المؤلفون: Robertson SA; Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta GA, 30333, United States.; Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States., Sidge JL; Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States., Koski L; Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States., Hardy MC; Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States.; Laboratory Leadership Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States., Stevenson L; Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States., Signs K; Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States., Stobierski MG; Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States., Bidol S; Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States., Donovan D; Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States., Soehnlen M; Bureau of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States., Jones K; Bureau of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States., Robeson S; Bureau of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States., Hambley A; Ottawa County Department of Public Health, Holland, MI 49424, United States., Stefanovsky L; Ottawa County Department of Public Health, Holland, MI 49424, United States., Brandenburg J; Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States., Hise K; Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States., Tolar B; Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States., Nichols MC; Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States., Basler C; Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States.

المصدر: Poultry science [Poult Sci] 2019 Dec 01; Vol. 98 (12), pp. 6964-6972.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0401150 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1525-3171 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00325791 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Poult Sci Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Disease Outbreaks*, Poultry Diseases/*microbiology , Salmonella/*isolation & purification , Salmonella Infections/*microbiology , Salmonella Infections, Animal/*microbiology, Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Population Surveillance ; Poultry ; Salmonella/classification ; Salmonella Infections/epidemiology ; Salmonella Infections, Animal/epidemiology ; Transportation ; United States/epidemiology ; Young Adult

مستخلص: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), health departments, and other state and federal partners have linked contact with live poultry to 70 human Salmonella outbreaks in the United States from 2000 to 2017, which resulted in a total of 4,794 illnesses, 894 hospitalizations, and 7 deaths. During human salmonellosis outbreaks environmental sampling is rarely conducted as part of the outbreak investigation. CDC was contacted by state health officials on June 12, 2018, to provide support during an investigation of risk factors for Salmonella infections linked to live poultry originating at a mail-order hatchery. From January 1, 2018, to June 15, 2018, 13 human Salmonella infections in multiple states were attributed to exposure to live poultry from a single hatchery. Two serotypes of Salmonella were associated with these infections, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Litchfield. Molecular subtyping of the S. Enteritidis clinical isolates revealed they were closely related genetically (within 0 to 9 alleles) by core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) to isolates obtained from environmental samples taken from hatchery shipping containers received at retail outlets. Environmental sampling and onsite investigation of practices was conducted at the mail-order hatchery during an investigation on June 19, 2018. A total of 45 environmental samples were collected, and 4 (9%) grew Salmonella. A chick box liner from a box in the pre-shipping area yielded an isolate closely related to the S. Enteritidis outbreak strain (within 1 to 9 alleles by cgMLST). The onsite investigation revealed lapses in biosecurity, sanitation, quality assurance, and education of consumers. Review of Salmonella serotype testing performed by the hatchery revealed that the number of samples and type of samples collected monthly varied. Also, S. Enteritidis was identified at the hatchery every year since testing began in 2016. Recommendations to the hatchery for biosecurity, testing, and sanitation measures were made to help reduce burden of Salmonella in the hatchery and breeding flocks, thereby reducing the occurrence of human illness.
(© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Poultry Science Association.)

المؤلفون: McMillan EA; Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA., Wasilenko JL; Eastern Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Athens, GA 30605, USA., Tagg KA; Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.; Weems Design Studio, Inc., Suwanee, GA 30024, USA., Chen JC; Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA., Simmons M; Eastern Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Athens, GA 30605, USA., Gupta SK; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA., Tillman GE; Eastern Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Athens, GA 30605, USA., Folster J; Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA., Jackson CR; Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA., Frye JG; Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA.

