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المؤلفون: Nastassja Koen, Wilfred E. Injera, Roxanne James, Edith Kwobah, Dan J. Stein, Sohini Ramachandran, Abebaw Fekadu, Anne Stevenson, Alicia R. Martin, Karestan C. Koenen, Rocky E. Stroud, Solomon Teferra, Gabriel Kigen, Zukiswa Zingela, Elizabeth G. Atkinson, Henry Musinguzi, Linnet Ongeri, Allan Kalungi, Charles R. Newton, Fred K. Ashaba, Yakov Pichkar, NeuroGAP-Psychosis Study Team, Welelta Shiferaw, Bizu Gelaye, Melkam Alemayehu, Rehema M. Mwema, Benjamin M. Neale, Mark Baker, Carter P. Newman, Nicole Creanza, Tamrat Abebe, Joseph Kyebuzibwa, Zan Koenig, Shareefa Dalvie, Lori B. Chibnik, Mark J. Daly, Raj Ramesar, Lerato Majara, Lukoye Atwoli, Dickens Akena, Symon M. Kariuki, Stella Gichuru
المساهمون: Team, NeuroGAP-Psychosis Study
المصدر: The American Journal of Human Genetics. 109:1667-1679
مصطلحات موضوعية: Genetic diversity, medicine.medical_specialty, Genetic Structures, media_common.quotation_subject, Black People, Genetic Variation, Genealogy, Africa, Southern, Geography, Variation (linguistics), Genetics, Population, Genetic variation, Genetic structure, medicine, Genetics, Medical genetics, Humans, Three generations, Genetics (clinical), Diversity (politics), media_common
الوصف: SummaryAfrican populations are the most diverse in the world yet are sorely underrepresented in medical genetics research. Here, we examine the structure of African populations using genetic and comprehensive multigenerational ethnolinguistic data from the Neuropsychiatric Genetics of African Populations-Psychosis study (NeuroGAP-Psychosis) consisting of 900 individuals from Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda. We find that self-reported language classifications meaningfully tag underlying genetic variation that would be missed with consideration of geography alone, highlighting the importance of culture in shaping genetic diversity. Leveraging our uniquely rich multi-generational ethnolinguistic metadata, we track language transmission through the pedigree, observing the disappearance of several languages in our cohort as well as notable shifts in frequency over three generations. We find suggestive evidence for the rate of language transmission in matrilineal groups having been higher than that for patrilineal ones. We highlight both the diversity of variation within the African continent, as well as how within-Africa variation can be informative for broader variant interpretation; many variants appearing rare elsewhere are common in parts of Africa. The work presented here improves the understanding of the spectrum of genetic variation in African populations and highlights the enormous and complex genetic and ethnolinguistic diversity within Africa.
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::6573420bffe07059e49ab1061cede26e
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.07.013 -
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المؤلفون: Carol J. Bennett, Efe Chantal Ghanney Simons
المصدر: Urology. 162:5-8
مصطلحات موضوعية: Black or African American, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Urology, General surgery, MEDLINE, Black People, Humans, Medicine, Female, business, United States
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المصدر: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 31:521-527
مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Epidemiology, Population, Black People, Metastasis, Neoplasms, Ethnicity, Humans, Medicine, Stage (cooking), education, Aged, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Incidence, Incidence (epidemiology), Cancer, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, United States, Oncology, Pacific islanders, Female, Racial/ethnic difference, business, Demography
الوصف: Background: Racial/ethnic disparities in cancer mortality are well described and are partly attributable to later stage of diagnosis. It is unclear to what extent reductions in the incidence of late-stage cancer could narrow these relative and absolute disparities. Methods: We obtained stage- and cancer-specific incidence and survival data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program for persons ages 50 to 79 years between 2006 and 2015. For eight hypothetical cohorts of 100,000 persons defined by race/ethnicity and sex, we estimated cancer-related deaths if cancers diagnosed at stage IV were detected earlier, by assigning them outcomes of earlier stages. Results: We observed a 3-fold difference in the absolute burden of stage IV cancer