology.organism_classification, In vitro, 10034 Institute of Complementary Medicine, chemistry.chemical_compound, HaCaT, Complementary and alternative medicine, chemistry, In vivo, Immunology, Viscum album, Medicine, Wound healing, business, Oleanolic acid, Research Article
الوصف: Viscum albumL. lipophilic extract (VALE) contains pharmacologically active pentacyclic triterpenes that are known to exhibit immunomodulatory, antitumor, and wound healing activity. Preliminary clinical observations indicate that VALE was able to influence cutaneous wound healingin vivo. The objective of this study was to investigate wound closure related properties of VALEin vitro. As measured in a wound healing assay, VALE and its predominant triterpene oleanolic acid (OA) significantly and dose dependently promoted the migration of NIH/3T3 fibroblastsin vitro, thereby leading to an enhanced wound closure. Compared to the negative control, maximal stimulation by 26.1% and 26.2%, respectively, was attained with 10 μg/mL VALE and 1 μg/mL OA. Stimulation of proliferation in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts by VALE and OA could be excluded. At higher concentrations both substances affected proliferation and viability of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts and HaCat keratinocytes. In the toxic range of concentrations of VALE and OA, migration of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts was suppressed. The extent of the stimulatory effect on cell migration of VALE quite closely corresponded to the effect expected by the concentrations of OA contained in the crude extract VALE. These data support the casual observation thatViscum albumL. lipophilic extract might modulate wound healing related processesin vivo.
وصف الملف: application/pdf; text/xhtml; Kuonen_et_al_Viscum_album_EvidBasCAM_2013_ID_718105_p7.pdf - application/pdf
-
6
المؤلفون: Peter Heusser, Tim Jäger, Meinhard Simon, Claudia Scherr, Stephan Baumgartner
المصدر: BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol 12, Iss Suppl 1, p P52 (2012)
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicineمصطلحات موضوعية: Traditional medicine, business.industry, Growth kinetics, Negative control, System stability, lcsh:Other systems of medicine, General Medicine, Arsenicum album, lcsh:RZ201-999, Yeast, 030205 complementary & alternative medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Horticulture, 0302 clinical medicine, Complementary and alternative medicine, chemistry, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Poster Presentation, Medicine, Potency, Bioassay, business, Gibberellic acid
الوصف: Methods For duckweed, growth rates of leaf area and leaf number were evaluated. For yeast, growth kinetics were determined by measuring slope, yield, and Et50 (point in time when yield was half maximum) of the sigmoid growth curve. The experiments with duckweed and yeast were performed in parallel (same day, same location and identical homeopathic preparations). After screening 17 substances, three homeopathic preparations (Arsenicum album, nosode, gibberellic acid) were chosen for repeated experimental series. Five independent experiments were conducted for each remedy with both bioassays in parallel. Potency levels used were in the range of 17x–33x for duckweed and 17x–30x for yeast. As controls, unsuccussed and succussed water were used. To examine test system stability, systematic negative control experiments were conducted over the complete experimentation period. All experiments were blinded and randomized.
