المؤلفون: Zakiewicz IM; Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland., Majka P; Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland., Wójcik DK; Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland., Bjaalie JG; Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway., Leergaard TB; Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

المصدر: PloS one [PLoS One] 2015 Sep 23; Vol. 10 (9), pp. e0137571. Date of Electronic Publication: 2015 Sep 23 (Print Publication: 2015).

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Public Library of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101285081 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1932-6203 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19326203 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PLoS One Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Brain Mapping* , Imaging, Three-Dimensional* , Neural Pathways*, Axons/*physiology , Cerebral Cortex/*anatomy & histology , Cerebral Cortex/*physiology, Animals ; Corpus Striatum ; Rats ; Thalamus

مستخلص: Topographical organization is a hallmark of the mammalian brain, and the spatial organization of axonal connections in different brain regions provides a structural framework accommodating specific patterns of neural activity. The presence, amount, and spatial distribution of axonal connections are typically studied in tract tracing experiments in which axons or neurons are labeled and examined in histological sections. Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction techniques are used to achieve more complete visualization and improved understanding of complex topographical relationships. 3-D reconstruction approaches based on manually or semi-automatically recorded spatial points representing axonal labeling have been successfully applied for investigation of smaller brain regions, but are not practically feasible for whole-brain analysis of multiple regions. We here reconstruct serial histological images from four whole brains (originally acquired for conventional microscopic analysis) into volumetric images that are spatially registered to a 3-D atlas template. The aims were firstly to evaluate the quality of the 3-D reconstructions and the usefulness of the approach, and secondly to investigate axonal projection patterns and topographical organization in rat corticostriatal and corticothalamic pathways. We demonstrate that even with the limitations of the original routine histological material, the 3-D reconstructed volumetric images allow efficient visualization of tracer injection sites and axonal labeling, facilitating detection of spatial distributions and across-case comparisons. Our results further show that clusters of S1 corticostriatal and corticothalamic projections are distributed within narrow, elongated or spherical subspaces extending across the entire striatum / thalamus. We conclude that histology volume reconstructions facilitate mapping of spatial distribution patterns and topographical organization. The reconstructed image volumes are shared via the Rodent Brain Workbench (www.rbwb.org).

المؤلفون: Bolstad I; Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1105, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway., Leergaard TB, Bjaalie JG

المصدر: Brain structure & function [Brain Struct Funct] 2007 Jul; Vol. 212 (1), pp. 85-93. Date of Electronic Publication: 2007 May 25.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Springer-Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 101282001 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1863-2653 (Print) Linking ISSN: 18632653 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Brain Struct Funct Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Axons/*ultrastructure , Cerebellum/*cytology , Neural Pathways/*cytology , Pons/*cytology , Somatosensory Cortex/*cytology, Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Biotin/analogs & derivatives ; Brain Mapping/methods ; Cell Shape/physiology ; Cerebellum/physiology ; Dextrans ; Female ; Image Cytometry/methods ; Mechanoreceptors/physiology ; Neural Pathways/physiology ; Pons/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Software ; Somatosensory Cortex/physiology ; Staining and Labeling/methods ; Vibrissae/physiology

مستخلص: The cerebral cortex conveys major input to the granule cell layer of the cerebellar hemispheres by way of the pontine nuclei. Cerebrocortical projections terminate in multiple, widely distributed clusters in the pontine nuclei. This clustered organization is thought to provide the transition between the different organizational principles of the cerebrum and cerebellum, and indicates that parallel processing occurs at multiple sites in the pontine nuclei. At a cellular level, however, it is unknown whether individual cerebropontine neurons target pontocerebellar cells located in different clusters or not. We have employed anterograde axonal tracing and 3D computerized reconstruction techniques to characterize the branching pattern and morphology of individual cerebropontine axons from the primary somatosensory cortex (SI). Our findings show that 43% of the cerebrobulbar fibers arising from SI whisker representations provide two or three fibers entering the pontine nuclei, whereas 39% have only one fiber, and the remaining 18% do not project to the pontine nuclei. Thus, it appears that a majority of cerebropontine axons originating in SI whisker representations diverge to contact multiple, separated pontocerebellar cells. Further, 84% of the somatosensory cerebropontine fibers are collateral branches from cerebrobulbar and/or cerebrospinal parent fibers, while 16% are direct cerebropontine projections without a further descending projection. A range of thicknesses of the fibers entering the pontine nuclei were observed, with collaterals of corticobulbar fibers having the smallest diameter. Taken together, these findings may be related to previously described separate cerebropontine transmission lines with different properties.

المؤلفون: Leergaard TB; Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway., Lillehaug S, De Schutter E, Bower JM, Bjaalie JG

المصدر: The European journal of neuroscience [Eur J Neurosci] 2006 Nov; Vol. 24 (10), pp. 2801-12.