between the group with the highest rate (non-Hispanic Black males, 337 per 100,000) and the lowest rate (non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander females, 117 per 100,000). Assuming all stage IV cancers were diagnosed at stage III, 32–80 fewer cancer-related deaths would be expected across subgroups, a relative reduction of 13%–14%. Assuming one third of metastatic cancers were diagnosed at each earlier stage (I, II, and III), 52–126 fewer cancer-related deaths would be expected across subgroups, a relative reduction of 21%–23%. Conclusions: Across population subgroups, non-Hispanic Black males have the highest burden of stage IV cancer and would have the most deaths averted from improved detection of cancer before metastasis. Impact: Detecting cancer before metastasis could meaningfully reduce deaths in all populations, but especially in non-Hispanic Black populations. See related commentary by Loomans-Kropp et al., p. 512
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::e951ec247f178a2ee1ce8e08a33060bd
https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0823 -
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المؤلفون: Sheeja T Schuster, J. Daryl Thornton, Amy E. Schell, Sanjay R. Patel, Gul Jana Saeed, James C. Spilsbury, Katherine A. Dudley
المصدر: Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 19:272-278
مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Sleep Apnea, Obstructive, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Polysomnography, Patient Acuity, Black People, Health Status Disparities, medicine.disease, White People, respiratory tract diseases, Obstructive sleep apnea, Surveys and Questionnaires, medicine, Humans, Female, Presentation (obstetrics), business
الوصف: Rationale: Prior work suggests that Black persons have more severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) upon clinical presentation. However, the extent to which this may reflect differences in symptoms or...
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::2b1f5ea5fd11b5577d00d6f06257880b
https://doi.org/10.1513/annalsats.202012-1483oc -
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المؤلفون: Oluwateniola Brown, Alexis A. Dieter, Erin T. Carey, KJ Moore, Nancy E. Ringel
المصدر: Urology. 160:81-86
مصطلحات موضوعية: medicine.medical_specialty, Prolapse repair, business.industry, Urology, Confounding, Ethnic group, Black People, Postoperative complication, Urinary incontinence, Hispanic or Latino, Logistic regression, Sling (weapon), Surgery, Postoperative Complications, Cardiovascular Diseases, Prolapse, Ethnicity, medicine, Humans, Female, medicine.symptom, Complication, business
الوصف: To compare 30-day complication rates after prolapse repair and sling procedures across racial/ethnic groups, and evaluate trends over time.We identified female patients in a national outcomes-based database who underwent prolapse repair and/or sling procedures between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2018, stratified by race and ethnicity, and compared 30-day postoperative complication rates. Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for confounders. Trends in complication rates over time were evaluated using a test for trend (p-trend).We identified 70,540 prolapse repairs and 23,968 sling procedures. Following prolapse repairs, Black women had the highest complication rates (11%, vs 8% for Hispanic and 9% for both White and Other race/ethnicity women, P0.01). Following sling procedures, there were few differences in complication rates between groups. After adjustments, Black women still experienced higher odds of any complication (aOR 1.15, 95% CI 1.03-1.29), particularly a vascular complication (venous thromboembolism or transfusion) (aOR 2.50, 95% CI 2.05-3.04) following prolapse repair procedures. Hispanic women had higher odds of vascular complications after prolapse repair (aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.23-1.76) and slings (aOR 2.40, 95% CI 1.53-3.76). Trends from 2010-2018 showed a decrease in vascular complication rates among non-Black women after prolapse repairs, but rates among Black women did not decrease.Black women have higher odds of experiencing postoperative complications after prolapse repair procedures, particularly vascular complications. Vascular complication rates after prolapse repair decreased over time for all racial/ethnic groups except Black women. Hispanic women have higher odds of vascular complications after prolapse repair and slings than other racial/ethnic groups.
