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1
المؤلفون: Chakradhar Tosh, Harshad V. Murugkar, Rajendra Singh, Anil Kumar Sharma, Shanmugasundaram Nagarajan, Vijendra Pal Singh, Siddharth Gautam, M. Karikalan, Katherukamem Rajukumar, Subbiah Kombiah, Dhanapal Senthil Kumar, Manoj Kumar
المصدر: Microbial pathogenesis. 141
مصطلحات موضوعية: 0301 basic medicine, viruses, Biopsy, 030106 microbiology, Mucous membrane of nose, Biology, Virus Replication, Microbiology, BALB/c, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, Antigen, Orthomyxoviridae Infections, medicine, Animals, Crows, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Lung, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype, Histocytochemistry, Viral Load, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, Viral replication, Bronchiolitis, Influenza in Birds, Immunohistochemistry, RNA, Viral, Nasal administration, Disease Susceptibility, Reassortant Viruses
الوصف: In this study, we assessed the pathogenicity of two H5N1 viruses isolated from crows in mice. Eighteen 6-8 weeks BALB/c mice each were intranasally inoculated with 106 EID50/ml of H5N1 viruses A/crow/India/03CA04/2015 (H9N2-PB2 reassortant H5N1) and A/crow/India/02CA01/2012 (Non-reassortant H5N1). The infected mice showed dullness, weight loss and ruffled fur coat. Histopathological examination of lungs showed severe congestion, haemorrhage, thrombus, fibrinous exudate in perivascular area, interstitial septal thickening, bronchiolitis and alveolitis leading to severe pneumonic changes and these lesions were less pronounced in reassortant virus infected mice. Viral replication was demonstrated in nasal mucosa, lungs, trachea and brain in both the groups. Brain, lung, nasal mucosa and trachea showed significantly higher viral RNA copies and presence of antigen in immunohistochemistry in both the groups. This study concludes that both the crow viruses caused morbidity and mortality in mice and the viruses were phenotypically highly virulent in mice. The H5N1 viruses isolated from synanthropes pose a serious public health concern and should be monitored continuously for their human spill-over.
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المؤلفون: A. Praveen, Shanmugasundaram Nagarajan, Chakradhar Tosh, Harshad V. Murugkar, Anubha Pathak, Manish Kumar, Richa Sood, C. K. Athira
المصدر: Zoonoses and public health. 65(1)
مصطلحات موضوعية: 0301 basic medicine, Bamboo, Time Factors, Epidemiology, viruses, 030106 microbiology, Zoology, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Virus Replication, Virus, Persistence (computer science), 03 medical and health sciences, Decapoda, medicine, Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype, Animals, Disease Reservoirs, Infectivity, Microbial Viability, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, Transmission (medicine), Aquatic ecosystem, fungi, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, virus diseases, food and beverages, Water, Virology, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Shrimp, Infectious Diseases, Host-Pathogen Interactions, RNA, Viral, Water Microbiology
الوصف: Summary Low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) exhibits an ecological climax with the aquatic ecosystem. The most widely prevalent subtype of LPAIV is H9N2. Wild aquatic birds being the natural reservoirs and ducks, the “Trojan horses” for Avian Influenza Virus (AIV), can contaminate the natural water bodies inhabited by them. The virus can persist in the contaminated water from days to years depending upon the environmental conditions. Various aquatic species other than ducks can promote the persistence and transmission of AIV; however, studies on the role of aquatic fauna in persistence and transmission of avian influenza virus are scarce. This experiment was designed to evaluate the survivability of H9N2 LPAIV in water with and without Atyopsis moluccensis (bamboo shrimp) for a period of 12 days. The infectivity and amount of virus in water were calculated and were found to be significantly higher in water with A. moluccensis than in water without A. moluccensis. The study also showed that A. moluccensis can accumulate the virus mechanically which can infect chicken eggs up to 11 days. The virus transmission potential of A. moluccensis requires further studies.