المصدر: Genes [Genes (Basel)] 2020 Dec 18; Vol. 11 (12). Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Dec 18.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101551097 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2073-4425 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20734425 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Genes (Basel) Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Genes, Bacterial*, Plasmids/*genetics , Poultry Diseases/*microbiology , Salmonella/*genetics , Salmonella Infections/*microbiology , Salmonella Infections, Animal/*microbiology, Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Carrier State ; Cattle/microbiology ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology ; Cattle Diseases/microbiology ; Chickens/microbiology ; Cluster Analysis ; Meat/microbiology ; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology ; Salmonella/enzymology ; Salmonella/isolation & purification ; Salmonella Food Poisoning/epidemiology ; Salmonella Food Poisoning/microbiology ; Salmonella Infections/epidemiology ; Salmonella Infections, Animal/epidemiology ; Sequence Alignment ; Turkeys/microbiology ; United States/epidemiology ; beta-Lactamases/genetics

مستخلص: Salmonella Infantis carrying extended spectrum β-lactamase bla on a pESI-like megaplasmid has recently emerged in United States poultry. In order to determine the carriage rate and gene content variability of this plasmid in U.S. CTX-M-65 on a pESI-like megaplasmid has recently emerged in United States poultry. In order to determine the carriage rate and gene content variability of this plasmid in U.S. Salmonella Infantis, whole genome sequences of Salmonella isolates from humans and animals in the U.S. and internationally containing the pESI-like plasmid were analyzed. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) identified 654 product sampling isolates containing pESI-like plasmids through hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) verification testing in 2017 and 2018. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identified 55 isolates with pESI-like plasmids in 2016-2018 through the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. Approximately 49% of pESI-like plasmids from FSIS verification isolates and 71% from CDC NARMS contained bla CTX-M-65 . Pan-plasmid genome analysis was also performed. All plasmids contained traN and more than 95% contained 172 other conserved genes; 61% contained bla CTX-M-65 . In a hierarchical clustering analysis, some plasmids from U.S. animal sources clustered together and some plasmids from South America clustered together, possibly indicating multiple plasmid lineages. However, most plasmids contained similar genes regardless of origin. Carriage of the pESI-like plasmid in U.S. appears to be limited to Salmonella Infantis and carriage rates increased from 2017 to 2018.

SCR Organism: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica

المؤلفون: Pires J; Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland., Huisman JS; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland., Bonhoeffer S; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland., Van Boeckel TP; Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.; Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, New Delhi, India.

المصدر: Microbiology spectrum [Microbiol Spectr] 2021 Oct 31; Vol. 9 (2), pp. e0049521. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Oct 27.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: ASM Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101634614 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2165-0497 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21650497 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Microbiol Spectr Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial* , Genome, Bacterial*, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology , Cattle/*microbiology , Poultry/*microbiology , Salmonella/*genetics , Swine/*microbiology, Animals ; Databases, Genetic ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Salmonella/drug effects ; Salmonella/isolation & purification ; United States

مستخلص: The number of bacterial genomes deposited each year in public databases is growing exponentially. However, efforts to use these genomes to track trends in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have been limited thus far. We used 22,102 genomes from public databases to track AMR trends in nontyphoidal Salmonella in food animals in the United States. In 2018, genomes deposited in public databases carried genes conferring resistance, on average, to 2.08 antimicrobial classes in poultry, 1.74 in bovines, and 1.28 in swine. This represents a decline in AMR of over 70% compared to the levels in 2000 in bovines and swine, and an increase of 13% for poultry. Trends in resistance inferred from genomic data showed good agreement with U.S. phenotypic surveillance data (weighted mean absolute difference ± standard deviation, 5.86% ± 8.11%). In 2018, resistance to 3rd-generation cephalosporins in bovines, swine, and poultry decreased to 9.97% on average, whereas in quinolones and 4th-generation cephalosporins, resistance increased to 12.53% and 3.87%, respectively. This was concomitant with a decrease of bla CMY-2 but an increase in bla D87Y (encoding a change of D to Y at position 87). Core genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) phylogenies show that resistance to these antimicrobial classes was predominantly associated with Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis and, to a lesser extent, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and its monophasic variant I 4,[5],12:i:-, whereas quinolone resistance was also associated with S. enterica serovar Dublin. Between 2000 and 2018, trends in serovar prevalence showed a composition shift where CTX-M-65 and gyrA D87Y (encoding a change of D to Y at position 87). Core genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) phylogenies show that resistance to these antimicrobial classes was predominantly associated with Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis and, to a lesser extent, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and its monophasic variant I 4,[5],12:i:-, whereas quinolone resistance was also associated with S. enterica serovar Dublin. Between 2000 and 2018, trends in serovar prevalence showed a composition shift where S. Next-generation sequencing has led to an exponential increase in the number of genomes deposited in public repositories. This growing volume of information presents opportunities to track the prevalence of genes conferring antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a growing threat to the health of humans and animals. Using 22,102 public genomes, we estimated that the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in the United States decreased in nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates recovered from bovines and swine between 2000 and 2018, whereas it increased in poultry. These trends are consistent with those detected by national surveillance systems that monitor resistance using phenotypic testing. However, using genomes, we identified that genes conferring resistance to critically important antimicrobials were associated with specific MDR serovars that could be the focus for future interventions. Our analysis illustrates the growing potential of public repositories to monitor AMR trends and shows that similar efforts could soon be carried out in other regions where genomic surveillance is increasing.S. Infantis increased. Our findings illustrate the growing potential of using genomes in public databases to track AMR in regions where sequencing capacities are currently expanding. IMPORTANCE Next-generation sequencing has led to an exponential increase in the number of genomes deposited in public repositories. This growing volume of information presents opportunities to track the prevalence of genes conferring antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a growing threat to the health of humans and animals. Using 22,102 public genomes, we estimated that the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in the United States decreased in nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates recovered from bovines and swine between 2000 and 2018, whereas it increased in poultry. These trends are consistent with those detected by national surveillance systems that monitor resistance using phenotypic testing. However, using genomes, we identified that genes conferring resistance to critically important antimicrobials were associated with specific MDR serovars that could be the focus for future interventions. Our analysis illustrates the growing potential of public repositories to monitor AMR trends and shows that similar efforts could soon be carried out in other regions where genomic surveillance is increasing.