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المؤلفون: Fetene B. Belihu, Rhonda Small, Mary-Ann Davey
المصدر: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Victoria, Somalia, Population, Reproductive medicine, Black People, Emigrants and Immigrants, Eritrea, Logistic regression, Odds, Sudan, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, Epidemiology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, medicine, Very Preterm Birth, Humans, Infant, Very Low Birth Weight, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, Perinatal Mortality, Uncategorized, education.field_of_study, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, Traditional medicine, business.industry, Confounding, Australia, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy Outcome, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Africa, Eastern, medicine.disease, East Africa, Perinatal health, Cross-Sectional Studies, Infant, Small for Gestational Age, Small for gestational age, Premature Birth, Female, Ethiopia, business, Demography, Research Article
الوصف: Background Sub-Saharan African women are often treated as a single group in epidemiological studies of immigrant birth outcomes, potentially masking variations across countries. Methods Cross-sectional population-based study of 432,567 singleton births in Victoria, Australia comparing mothers born in one of four East African countries (453 Eritreans, 1094 Ethiopians, 1,861 Somali and 1,404 Sudanese) relative to 427,755 Australian-born women was conducted using the Victorian Perinatal Data Collection. Pearson’s chi-square test and logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate disparities and estimate risks of perinatal mortality and other adverse perinatal outcomes after adjustment for confounders selected a priori. Results Compared with mothers born in Australia, East African immigrants as a group had elevated odds of perinatal mortality (ORadj1.83, 95 % CI 1.47, 2.28), small for gestational age births (SGA) (ORadj1.59 95 % CI 1.46, 1.74), very low birthweight (ORadj1.33, 95 % CI 1.11, 1.58) and very preterm birth (ORadj1.55, 95 % CI 1.27, 1.90). However, they had lower odds of preterm birth (ORadj0.86 95 % CI 0.76, 0.98) and macrosomia (ORadj0.65 95 % CI 0.51, 0.83). Individual country of birth analyses indicated significant variations, with Eritrean women having higher odds of very low birthweight (ORadj1.80, 95 % CI 1.09, 2.98), very preterm birth (ORadj 1.96, 95 % CI 1.08, 3.58), small for gestational age births (ORadj 1.52, 95 % CI 1.14, 2.03) and perinatal mortality (ORadj 2.69, 95 % CI 1.47, 4.91). Sudanese women had higher odds of low birthweight (ORadj 1.36, 95 % CI 1.10, 1.68), very low birthweight (ORadj 1.53, 95 % CI 1.13, 2.07), very preterm birth (ORadj 1.78, 95 % CI 1.26, 2.53), small for gestational age births (ORadj 2.13, 95 % CI 1.84, 2.47) and perinatal mortality (ORadj 2.10, 95 % CI 1.44, 3.07)]. Ethiopian women differed from Australian-born women only in relation to higher odds of very preterm birth, (ORadj1.70 95 % CI 1.16, 2.50), and only Somali-women had significantly lower odds of preterm birth (ORadj0.70 95 % CI 0.56, 0.88). Conclusions Overall, East African countries of birth were associated with increased perinatal death and some adverse perinatal outcomes; suggesting the need for strategies to enhance surveillance and health care delivery for these women. Analysis by individual country of birth groups has shown women from Eritrea and Sudan are particularly at increased risk of adverse outcomes, demonstrating the importance of antenatal identification of maternal country of birth. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12884-016-0886-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::2c7e2a58d3287597e9f0a757a8fb3a57
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المؤلفون: Brittany L. Willer, Olubukola O. Nafiu, Christian Mpody, Joseph D. Tobias, Rajan K. Thakkar
المصدر: Journal of Surgical Research. 269:178-188
مصطلحات موضوعية: Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Ethnic group, Black People, Hispanic or Latino, medicine.disease, United States, Race (biology), medicine.anatomical_structure, Postoperative mortality, Cohort, Ethnicity, Humans, Medicine, Abdomen, Surgery, Child, business, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Minority Groups, Pelvis, Retrospective Studies, Pediatric trauma
