المؤلفون: Fonseca PHM; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil. phmorais.bio@gmail.com., Martinelli AG; CONICET-Sección Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia', Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina. agustin_martinelli@yahoo.com.ar.; Núcleo Milenio EVOTEM-Evolutionary Transitions of Early Mammals-ANID, Santiago, Chile. agustin_martinelli@yahoo.com.ar., Gill PG; Palaeobiology Research Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK. glpgg@bristol.ac.uk.; Science Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5HD, UK. glpgg@bristol.ac.uk., Rayfield EJ; Palaeobiology Research Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK. e.rayfield@bristol.ac.uk., Schultz CL; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil., Kerber L; Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa Paleontológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, São João do Polêsine, Brazil., Ribeiro AM; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil.; Museu de Ciências Naturais/SEMA, Porto Algre, RS, Brazil., Francischini H; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil., Soares MB; Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista s/n, São Cristovão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20940-040, Brazil. marina.soares@mn.ufrj.br.

المصدر: Scientific reports [Sci Rep] 2024 Jun 15; Vol. 14 (1), pp. 13817. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jun 15.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101563288 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2045-2322 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20452322 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sci Rep Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Mammals*/anatomy & histology , Fossils*/anatomy & histology , Skull*/anatomy & histology , Skull*/diagnostic imaging , X-Ray Microtomography* , Turbinates*/anatomy & histology , Turbinates*/diagnostic imaging, Animals ; South America ; Biological Evolution ; Nasal Cavity/anatomy & histology ; Nasal Cavity/diagnostic imaging ; Phylogeny

مستخلص: The nasal cavity of living mammals is a unique structural complex among tetrapods, acquired along a series of major morphological transformations that occurred mainly during the Mesozoic Era, within the Synapsida clade. Particularly, non-mammaliaform cynodonts document several morphological changes in the skull, during the Triassic Period, that represent the first steps of the mammalian bauplan. We here explore the nasal cavity of five cynodont taxa, namely Thrinaxodon, Chiniquodon, Prozostrodon, Riograndia, and Brasilodon, in order to discuss the main changes within this skull region. We did not identify ossified turbinals in the nasal cavity of these taxa and if present, as non-ossified structures, they would not necessarily be associated with temperature control or the development of endothermy. We do, however, notice a complexification of the cartilage anchoring structures that divide the nasal cavity and separate it from the brain region in these forerunners of mammals.
(© 2024. The Author(s).)

المؤلفون: Abdala F; Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo), Tucumán, Argentina.; Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa., Norton LA; Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa., Jasinoski SC; Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa., Botha J; National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa.; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa., Fernandez V; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Structure of Materials Department, Grenoble, France., Rubidge B; Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa., Gill PG; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.; Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum London, London, UK., Martinelli AG; Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia'-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (MACN-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

المصدر: Journal of anatomy [J Anat] 2023 Apr; Vol. 242 (4), pp. 737-742. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Jan 30.

نوع المنشور: Letter; Comment

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0137162 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1469-7580 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00218782 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Anat Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Mammals* , Tooth*, Animals ; Odontogenesis ; Fossils

المؤلفون: Newham E; School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.; Department of Palaeontology, Institute for Geosciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany., Gill PG; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.; Earth Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, UK., Corfe IJ; Jernvall Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.; Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, Finland.

المصدر: BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology [Bioessays] 2022 Apr; Vol. 44 (4), pp. e2100060. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Feb 16.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Wiley Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8510851 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1521-1878 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02659247 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Bioessays Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Biological Evolution* , Mammals*/physiology, Animals ; Fossils ; Phylogeny

مستخلص: We suggest that mammalian endothermy was established amongst Middle Jurassic crown mammals, through reviewing state-of-the-art fossil and living mammal studies. This is considerably later than the prevailing paradigm, and has important ramifications for the causes, pattern, and pace of physiological evolution amongst synapsids. Most hypotheses argue that selection for either enhanced aerobic activity, or thermoregulation was the primary driver for synapsid physiological evolution, based on a range of fossil characters that have been linked to endothermy. We argue that, rather than either alternative being the primary selective force for the entirety of endothermic evolution, these characters evolved quite independently through time, and across the mammal family tree, principally as a response to shifting environmental pressures and ecological opportunities. Our interpretations can be tested using closely linked proxies for both factors, derived from study of fossils of a range of Jurassic and Cretaceous mammaliaforms and early mammals.
(© 2022 The Authors. BioEssays published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