المؤلفون: Tyson GH; Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA., Li C; Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA., Harrison LB; Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA., Martin G; Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA., Hsu CH; Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA., Tate H; Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA., Tran TT; Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA., Strain E; Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA., Zhao S; Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA.

المصدر: Microbial drug resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.) [Microb Drug Resist] 2021 Jun; Vol. 27 (6), pp. 792-799. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Nov 24.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9508567 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1931-8448 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10766294 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Microb Drug Resist Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Poultry/*microbiology , Salmonella/*genetics , Salmonella/*isolation & purification, Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Meat ; Plasmids/genetics ; Spatial Analysis ; United States/epidemiology

مستخلص: Recently, there have been reports worldwide of a multidrug-resistant, emergent Salmonella Infantis (ESI) clone with a large megaplasmid (pESI), often containing the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene bla CTX-M-65 mutation conferring fluoroquinolone resistance, further limiting treatment options. In the United States, this clone has also been found in poultry sources, indicating a likely source of human illnesses. We conducted short-read sequencing of gyrA isolated from retail meats as part of routine surveillance by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS). We analyzed the resulting data temporally and geographically to determine when and where the ESI clone has spread in the United States. We found the ESI clone was first found in retail meats in Tennessee in 2014, but by 2019 was throughout the United States and comprised 29% of all Salmonella enterica isolated from retail meats as part of routine surveillance by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS). We analyzed the resulting data temporally and geographically to determine when and where the ESI clone has spread in the United States. We found the ESI clone was first found in retail meats in Tennessee in 2014, but by 2019 was throughout the United States and comprised 29% of all Salmonella Infantis in poultry in the United States, with the potential for increased burden of human illness attributed to this multidrug-resistant pathogen.Salmonella Infantis in poultry in the United States, with the potential for increased burden of human illness attributed to this multidrug-resistant pathogen.

SCR Organism: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica

المؤلفون: Yin X; Public Health Sciences Department, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America; Pennsylvania Department of Health, Harrisburg, PA, United States of America., M'ikanatha NM; Pennsylvania Department of Health, Harrisburg, PA, United States of America. Electronic address: nmikanatha@pa.gov., Nyirabahizi E; National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States of America., McDermott PF; National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States of America., Tate H; National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States of America.

المصدر: International journal of food microbiology [Int J Food Microbiol] 2021 Mar 16; Vol. 342, pp. 109044. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Jan 05.