الوصف: The leading cause of mortality among children is trauma. Race and ethnicity are critical determinants of pediatric postsurgical outcomes, with minority children generally experiencing higher rates of postoperative morbidity and mortality than White children. This pattern of poorer outcomes for racial and/or ethnic minority children has also been demonstrated in children with head and limb traumas. While injuries to the abdomen and pelvis are not as common, they can be life-threatening. Racial and/or ethnic differences in outcomes of pediatric abdominopelvic operative traumas have not been examined. Our objective was to determine whether disparities exist in postoperative mortality among children with major abdominopelvic trauma.We performed a retrospective analysis of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database for 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2012. Patients were included if they were18 years, sustained a major abdominopelvic injury, and underwent subsequent surgical intervention. Our primary outcome was inpatient mortality, comparing children of different race and/or ethnicity.We identified a weighted cohort of 13,955 children, of whom 6765 (48.5%) were White, 3614 (25.9%) Black, and 2647 (19.0%) Hispanic. After adjusting for covariates, Black children were 94% more likely to die than their White peers (3.3% versus 1.6%, adjusted-RR:1.94, 95%CI: 1.33-2.82, P = 0.001). Hispanic children (adjusted-RR:1.99, 95%CI: 1.36-2.91, P0.001) and those of other race and/or ethnicity (adjusted-RR: 2.02, 95%CI:1.20-3.40, P = 0.008) were also more likely to die compared to their White peers.Black and Hispanic children who require operative intervention following major abdominopelvic trauma have a higher risk of postoperative mortality compared with White children.
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المؤلفون: Lynn Rosenberg, Hemant K. Roy, Julie R. Palmer, Lauren E. Barber, Laura F. White, Lucile L. Adams-Campbell, Hanna Gerlovin, Kimberly A. Bertrand, Jessica L. Petrick
المصدر: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Epidemiology, Colorectal cancer, Black People, Risk Assessment, Article, Surveys and Questionnaires, Internal medicine, medicine, Vitamin D and neurology, Humans, Prospective Studies, Vitamin D, Proportional Hazards Models, business.industry, Incidence, Incidence (epidemiology), Hazard ratio, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, Oncology, Quartile, Cohort, Women's Health, Female, Observational study, Colorectal Neoplasms, business
الوصف: Background: Observational studies, mostly among White populations, suggest that low vitamin D levels increase colorectal cancer risk. African Americans, who are disproportionately burdened by colorectal cancer, often have lower vitamin D levels compared with other populations. Methods: We assessed predicted vitamin D score in relation to colorectal cancer among 49,534 participants in the Black Women's Health Study, a cohort of African American women followed from 1995 to 2017 through biennial questionnaires. We derived predicted vitamin D scores at each questionnaire cycle for all participants using a previously validated prediction model based on actual 25-hydroxyvitamin D values from a subset of participants. We calculated cumulative average predicted vitamin D score at every cycle by averaging scores from cycles up to and including that cycle. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, we estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for colorectal cancer incidence according to predicted score quartiles. Results: Over follow-up, 488 incident colorectal cancers occurred. Compared with women in the highest quartile of predicted vitamin D score, those in the lowest had an estimated 41% (HR = 1.41; 95% CI, 1.05–1.90) higher colorectal cancer risk. Comparable HRs were 1.44 (95% CI, 1.02–2.01) for colon and 1.34 (95% CI, 0.70–2.56) for rectal cancer. Conclusions: Low vitamin D status may lead to elevated colorectal cancer risk in African American women. Impact: Our findings, taken together with established evidence that vitamin D levels are generally lower in African Americans than other U.S. groups, suggest that low vitamin D status may contribute to the disproportionately high colorectal cancer incidence among African Americans.