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المؤلفون: P. Behera, Z. Syed, R. Jain, Rekha Khandia, S. C. Dubey, Chakradhar Tosh, Harshad V. Murugkar, Shanmugasundaram Nagarajan, S. Tripathi, Sharanagouda S. Patil, Diwakar D. Kulkarni, M. Katare
المصدر: Virus Genes. 42:10-15
مصطلحات موضوعية: viruses, India, Neuraminidase, Virulence, Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Genome, H5N1 genetic structure, Virus, Disease Outbreaks, Viral Matrix Proteins, Sequence Analysis, Protein, Virology, Drug Resistance, Viral, Amantadine, Serine, Genetics, medicine, Animals, Molecular Biology, Gene, Phylogeny, Poultry Diseases, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype, virus diseases, Outbreak, Subclade, General Medicine, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Amino Acid Substitution, Influenza in Birds, RNA, Viral, Asparagine, Chickens
الوصف: This study reports the genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus (subtype H5N1) isolated from poultry in West Bengal, India. We analyzed all the eight genome segments of two viruses isolated from chickens in January 2010 to understand their genetic relationship with other Indian H5N1 isolates and possible connection between different outbreaks. The hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the viruses showed multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site, a marker for high virulence in chickens. Of greatest concern was that the viruses displayed amino acid substitution from serine-to-asparagine at position 31 of M2 ion channel protein suggesting emergence of amantadine-resistant mutants not previously reported in HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in India. Amino acid lysine at position 627 of the PB2 protein highlights the risk the viruses possess to mammals. In the phylogenetic trees, the viruses clustered within the lineage of avian isolates from India (2008-2009) and avian and human isolates from Bangladesh (2007-2009) in all the genes. Both these viruses were most closely related to the viruses from 2008 in West Bengal within the subclade 2.2.3 of H5N1 viruses.
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4
المؤلفون: Jean-Francois Valarcher, Nick J. Knowles, Valery Zakharov, Alexey Scherbakov, Zhidong Zhang, You-Jun Shang, Zai-Xin Liu, Xiang-Tao Liu, Aniket Sanyal, Divakar Hemadri, Chakradhar Tosh, Thaha J. Rasool, Bramhadev Pattnaik, Kate R. Schumann, Tammy R. Beckham, Wilai Linchongsubongkoch, Nigel P. Ferris, Peter L. Roeder, David J. Paton
المصدر: Emerging Infectious Diseases
Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 15, Iss 7, Pp 1046-1051 (2009)مصطلحات موضوعية: Microbiology (medical), China, Peromyscus, Asia, viruses, Prevalence, lcsh:Medicine, India, Picornaviridae, phylogeny, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Disease Outbreaks, Aphthovirus, Nepal, medicine, Animals, Humans, Deer mouse, lcsh:RC109-216, Pakistan, medicine.vector_of_disease, Serotyping, Hantavirus, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, biology, Foot-and-mouth disease, Geography, Sin Nombre virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Research, lcsh:R, sequencing data, Afghanistan, Outbreak, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, Infectious Diseases, Foot-and-Mouth Disease, DNA, Viral, surveillance, RNA, Viral, epidemiology, human activities, serotype Asia 1
الوصف: Viruses in 6 genetic groups have caused recent outbreaks in Asia.
We investigated the molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype Asia 1, which caused outbreaks of disease in Asia during 2003–2007. Since 2004, the region affected by outbreaks of this serotype has increased from disease-endemic countries in southern Asia (Afghanistan, India, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan) northward to encompass Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, several regions of the People’s Republic of China, Mongolia, Eastern Russia, and North Korea. Phylogenetic analysis of complete virus capsid protein 1 (VP1) gene sequences demonstrated that the FMDV isolates responsible for these outbreaks belonged to 6 groups within the Asia 1 serotype. Some contemporary strains were genetically closely related to isolates collected historically from the region as far back as 25 years ago. Our analyses also indicated that some viruses have spread large distances between countries in Asia within a short time.URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::64d7ca8bda346fb73eead908b06d30fa
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2744236 -
5
المؤلفون: Divakar Hemadri, Aniket Sanyal, S. K. Bandyopadhyay, Subhajit Biswas, T. J. Rasool, Nick J. Knowles, Bramhadev Pattnaik, Chakradhar Tosh, Jajati K. Mohapatra
المصدر: Virus Research. 136:16-29
مصطلحات موضوعية: Models, Molecular, Serotype, Untranslated region, Cancer Research, Genotype, Sequence analysis, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Missense, India, Sequence Homology, Genome, Viral, Biology, Genome, Virus, Evolution, Molecular, Viral Proteins, Virology, Animals, Cluster Analysis, Coding region, Amino Acid Sequence, Selection, Genetic, Serotyping, Antigens, Viral, Conserved Sequence, Phylogeny, Sequence Deletion, Recombination, Genetic, Comparative genomics, Genetics, Base Sequence, Sequence Analysis, DNA, biology.organism_classification, Infectious Diseases, Amino Acid Substitution, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus, Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Nucleic Acid Conformation, RNA, Viral, Foot-and-mouth disease virus
الوصف: This study deals with a comparative analysis of complete genome sequences of twenty-one serotype Asia 1 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) field viruses isolated over a period of two decades from India, two vaccine strains and seven exotic sequences. The Indian viruses could be grouped in to three distinct lineages at the entire coding region, evolving independently probably under differential selection pressure as evident from the lineage-specific signatures identified. This comparison revealed 80% of amino acids at the polyprotein region to be invariant. Twenty-one residues in L, 3A and P1 region were identified to be under positive selection of which some are antigenically critical. Analysis at functionally crucial motifs, receptor contact residues, polyprotein cleavage sites and at putative T-cell epitopes expands the knowledge beyond other serotypes. Antigenic site II in betaB-betaC loop of VP2 was highly unstable suggesting its exposure to extreme immune pressure. A single cross-over at the L proteinase region in an isolate from buffalo, also featuring an extensive deletion at the 5' untranslated region (UTR), reflects the role of intraserotypic genetic recombination in natural evolution. The likely biological relevance of deletions/insertions observed at UTRs, VP1 and 3A could not be deduced. Altogether, a substantial amount of data raised on full length genomes of type Asia 1 virus adds value to the FMD virus genomics.