نوع المنشور: Comparative Study; Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Elsevier Science Publishers Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8412849 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-3460 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01681605 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Food Microbiol Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Drug Resistance, Bacterial*/drug effects , Drug Resistance, Bacterial*/genetics, Agriculture/*methods , Anti-Bacterial Agents/*therapeutic use , Poultry/*microbiology , Salmonella/*drug effects, Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Genes, Bacterial ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Salmonella/genetics ; Salmonella/isolation & purification ; Salmonella Infections, Animal/drug therapy ; Salmonella Infections, Animal/microbiology ; United States

مستخلص: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in non-typhoidal Salmonella from poultry is a public health concern. Injudicious use of antibiotics in humans and agriculture fuels the emergence of resistance. The objective of this study was to characterize the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility profiles and genetic resistance mechanisms of Salmonella isolated from US retail poultry meat samples with and without antibiotic-related claims. We reviewed data from 46,937 poultry meat samples collected from 2008 to 2017 through the FDA NARMS retail meat program. Antibiotic usage claims on the poultry packaging were used to categorize the sample as 'conventionally raised' or 'reduced or no antibiotic use'. The results show that the prevalence of Salmonella in conventional poultry samples (8.6%) was higher than reduced or no antibiotic use poultry samples (5.1%). The odds of resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes (multi-drug resistant) were 2.61 times higher for Salmonella isolates from conventional samples, compared to isolates from reduced antibiotic use samples. The frequency of the aminoglycoside resistance gene, strB, and the beta-lactam resistant gene, bla CMY-2 , were higher in isolates from conventional meat. This study suggests that conventionally raised poultry meat was more likely to be contaminated with multi-drug resistant Salmonella, and those Salmonella are more likely to carry genes for antibiotics resistance.
(Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

المؤلفون: Williams MS; Risk Assessment Division, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety Inspection Service, USDA, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA. mike.williams@fsis.usda.gov, Ebel ED

المصدر: Foodborne pathogens and disease [Foodborne Pathog Dis] 2012 Jan; Vol. 9 (1), pp. 59-67. Date of Electronic Publication: 2011 Nov 17.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101120121 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1556-7125 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 15353141 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Foodborne Pathog Dis Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Food Contamination/*prevention & control , Food-Processing Industry/*standards , Foodborne Diseases/*prevention & control , Poultry Diseases/*microbiology , Salmonella/*isolation & purification , Salmonella Food Poisoning/*microbiology, Animals ; Chickens ; Consumer Product Safety ; Data Collection ; Food Inspection ; Food Microbiology ; Humans ; Models, Statistical ; Poultry Products/microbiology ; Public Health Surveillance ; United States

مستخلص: A common approach to reducing microbial contamination has been the implementation of a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) program to prevent or reduce contamination during production. One example is the Pathogen Reduction HACCP program implemented by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). This program consisted of a staged implementation between 1996 and 2000 to reduce microbial contamination on meat and poultry products. Of the commodities regulated by FSIS, one of the largest observed reductions was for Salmonella contamination on broiler chicken carcasses. Nevertheless, how this reduction might have influenced the total number of salmonellosis cases in the United States has not been assessed. This study incorporates information from public health surveillance and surveys of the poultry slaughter industry into a model that estimates the number of broiler-related salmonellosis cases through time. The model estimates that-following the 56% reduction in the proportion of contaminated broiler carcasses observed between 1995 and 2000-approximately 190,000 fewer annual salmonellosis cases (attributed to broilers) occurred in 2000 compared with 1995. The uncertainty bounds for this estimate range from approximately 37,000 to 500,000 illnesses. Estimated illnesses prevented, due to the more modest reduction in contamination of 13% between 2000 and 2007, were not statistically significant. An analysis relating the necessary magnitude of change in contamination required for detection via human surveillance also is provided.