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::6f7a57d992eb1f15887e2925255e6ae4
https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0675 -
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المؤلفون: Melissa A. Troester, Lynn Rosenberg, Leslie Bernstein, Kimberly A. Bertrand, Christine B. Ambrosone, Ludovic Trinquart, Ruth M. Pfeiffer, Elisa V. Bandera, Tracy A. Battaglia, Gary Zirpoli, Julie R. Palmer
المصدر: J Clin Oncol
مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Oncology, Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, MEDLINE, Black People, Early detection, Breast Neoplasms, Risk Assessment, Breast cancer, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Aged, Black women, business.industry, ORIGINAL REPORTS, Targeted interventions, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Survival Analysis, United States, Case-Control Studies, Women's Health, Female, Prevention trials, business, Cancer risk
الوصف: PURPOSE Breast cancer risk prediction models are used to identify high-risk women for early detection, targeted interventions, and enrollment into prevention trials. We sought to develop and evaluate a risk prediction model for breast cancer in US Black women, suitable for use in primary care settings. METHODS Breast cancer relative risks and attributable risks were estimated using data from Black women in three US population-based case-control studies (3,468 breast cancer cases; 3,578 controls age 30-69 years) and combined with SEER age- and race-specific incidence rates, with incorporation of competing mortality, to develop an absolute risk model. The model was validated in prospective data among 51,798 participants of the Black Women's Health Study, including 1,515 who developed invasive breast cancer. A second risk prediction model was developed on the basis of estrogen receptor (ER)–specific relative risks and attributable risks. Model performance was assessed by calibration (expected/observed cases) and discriminatory accuracy (C-statistic). RESULTS The expected/observed ratio was 1.01 (95% CI, 0.95 to 1.07). Age-adjusted C-statistics were 0.58 (95% CI, 0.56 to 0.59) overall and 0.63 (95% CI, 0.58 to 0.68) among women younger than 40 years. These measures were almost identical in the model based on estrogen receptor–specific relative risks and attributable risks. CONCLUSION Discriminatory accuracy of the new model was similar to that of the most frequently used questionnaire-based breast cancer risk prediction models in White women, suggesting that effective risk stratification for Black women is now possible. This model may be especially valuable for risk stratification of young Black women, who are below the ages at which breast cancer screening is typically begun.
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::548fc9880b7fc3537d23b260aea85414
https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.21.01236 -
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المؤلفون: David L. Kayembe, Nelly N. Kabedi, J.C. Mwanza
المصدر: Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie. 44:1505-1515
مصطلحات موضوعية: medicine.medical_specialty, Visual acuity, genetic structures, Bevacizumab, Black african, Black People, Angiogenesis Inhibitors, Ophthalmology, medicine, Humans, Fluorescein Angiography, Intravitreal bevacizumab, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Choroid, business.industry, Outcome measures, Mean age, Middle Aged, eye diseases, Treatment Outcome, Intravitreal Injections, sense organs, medicine.symptom, Subretinal fluid, business, Tomography, Optical Coherence, After treatment, medicine.drug
الوصف: Summary Objective To evaluate the response of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) in eyes treated with intravitreal bevacizumab (BVZ) and untreated fellow eyes in black Africans. Methods We studied 22 eyes (12 patients) divided into 12 treated and 10 untreated eyes from January 2017 to January 2020. Treated eyes received 1 monthly injection of BVZ 2.5 mg for 3 months, with optional additional injections depending on the patient's course. Both groups of eyes were evaluated at presentation and then at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after treatment. Outcome measures were visual acuity (VA) and ophthalmoscopic and OCT findings. Results The mean age of the patients was 66.3 ± 5.6 years. In treated eyes, VA remained stable from 0.10 ± 0.12 at baseline to 0.20 ± 0.30 at month 12, P = 0.84. VA was stable in 83.3% and improved in 16.7% of eyes. On OCT, 41.7% of eyes showed decreased and another 41.7% disappearance of subretinal fluid (SRF) at 12 months. Pigment epithelial detachment (PED) height decreased in 9 eyes (75.0%) but remained unchanged in 3 eyes (25%). In untreated eyes, no difference was observed between the baseline (0.53 ± 0.42) and 12-month VA (0.58 ± 0.40), P = 0.82. VA improved in 2 eyes, decreased in one eye, and remained unchanged in 7 eyes. OCT lesions remained stable in 6 eyes. The PED enlarged in one eye but remained stable in 3 other eyes. Conclusion Intravitreal injection of BVZ 2.5 mg led to stabilization of VA, resorption of SRF, and reduction in the size of the PED in the majority of eyes with PCV but was ineffective on the polyps. The one-year prognosis in untreated eyes with PCV was favorable and marked by functional and structural stability.
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