نوع المنشور: Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: France NLM ID: 8918110 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0953-816X (Print) Linking ISSN: 0953816X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Eur J Neurosci Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Brain Mapping* , Touch*, Cerebellum/*physiology , Neural Pathways/*physiology , Pons/*physiology , Somatosensory Cortex/*physiology, Animals ; Biotin/analogs & derivatives ; Biotin/metabolism ; Dextrans/metabolism ; Electrophysiology/methods ; Female ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods ; Neurons/physiology ; Pons/cytology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate/metabolism

مستخلص: The granule cell layer of the cerebellar hemispheres contains a patchy and noncontinuous map of the body surface, consisting of a complex mosaic of multiple perioral tactile representations. Previous physiological studies have shown that cerebrocerebellar mossy fibre projections, conveyed through the pontine nuclei, are mapped in registration with peripheral tactile projections to the cerebellum. In contrast to the fractured cerebellar map, the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) is somatotopically organized. To understand better the map transformation occurring in cerebrocerebellar pathways, we injected axonal tracers in electrophysiologically defined locations in Sprague-Dawley rat folium crus IIa, and mapped the distribution of retrogradely labelled neurons within the pontine nuclei using three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions. Tracer injections within the large central upper lip patch in crus IIa-labelled neurons located centrally in the pontine nuclei, primarily contralateral to the injected side. Larger injections (covering multiple crus IIa perioral representations) resulted in labelling extending only slightly beyond this region, with a higher density and more ipsilaterally labelled neurons. Combined axonal tracer injections in upper lip representations in SI and crus IIa, revealed a close spatial correspondence between the cerebropontine terminal fields and the crus IIa projecting neurons. Finally, comparisons with previously published three-dimensional distributions of pontine neurons labelled following tracer injections in face receiving regions in the paramedian lobule (downloaded from http://www.rbwb.org) revealed similar correspondence. The present data support the coherent topographical organization of cerebro-ponto-cerebellar networks previously suggested from physiological studies. We discuss the present findings in the context of transformations from cerebral somatotopic to cerebellar fractured tactile representations.

المؤلفون: Bjaalie JG; Neural Systems and Graphics Computing Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience & Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1105 Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway. j.g.bjaalie@medisin.uio.no, Leergaard TB, Lillehaug S, Odeh F, Moene IA, Kjode JO, Darin D

المصدر: Neuroscience [Neuroscience] 2005; Vol. 136 (3), pp. 681-95.

نوع المنشور: Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7605074 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0306-4522 (Print) Linking ISSN: 03064522 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Neuroscience Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Brain Mapping* , Databases as Topic* , Information Systems*, Brain/*anatomy & histology , Neural Pathways/*anatomy & histology, Anatomy, Artistic/methods ; Animals ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods ; Medical Illustration ; Rats

مستخلص: Integration of dispersed and complicated information collected from the brain is needed to build new knowledge. But integration may be hampered by rigid presentation formats, diversity of data formats among laboratories, and lack of access to lower level data. We have addressed some of the fundamental issues related to this challenge at the level of anatomical data, by producing a coordinate based digital atlas and database application for a major projection system in the rat brain: the cerebro-ponto-cerebellar system. This application, Functional Anatomy of the Cerebro-Cerebellar System in rat (FACCS), is available via the Rodent Brain WorkBench (http://www.rbwb.org). The data included are x,y,z-coordinate lists describing exact distributions of tissue elements (axonal terminal fields of axons, or cell bodies) that are labeled with axonal tracing techniques. All data are translated to a common local coordinate system to facilitate across animal comparison. A search capability allows queries based on, e.g. location of tracer injection sites, tracer category, size of the injection sites, and contributing author. A graphic search tool allows the user to move a volume cursor inside a coordinate system to detect particular injection sites having connections to a specific tissue volume at chosen density levels. Tools for visualization and analysis of selected data are included, as well as an option to download individual data sets for further analysis. With this application, data and metadata from different experiments are mapped into the same information structure and made available for re-use and re-analysis in novel combinations. The application is prepared for future handling of data from other projection systems as well as other data categories.

المؤلفون: Leergaard TB; Neural Systems and Graphics Computing Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway., Alloway KD, Pham TA, Bolstad I, Hoffer ZS, Pettersen C, Bjaalie JG

المصدر: The Journal of comparative neurology [J Comp Neurol] 2004 Oct 18; Vol. 478 (3), pp. 306-22.

نوع المنشور: Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Wiley-Liss Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0406041 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0021-9967 (Print) Linking ISSN: 00219967 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Comp Neurol Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Biotin/*analogs & derivatives , Motor Cortex/*anatomy & histology , Neostriatum/*anatomy & histology , Neural Pathways/*anatomy & histology , Pons/*anatomy & histology , Somatosensory Cortex/*anatomy & histology, Animals ; Biotin/metabolism ; Brain Mapping/methods ; Dextrans/metabolism ; Electric Stimulation/methods ; Electrophysiology/methods ; Histocytochemistry/methods ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods ; Male ; Motor Cortex/metabolism ; Neostriatum/metabolism ; Neural Pathways/metabolism ; Pons/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rhodamines/metabolism ; Somatosensory Cortex/metabolism