المؤلفون: Foley SL; National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA. foley.steven@mcrf.mfldclin.edu, Lynne AM, Nayak R

المصدر: Journal of animal science [J Anim Sci] 2008 Apr; Vol. 86 (14 Suppl), pp. E149-62. Date of Electronic Publication: 2007 Oct 02.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Review

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: American Society of Animal Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8003002 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1525-3163 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00218812 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Anim Sci Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Poultry Diseases/*epidemiology , Salmonella/*classification , Salmonella Food Poisoning/*epidemiology , Salmonella Infections, Animal/*epidemiology , Swine Diseases/*epidemiology, Animals ; Consumer Product Safety ; Food Contamination/analysis ; Humans ; Poultry ; Poultry Diseases/microbiology ; Prevalence ; Salmonella/isolation & purification ; Salmonella Infections, Animal/microbiology ; Serotyping/veterinary ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/microbiology ; United States/epidemiology

مستخلص: Salmonellosis is the second leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the United States, and the great majority of these infections are associated with the consumption of products such as meat, poultry, eggs, milk, seafood, and fresh produce contaminated with Salmonella. The per capita consumption of meat and poultry in United States has increased significantly over the past century. This increase is especially evident with poultry products, where there has been a nearly 6-fold increase in chicken consumption and 17-fold increase in turkey consumption since 1909. The per capita consumption of pork has also increased over this time from 18.7 to 21.7 kg/yr. With this increase in meat and poultry consumption, the dynamics of animal production and consumer exposure have changed leading to new challenges in limiting salmonellosis. To meet the demands of consumers, more intensive agricultural practices have been adopted, which has likely changed the population characteristics of Salmonella present among poultry flocks and swine populations. In Salmonella isolated from swine in the United States, S. Typhimurium has replaced S. Choleraesuis as the predominant serovar in recent years. Among isolates from turkeys collected in 2004, serovars S. Senftenberg and S. Hadar were most common overall; however, S. Heidelberg was most common from clinical diagnostic sources, potentially indicating increased virulence. Salmonella Heidelberg was also the most commonly detected serovar among chicken isolates from clinically ill birds and Salmonella surveillance samples. Overall among the 10 serovars most commonly associated with human infections, 6 are also found in the top serovars of swine and poultry. These include S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Heidelberg, S. Montevideo, S. Saintpaul, and S. I 4,[5],12:i:-.

المؤلفون: Naugle AL; Office of Public Health Science, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250, USA. alecia.naugle@fsis.usda.gov, Barlow KE, Eblen DR, Teter V, Umholtz R

المصدر: Journal of food protection [J Food Prot] 2006 Nov; Vol. 69 (11), pp. 2607-14.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7703944 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0362-028X (Print) Linking ISSN: 0362028X NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Food Prot Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Food Contamination*/analysis , Food Contamination*/prevention & control, Food Inspection/*standards , Food-Processing Industry/*standards , Meat/*microbiology , Poultry/*microbiology , Salmonella/*isolation & purification, Animals ; Cattle/microbiology ; Chickens/microbiology ; Consumer Product Safety ; Female ; Food Microbiology ; Humans ; Male ; Meat Products/microbiology ; Poultry Products/microbiology ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Swine/microbiology ; Turkeys/microbiology ; United States

مستخلص: The U.S. Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) tests sets of samples of selected raw meat and poultry products for Salmonella to ensure that federally inspected establishments meet performance standards defined in the pathogen reduction-hazard analysis and critical control point system (PR-HACCP) final rule. In the present report, sample set results are described and associations between set failure and set and establishment characteristics are identified for 4,607 sample sets collected from 1998 through 2003. Sample sets were obtained from seven product classes: broiler chicken carcasses (n = 1,010), cow and bull carcasses (n = 240), market hog carcasses (n = 560), steer and heifer carcasses (n = 123), ground beef (n = 2,527), ground chicken (n = 31), and ground turkey (n = 116). Of these 4,607 sample sets, 92% (4,255) were collected as part of random testing efforts (A sets), and 93% (4,166) passed. However, the percentage of positive samples relative to the maximum number of positive results allowable in a set increased over time for broilers but decreased or stayed the same for the other product classes. Three factors associated with set failure were identified: establishment size, product class, and year. Set failures were more likely early in the testing program (relative to 2003). Small and very small establishments were more likely to fail than large ones. Set failure was less likely in ground beef than in other product classes. Despite an overall decline in set failures through 2003, these results highlight the need for continued vigilance to reduce Salmonella contamination in broiler chicken and continued implementation of programs designed to assist small and very small establishments with PR-HACCP compliance issues.