المؤلفون: Newham E; School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. en12630@bristol.ac.uk.; Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. en12630@bristol.ac.uk., Gill PG; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. pam.gill@bristol.ac.uk.; Earth Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, UK. pam.gill@bristol.ac.uk., Brewer P; Earth Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, UK., Benton MJ; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK., Fernandez V; Core Research Laboratories, The Natural History Museum, London, UK.; ESRF, The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France., Gostling NJ; School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK., Haberthür D; Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland.; Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland., Jernvall J; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland., Kankaanpää T; Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland., Kallonen A; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland., Navarro C; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK., Pacureanu A; ESRF, The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France., Richards K; Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, UK., Brown KR; Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK., Schneider P; Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK., Suhonen H; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland., Tafforeau P; ESRF, The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France., Williams KA; Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK., Zeller-Plumhoff B; Institute for Materials Research, Division of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany., Corfe IJ; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. ian.corfe@helsinki.fi.; Geomaterials and Applied Mineralogy group, Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, Finland. ian.corfe@helsinki.fi.

المصدر: Nature communications [Nat Commun] 2020 Oct 12; Vol. 11 (1), pp. 5121. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Oct 12.

نوع المنشور: Historical Article; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Nature Pub. Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101528555 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2041-1723 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20411723 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nat Commun Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Mammals/*physiology , Reptiles/*physiology, Animals ; Basal Metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; Fossils/anatomy & histology ; Fossils/history ; History, Ancient ; Mammals/classification ; Phylogeny ; Tomography, X-Ray ; Tooth/anatomy & histology ; Tooth/chemistry

مستخلص: Despite considerable advances in knowledge of the anatomy, ecology and evolution of early mammals, far less is known about their physiology. Evidence is contradictory concerning the timing and fossil groups in which mammalian endothermy arose. To determine the state of metabolic evolution in two of the earliest stem-mammals, the Early Jurassic Morganucodon and Kuehneotherium, we use separate proxies for basal and maximum metabolic rate. Here we report, using synchrotron X-ray tomographic imaging of incremental tooth cementum, that they had maximum lifespans considerably longer than comparably sized living mammals, but similar to those of reptiles, and so they likely had reptilian-level basal metabolic rates. Measurements of femoral nutrient foramina show Morganucodon had blood flow rates intermediate between living mammals and reptiles, suggesting maximum metabolic rates increased evolutionarily before basal metabolic rates. Stem mammals lacked the elevated endothermic metabolism of living mammals, highlighting the mosaic nature of mammalian physiological evolution.

المؤلفون: Morales-García NM; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK., Burgess TD; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK., Hill JJ; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK.; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA., Gill PG; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK.; Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK., Rayfield EJ; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK.

المصدر: Journal of the Royal Society, Interface [J R Soc Interface] 2019 Dec; Vol. 16 (161), pp. 20190674. Date of Electronic Publication: 2019 Dec 11.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Royal Society Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101217269 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1742-5662 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 17425662 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J R Soc Interface Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Finite Element Analysis* , Models, Biological*, Jaw/*anatomy & histology , Jaw/*physiology , Mammals/*anatomy & histology , Mammals/*physiology, Animals ; Fossils ; Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology

مستخلص: Finite-element (FE) analysis has been used in palaeobiology to assess the mechanical performance of the jaw. It uses two types of models: tomography-based three-dimensional (3D) models (very accurate, not always accessible) and two-dimensional (2D) models (quick and easy to build, good for broad-scale studies, cannot obtain absolute stress and strain values). Here, we introduce extruded FE models, which provide fairly accurate mechanical performance results, while remaining low-cost, quick and easy to build. These are simplified 3D models built from lateral outlines of a relatively flat jaw and extruded to its average width. There are two types: extruded (flat mediolaterally) and enhanced extruded (accounts for width differences in the ascending ramus). Here, we compare mechanical performance values resulting from four types of FE models (i.e. tomography-based 3D, extruded, enhanced extruded and 2D) in Morganucodon and Kuehneotherium . In terms of absolute values, both types of extruded model perform well in comparison to the tomography-based 3D models, but enhanced extruded models perform better. In terms of overall patterns, all models produce similar results. Extruded FE models constitute a viable alternative to the use of tomography-based 3D models, particularly in relatively flat bones.

المؤلفون: Lautenschlager S; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. s.lautenschlager@bham.ac.uk.; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. s.lautenschlager@bham.ac.uk., Gill PG; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.; Earth Science Department, The Natural History Museum, London, UK., Luo ZX; Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA., Fagan MJ; School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK., Rayfield EJ; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. e.rayfield@bristol.ac.uk.