مستخلص: The major cortical-subcortical re-entrant pathways through the basal ganglia and cerebellum are considered to represent anatomically segregated channels for information originating in different cortical areas. A capacity for integrating unique combinations of cortical inputs has been well documented in the basal ganglia circuits but is largely undefined in the precerebellar circuits. To compare and quantify the amount of overlap that occurs in the first link of the cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway, a dual tracing approach was used to map the spatial relationship between projections originating from the primary somatosensory cortex (SI), the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), and the primary motor cortex (MI). The anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine and Fluoro-Ruby were injected into homologous whisker representations of either SI and SII, or SI and MI. The ensuing pontine labeling patterns were analyzed using a computerized three-dimensional reconstruction approach. The results demonstrate that whisker-related projections from SI and MI are largely segregated. At some locations, the two projections are adjoining and partly overlapping. Furthermore, SI contributes significantly more corticopontine projections than MI. By comparison, projections from corresponding representations in SI and SII terminate in similar parts of the pontine nuclei and display considerable amounts of spatial overlap. Finally, comparison of corticopontine and corticostriatal projections in the same experimental animals reveals that SI-SII overlap is significantly larger in the pontine nuclei than in the neostriatum. These structural differences indicate a larger capacity for integration of information within the same sensory modality in the pontocerebellar system compared to the basal ganglia.
(Copyright 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)

المؤلفون: Leergaard TB; Neural Systems and Graphics Computing Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience & Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway., Bjaalie JG, Devor A, Wald LL, Dale AM

المصدر: NeuroImage [Neuroimage] 2003 Nov; Vol. 20 (3), pp. 1591-600.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Academic Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9215515 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1053-8119 (Print) Linking ISSN: 10538119 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Neuroimage Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Manganese*, Biotin/*analogs & derivatives , Brain Mapping/*methods , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods , Neural Pathways/*physiology, Animals ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Dextrans ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Stereotaxic Techniques ; Thalamus/physiology

مستخلص: The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detectable T1 contrast agent manganese (Mn2+) has recently been introduced as a neural tracer in rodents, birds, and monkeys. We have tested to what extent this in vivo method is useful for three-dimensional (3-D) survey of connectivity patterns in the rat somatosensory system. A commonly available 3 T human clinical MRI scanner was used to trace neural pathways following focal injection of manganese chloride (MnCl2) in the somatosensory cortex. Six to 10 h after MnCl2 injection, we found significant signal enhancement in major projection systems, including corticocortical, corticostriatal, corticothalamic, corticotectal, corticopontine, and corticospinal pathways. To facilitate the assignment of anatomic localization to the observed Mn2+ signal enhancement, we registered the MRI data with a 3-D digital reconstruction of a stereotaxic rat brain atlas. Across-animal comparison using the digital model allowed demonstration of a corticothalamic 3-D topographic organization in agreement with previously published two-dimensional topographic schemes based on classical neural tracing data. We conclude that anterograde MnCl2/MRI tracing allows rapid analysis of topographic organization across multiple brain regions. The method allows a higher data throughput for 3-D studies of large-scale brain connectivity than conventional methods based on tissue sectioning.

المؤلفون: Leergaard TB; Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway., Lyngstad KA, Thompson JH, Taeymans S, Vos BP, De Schutter E, Bower JM, Bjaalie JG

المصدر: The Journal of comparative neurology [J Comp Neurol] 2000 Jun 26; Vol. 422 (2), pp. 246-66.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Wiley-Liss Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0406041 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0021-9967 (Print) Linking ISSN: 00219967 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Comp Neurol Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Cerebellum/*cytology , Cerebellum/*physiology , Neural Pathways/*cytology , Neural Pathways/*physiology , Pons/*cytology , Pons/*physiology , Somatosensory Cortex/*cytology , Somatosensory Cortex/*physiology, Animals ; Biotin/analogs & derivatives ; Brain Mapping ; Dextrans ; Electrophysiology ; Female ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Phytohemagglutinins ; Presynaptic Terminals/physiology ; Presynaptic Terminals/ultrastructure ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate

مستخلص: In the primary somatosensory cortex (SI), the body surface is mapped in a relatively continuous fashion, with adjacent body regions represented in adjacent cortical domains. In contrast, somatosensory maps found in regions of the cerebellar hemispheres, which are influenced by the SI through a monosynaptic link in the pontine nuclei, are discontinuous ("fractured") in organization. To elucidate this map transformation, the authors studied the organization of the first link in the SI-cerebellar pathway, the SI-pontine projection. After injecting anterograde axonal tracers into electrophysiologically defined parts of the SI, three-dimensional reconstruction and computer-graphic visualization techniques were used to analyze the spatial distribution of labeled fibers. Several target regions in the pontine nuclei were identified for each major body representation. The labeled axons formed sharply delineated clusters that were distributed in an inside-out, shell-like fashion. Upper lip and other perioral representations were located in a central core, whereas extremity and trunk representations were found more externally. The multiple clusters suggest that the pontine nuclei contain several representations of the SI map. Within each representation, the spatial relationships of the SI map are largely preserved. This corticopontine projection pattern is compatible with recently proposed principles for the establishment of subcortical topographic patterns during development. The largely preserved spatial relationships in the pontine somatotopic map also suggest that the transformation from an organized topography in SI to a fractured map in the cerebellum takes place primarily in the mossy fiber pontocerebellar projection.
(Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)