-
7
المؤلفون: Stephan Baumgartner, Jens-Otto Andersen, Claudia Scherr, Paul Doesburg
المصدر: Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol 2012 (2012)
Baumgartner, Stephan; Doesburg, P.; Scherr, C.; Andersen, J. O. (2012). Development of a biocrystallisation assay for examining effects of homeopathic preparations ursing cress seedlings. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine eCAM, 2012, pp. 1-14. New York, N.Y.: Hindawi 10.1155/2012/125945 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/125945>
Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAMمصطلحات موضوعية: Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Traditional medicine, Article Subject, business.industry, Order effect, Outcome measures, Homeopathic treatment, 610 Medicine & health, lcsh:Other systems of medicine, lcsh:RZ201-999, Lepidium sativum, Complementary and alternative medicine, Basic research, Medicine, Bioassay, business, Research Article
الوصف: Background: A major challenge of homeopathic basic research is to develop test systems that yield consistent results. Outcome of plant bioassays is usually based on growth parameters (e.g. germination rate, seedling length, leaf area). Aims: We aimed to evaluate the potential of a crystallisation method with additives (“biocrystallisationâ€ÂÂ) as complementary outcome measure. This method used is based on the crystallographic phenomenon that when crystallising watery solutions of dihydrate CuCl2 in the presence of organic additives (juices/extracts), reproducible dendritic crystal structures are observed. The resulting biocrystallograms can be evaluated visually and/or by computerized image analysis. Methods: Cress seeds (Lepidium sativum L.) germinated and grew in vitro in either Stannum met. 30x or water 30x. Per experiment, six coded (blinded) 30x preparations were applied in randomized order, representing three independent replicates of the two treatments. Seedlings grew for 96 hours in darkness and were subsequently processed into a watery extract. Biocrystallisation was performed on circular glass plates in 6-fold replication per treatment group, yielding 36 biocrystallograms per experiment. A total of 15 independent experiments were performed at two independent laboratories. Biocrystallograms were scanned and analysed by computerized texture image analysis, using 15 second-order parameters as outcome measure. 3-way-ANOVA with the independent parameters treatment (n=2), internal replicate (n=3), and number of experiment (n=15) was used to analyse the data. Results: All 15 texture analysis variables yielded significant or highly significant results for the homeopathic treatment. Two variables yielded differences between the internal replicates, most probably due to a processing order effect. There were only minor differences between the results of the two laboratories. Conclusions: The texture of biocrystallograms of homeopathically treated cress exhibited specific characteristics, differentiating water 30x and Stannum met. 30x. Thus, the biocrystallisation method seems to be a promising complementary outcome measure for plant bioassays investigating effects of homeopathic preparations.
وصف الملف: application/pdf; text/xhtml
-
8
المؤلفون: Gustav Dobos, Klaus Linde, Stephan Baumgartner, Frauke Musial, C. Endler, Lucietta Betti, H. Albrecht, Claudia M. Witt, R. Van Wijk, B. Stock-Schröer, Rainer Lüdtke
المساهمون: B. Stock-Schroer, H. Albrecht, L. Betti, G. Dobo, C. Endler, K. Linde, R. Ludtke, F.Musial, R. vanWijk, C.Witt, S. Baumgartner
المصدر: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol 2011 (2011)
Stock-Schröer, B.; Albrecht, H.; Betti, L.; Dobos, G.; Endler, C.; Linde, K.; Ludtke, R.; Musial, F.; van Wijk, R.; Witt, C.; Baumgartner, S. (2011). Reporting Experiments in Homeopathic Basic Research—Description of the Checklist Development. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine eCAM, 2011, pp. 1-7. New York, N.Y.: Hindawi 10.1093/ecam/nep170 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep170>مصطلحات موضوعية: Blinding, Point (typography), Operations research, Management science, Computer science, media_common.quotation_subject, Delphi method, Medizin, Context (language use), Guideline, lcsh:Other systems of medicine, lcsh:RZ201-999, Checklist, criteria catalogue, delphi, publication, Complementary and alternative medicine, Replication (statistics), Quality (business), Original Article, fundamental research, guideline, media_common
الوصف: The objective of this study was to develop a criteria catalogue serving as a guideline for authors to improve quality of reporting experiments in basic research in homeopathy. A Delphi Process was initiated including three rounds of adjusting and phrasing plus two consensus conferences. European researchers who published experimental work within the last 5 years were involved. A checklist for authors provide a catalogue with 23 criteria. The “Introduction” should focus on underlying hypotheses, the homeopathic principle investigated and state if experiments are exploratory or confirmatory. “Materials and methods” should comprise information on object of investigation, experimental setup, parameters, intervention and statistical methods. A more detailed description on the homeopathic substances, for example, manufacture, dilution method, starting point of dilution is required. A further result of the Delphi process is to raise scientists' awareness of reporting blinding, allocation, replication, quality control and system performance controls. The part “Results” should provide the exact number of treated units per setting which were included in each analysis and state missing samples and drop outs. Results presented in tables and figures are as important as appropriate measures of effect size, uncertainty and probability. “Discussion” in a report should depict more than a general interpretation of results in the context of current evidence but also limitations and an appraisal of aptitude for the chosen experimental model. Authors of homeopathic basic research publications are encouraged to apply our checklist when preparing their manuscripts. Feedback is encouraged on applicability, strength and limitations of the list to enable future revisions.