المصدر: Nature [Nature] 2018 Sep; Vol. 561 (7724), pp. 533-537. Date of Electronic Publication: 2018 Sep 17.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0410462 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1476-4687 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00280836 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nature Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Biological Evolution*, Ear, Middle/*anatomy & histology , Mammals/*anatomy & histology , Mandible/*anatomy & histology, Animals ; Ear, Middle/physiology ; Fossils ; Mammals/physiology ; Mandible/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Phylogeny ; Temporomandibular Joint/anatomy & histology ; Temporomandibular Joint/physiology ; Tooth/anatomy & histology ; Tooth/physiology

مستخلص: The evolution of the mammalian jaw is one of the most important innovations in vertebrate history, and underpins the exceptional radiation and diversification of mammals over the last 220 million years ^1,2 . In particular, the transformation of the mandible into a single tooth-bearing bone and the emergence of a novel jaw joint-while incorporating some of the ancestral jaw bones into the mammalian middle ear-is often cited as a classic example of the repurposing of morphological structures ^3,4 . Although it is remarkably well-documented in the fossil record, the evolution of the mammalian jaw still poses the paradox of how the bones of the ancestral jaw joint could function both as a joint hinge for powerful load-bearing mastication and as a mandibular middle ear that was delicate enough for hearing. Here we use digital reconstructions, computational modelling and biomechanical analyses to demonstrate that the miniaturization of the early mammalian jaw was the primary driver for the transformation of the jaw joint. We show that there is no evidence for a concurrent reduction in jaw-joint stress and increase in bite force in key non-mammaliaform taxa in the cynodont-mammaliaform transition, as previously thought ^5-8 . Although a shift in the recruitment of the jaw musculature occurred during the evolution of modern mammals, the optimization of mandibular function to increase bite force while reducing joint loads did not occur until after the emergence of the neomorphic mammalian jaw joint. This suggests that miniaturization provided a selective regime for the evolution of the mammalian jaw joint, followed by the integration of the postdentary bones into the mammalian middle ear.

المؤلفون: Gill PG; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK., Purnell MA; Department of Geology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK., Crumpton N; 1] School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK [2] Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK (N.C.); Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK (N.J.G.)., Brown KR; Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK., Gostling NJ; 1] School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK [2] Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK (N.C.); Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK (N.J.G.)., Stampanoni M; 1] Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland [2] Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zürich, Gloriastrasse 35, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland., Rayfield EJ; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.

المصدر: Nature [Nature] 2014 Aug 21; Vol. 512 (7514), pp. 303-5.

نوع المنشور: Historical Article; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0410462 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1476-4687 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00280836 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nature Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Feeding Behavior* , Fossils*, Diet/*history , Jaw/*anatomy & histology , Mammals/*anatomy & histology , Mammals/*physiology , Tooth/*anatomy & histology, Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Chiroptera/anatomy & histology ; Chiroptera/physiology ; Diet/veterinary ; History, Ancient ; Jaw/physiology ; Tomography, X-Ray ; Tooth/physiology

مستخلص: The origin and radiation of mammals are key events in the history of life, with fossils placing the origin at 220 million years ago, in the Late Triassic period. The earliest mammals, representing the first 50 million years of their evolution and including the most basal taxa, are widely considered to be generalized insectivores. This implies that the first phase of the mammalian radiation--associated with the appearance in the fossil record of important innovations such as heterodont dentition, diphyodonty and the dentary-squamosal jaw joint--was decoupled from ecomorphological diversification. Finds of exceptionally complete specimens of later Mesozoic mammals have revealed greater ecomorphological diversity than previously suspected, including adaptations for swimming, burrowing, digging and even gliding, but such well-preserved fossils of earlier mammals do not exist, and robust analysis of their ecomorphological diversity has previously been lacking. Here we present the results of an integrated analysis, using synchrotron X-ray tomography and analyses of biomechanics, finite element models and tooth microwear textures. We find significant differences in function and dietary ecology between two of the earliest mammaliaform taxa, Morganucodon and Kuehneotherium--taxa that are central to the debate on mammalian evolution. Morganucodon possessed comparatively more forceful and robust jaws and consumed 'harder' prey, comparable to extant small-bodied mammals that eat considerable amounts of coleopterans. Kuehneotherium ingested a diet comparable to extant mixed feeders and specialists on 'soft' prey such as lepidopterans. Our results reveal previously hidden trophic specialization at the base of the mammalian radiation; hence even the earliest mammaliaforms were beginning to diversify--morphologically, functionally and ecologically. In contrast to the prevailing view, this pattern suggests that lineage splitting during the earliest stages of mammalian evolution was associated with ecomorphological specialization and niche partitioning.

المؤلفون: Gill PG; Department of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, University College, London WC2, England.

المصدر: Archives of oral biology [Arch Oral Biol] 1974 Apr; Vol. 19 (4), pp. 327-8.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Pergamon Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0116711 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0003-9969 (Print) Linking ISSN: 00039969 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Arch Oral Biol Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Bicuspid* , Fossils*, Mammals/*physiology , Tooth Resorption/*pathology, Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Paleodontology