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المؤلفون: S. C. Dubey, S. Gounalan, Shanmugasundaram Nagarajan, Chakradhar Tosh, H. K. Pradhan, P. Behera, P. R. Vanamayya, Katherukamem Rajukumar, Ram P. Kamal, Harshad V. Murugkar, Kamal Purohit, Bramhadev Pattnaik
المصدر: Archives of Virology. 153:1433-1439
مصطلحات موضوعية: viruses, Orthomyxoviridae, India, Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus, medicine.disease_cause, H5N1 genetic structure, Genetic analysis, Virus, Virology, Genotype, Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype, medicine, Animals, Humans, Amino Acid Sequence, Phylogeny, Poultry Diseases, Genetics, Binding Sites, biology, Nucleic acid sequence, Sequence Analysis, DNA, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Influenza in Birds, GenBank, RNA, Viral, Chickens
الوصف: H9N2 avian influenza viruses are endemic in domestic poultry in Asia and are grouped into three major sublineages represented by their prototype strains A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 (Y280-like), A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (G1-like) and A/Chicken/Korea/38349-p96323/96 (Korean-like). To understand the genetic relationship of Indian viruses, we determined the partial nucleotide sequence of five H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from chicken in India during 2003-2004 and compared them with H9N2 sequences available in GenBank. Deduced amino acid sequence analysis revealed that four isolates shared an R-S-S-R/G motif at the cleavage site of HA, representing low pathogenicity in chickens, while one virus harbors an R-S-N-R/G motif at the same position. All the viruses maintained the human-like motif 226Lysine (H3 numbering) at the HA receptor binding site. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 50% of the genes (HA, NA, NP and M) were similar to G1-like viruses, whereas the remaining genes of the Indian isolates formed a separate, not yet defined, sublineage in the Eurasian lineage. Our finding provides evidence of a novel reassortant H9N2 genotype of G1-like viruses circulating in India.
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المؤلفون: Divakar Hemadri, Aniket Sanyal, S. K. Bandyopadhyay, Chakradhar Tosh
المصدر: Research in Veterinary Science. 76:151-156
مصطلحات موضوعية: Serotype, Lineage (genetic), Buffaloes, Sequence analysis, Molecular Sequence Data, Cattle Diseases, India, Biology, Virus, Cell Line, Disease Outbreaks, Cricetinae, Consensus Sequence, Animals, Amino Acid Sequence, Peptide sequence, Phylogeny, Genetics, Base Sequence, General Veterinary, Phylogenetic tree, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Outbreak, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus, Foot-and-Mouth Disease, RNA, Viral, Cattle, Foot-and-mouth disease virus, Sequence Alignment
الوصف: The complete VP1 encoding (1D) gene of 54 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus serotype Asia1 field isolates, most of which were isolated during 2000 and 2001, was sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis identified a novel subgroup (>10% nucleotide divergence) within the widely circulating lineage of this serotype. The newly emerged viruses were responsible for disease outbreaks in both cattle and buffaloes and were present in six different states in the country. Amino acid sequence comparison of these isolates revealed significant sequence divergence at many of the amino acid positions in comparison to those of lineage VI-A and C. Emergence of such viruses may affect the efficacy of vaccine strain currently used for protection against FMD in India.