وصف الملف: ELETTRONICO; application/pdf
-
9
المؤلفون: Stephan Baumgartner, Ursula Wolf, Peter Heusser, Martin Wolf, A Thurneysen
المصدر: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
Wolf, Ursula; Wolf, Martin; Heusser, Peter; Thurneysen, André; Baumgartner, Stephan (2011). Homeopathic Preparations of Quartz, Sulfur and Copper Sulfate Assessed by UV-Spectroscopy. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine eCAM, 2011, p. 692798. New York, N.Y.: Hindawi 10.1093/ecam/nep036 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep036>
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol 2011 (2011)مصطلحات موضوعية: Traditional medicine, business.industry, chemistry.chemical_element, Copper sulfate, 610 Medicine & health, lcsh:Other systems of medicine, Homeopathy, lcsh:RZ201-999, Sulfur, Diluent, Dilution, Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, Complementary and alternative medicine, chemistry, Medicine, Original Article, Controlled experiment, business, Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
الوصف: Homeopathic preparations are used in homeopathy and anthroposophic medicine. Although there is evidence of effectiveness in several clinical studies, including double-blinded randomized controlled trials, their nature and mode of action could not be explained with current scientific approaches yet. Several physical methods have already been applied to investigate homeopathic preparations but it is yet unclear which methods are best suited to identify characteristic physicochemical properties of homeopathic preparations. The aim of this study was to investigate homeopathic preparations with UV-spectroscopy. In a blinded, randomized, controlled experiment homeopathic preparations of copper sulfate (CuSO4; 11c–30c), quartz (SiO2; 10c–30c, i.e., centesimal dilution steps) and sulfur (S; 11×–30×, i.e., decimal dilution steps) and controls (one-time succussed diluent) were investigated using UV-spectroscopy and tested for contamination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The UV transmission for homeopathic preparations of CuSO4preparations was significantly lower than in controls. The transmission seemed to be also lower for both SiO2and S, but not significant. The mean effect size (95% confidence interval) was similar for the homeopathic preparations: CuSO4(pooled data) 0.0544% (0.0260–0.0827%), SiO20.0323% (–0.0064% to 0.0710%) and S 0.0281% (–0.0520% to 0.1082%). UV transmission values of homeopathic preparations had a significantly higher variability compared to controls. In none of the samples the concentration of any element analyzed by ICP-MS exceeded 100 ppb. Lower transmission of UV light may indicate that homeopathic preparations are less structured or more dynamic than their succussed pure solvent.
وصف الملف: application/pdf
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::fa97ab2b8310fbdc191487a0fa4b29e5
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19474239 -
10
المؤلفون: Stephan Baumgartner, Claudia Scherr, Paul Doesburg, J.-O. Andersen
المصدر: BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol 12, Iss Suppl 1, p P17 (2012)مصطلحات موضوعية: biology, Traditional medicine, Chemistry, Outcome measures, lcsh:Other systems of medicine, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, lcsh:RZ201-999, biology.organism_classification, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Complementary and alternative medicine, Germination, Seedling, Basic research, Poster Presentation, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Bioassay, Food science, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
الوصف: Purpose A major challenge of homeopathic basic research is to develop test systems that yield consistent results. Outcome of plant bioassays is usually based on growth parameters (e.g. germination rate, seedling length, leaf area). We aimed to evaluate the potential of a crystallisation method with additives ("biocrystallisation”) as a complementary outcome measure. The method used is based on the crystallographic phenomenon that when crystallising watery solutions of dihydrate CuCl2 in the presence of organic additions (juices/extracts), reproducible dendritic crystal structures are observed. The resulting biocrystallograms can be evaluated visually and/or by computerized image analysis.
إعادة تعيين المنقحات
عرض المنقحات (%%عد%%)