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المؤلفون: Divakar Hemadri, Aniket Sanyal, Ramamurthy Venkataramanan, Bramhadev Pattnaik, Chakradhar Tosh
المصدر: Veterinary Microbiology. 92:25-35
مصطلحات موضوعية: Serotype, Molecular Sequence Data, India, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Microbiology, Virus, Serology, Phylogenetics, Animals, Amino Acid Sequence, Gene, Phylogeny, Genetics, Aphthovirus, Base Sequence, General Veterinary, biology, Phylogenetic tree, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Genetic Variation, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Antigenic Variation, Virology, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus, RNA, Viral, Foot-and-mouth disease virus, Sequence Alignment
الوصف: Complete 1D gene sequences of 13 Indian foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) type C field isolates and a vaccine strain (C-Bombay/64) were determined. All the field isolates showed a greater genetic homogeneity (95-100%) among themselves and were 19.7-21.2% divergent from the vaccine strain. In the phylogenetic analysis, the Indian field isolates formed a separate lineage (lineage VII) different from the previously identified six lineages (lineage I-VI) in type C FMDV [J. Virol. 66 (1992) 3557]. The vaccine strain was grouped with European lineage (lineage II). Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of antigenic sites A and C of field isolates showed no significant variation from the vaccine strain. One-way serological relationship determined in ELISA showed antigenic closeness of the field isolates with C-Bombay/64.
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المؤلفون: S. C. Dubey, Diwakar D. Kulkarni, Shanmugasundaram Nagarajan, Chakradhar Tosh, M. Katare, Harshad V. Murugkar, R. Jain, P. Behera
المصدر: Veterinary microbiology. 148(2-4)
مصطلحات موضوعية: viruses, Orthomyxoviridae, India, Genetic relationship, Genome, Viral, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Virus, Disease Outbreaks, Influenza A virus, medicine, Animals, Phylogeny, General Veterinary, Phylogenetic tree, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Outbreak, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Influenza in Birds, RNA, Viral, Viral disease, Chickens
الوصف: Outbreaks of H5N1 avian influenza virus were reported in 15 districts of West Bengal State in India in early 2008 and subsequent re-occurrence in 5 districts in December, 2008 to May, 2009. We have sequenced complete genome of 12 viruses isolated from early 2008 outbreak and from recurrent outbreak and determined the phylogenetic relationship between the viruses isolated from the two outbreaks. One of the virus isolated in early 2008 from Malda district (A/chicken/West Bengal/81760/2008) clustered with Korean and Russian isolates of 2006 in European-Middle Eastern-African (EMA) 3 sub-lineage of sub-clade 2.2, whereas other viruses showed close genetic relationship with 2007–2009 isolates of Bangladesh. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the PB1-F2 protein expression might be completely abolished due to mutated start codon ( 95 ATG 97 → 95 ACG 97 ) in this isolate but in all other isolates it was completely expressed. Hence, we conclude that there were two separate introductions of H5N1 viruses in Malda district and this H5N1 virus was not epidemiologically dominant as the viruses isolated subsequently from the same district and region did not share close relationship with this virus. The failure of this virus to spread to adjoining areas suggests that the culling and disposal operations initiated by Government of India were effective.
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المؤلفون: T. J. Rasool, Chakradhar Tosh, Jajati K. Mohapatra, S. K. Bandyopadhyay, Divakar Hemadri, Aniket Sanyal, Giridharan Palani
المصدر: Journal of virological methods. 137(1)
مصطلحات موضوعية: Serotype, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Genome, Viral, Biology, Viral Nonstructural Proteins, Genome, Sensitivity and Specificity, Virus, Nucleic acid thermodynamics, Viral Proteins, Antigen, Virology, Animals, Antigens, Viral, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, 3C Viral Proteases, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, biology.organism_classification, Molecular biology, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Cysteine Endopeptidases, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus, Foot-and-Mouth Disease, RNA, Viral, Colorimetry, Viral disease, Foot-and-mouth disease virus, Oligonucleotide Probes
الوصف: Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) from clinical specimens by conventional sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus isolation in cell culture is often compromised owing to limited sensitivity and inactivation during transit, respectively. A RT-PCR (oligoprobing) ELISA in both solid and aqueous phase hybridization formats targeting an across serotype conserved site at 3C-3D region was developed and its effectiveness was compared with that of the known targets at the IRES region. A non-isotopic RNA dot hybridization assay with colorimetric detection targeting both the IRES and the 3D region were also validated, which is capable of handling high throughput samples with ease. RT-PCR (oligoprobing) ELISA and dot hybridization assay showed 1000- and 10-fold greater sensitivity than the sandwich ELISA, respectively. Robustness of these diagnostic methods was explored by examining on sandwich ELISA-negative clinical samples. Both the assays developed in the present study were able to detect viral genomes in samples undetectable by conventional ELISA, thereby demonstrating 'proof of sensitivity'. Although the potential of these assays for providing definitive diagnosis in carrier hosts and in species where clinical disease is inapparent remains to be examined, nevertheless these assays can be adapted for comprehensive surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease in India.
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