المؤلفون: Levine P; Biosciences Division, Office of Public Health and Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250-3700, USA. priscilla.levine@usda.gov, Rose B, Green S, Ransom G, Hill W

المصدر: Journal of food protection [J Food Prot] 2001 Aug; Vol. 64 (8), pp. 1188-93.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7703944 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0362-028X (Print) Linking ISSN: 0362028X NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Food Prot Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Escherichia coli O157/*isolation & purification , Listeria monocytogenes/*isolation & purification , Meat Products/*microbiology , Poultry Products/*microbiology , Salmonella/*isolation & purification, Animals ; Cattle ; Food Inspection ; Incidence ; Poultry ; Prevalence ; United States/epidemiology

مستخلص: The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) conducted microbiological testing programs for ready-to-eat (RTE) meat and poultry products produced at approximately 1,800 federally inspected establishments. All samples were collected at production facilities and not at retail. We report results here for the years 1990 through 1999. Prevalence data for Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, or staphylococcal enterotoxins in nine different categories of RTE meat and poultry products are presented and discussed. The prevalence data have certain limitations that restrict statistical inferences, because these RTE product-testing programs are strictly regulatory in nature and not statistically designed. The cumulative 10-year Salmonella prevalences were as follows: jerky, 0.31%; cooked, uncured poultry products, 0.10%; large-diameter cooked sausages, 0.07%; small-diameter cooked sausages, 0.20%; cooked beef, roast beef, and cooked corned beef, 0.22%; salads, spreads, and pâtés, 0.05%; and sliced ham and luncheon meat, 0.22%. The cumulative 3-year Salmonella prevalence for dry and semidry fermented sausages was 1.43%. The cumulative 10-year L. monocytogenes prevalences were as follows: jerky, 0.52%; cooked, uncured poultry products, 2.12%; large-diameter cooked sausages, 1.31%; small-diameter cooked sausages, 3.56%; cooked beef, roast beef, and cooked corned beef, 3.09%; salads, spreads, and pâtés, 3.03%; and sliced ham and luncheon meat, 5.16%. The cumulative 3-year L. monocytogenes prevalence for dry and semidry fermented sausages was 3.25%. None of the RTE products tested for E. coli O157:H7 or staphylococcal enterotoxins was positive. Although FSIS and the industry have made progress in reducing pathogens in these products, additional efforts are ongoing to continually improve the safety of all RTE meat and poultry products manufactured in federally inspected establishments in the United States.

المؤلفون: Volkova VV; Epidemiology Group, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK, Wills RW, Hubbard SA, Magee DL, Byrd JA, Bailey RH

المصدر: Zoonoses and public health [Zoonoses Public Health] 2011 May; Vol. 58 (3), pp. 158-68.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Blackwell Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 101300786 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1863-2378 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 18631959 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Zoonoses Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Housing, Animal*/classification, Chickens/*microbiology , Poultry Diseases/*microbiology , Salmonella/*isolation & purification , Salmonella Infections, Animal/*epidemiology, Alabama ; Animal Husbandry/methods ; Animals ; Floors and Floorcoverings ; Logistic Models ; Mississippi ; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Texas ; United States/epidemiology ; Weather

مستخلص: In this study, we investigated risk factors associated with the probability to detect Salmonella in samples of litter collected within 2 h prior to new flock placement in 76 grow-out houses on 38 conventional broiler farms located in the US states of Mississippi, Alabama and Texas. We evaluated characteristics of location and layout of the farm; area adjacent to and surrounding the house; house construction; condition and type of equipment in the house; litter management and other production, sanitation, visitation and biosecurity practices; non-broiler animal species on the farm; and weather conditions on the 3 days leading up to flock placement. Logistic regression was used to model the relationships between probability to detect Salmonella in litter and potential risk factors. In the screening process, each risk factor was evaluated as a single fixed effects factor in a multilevel model that accounted for variability among the sampled farms and their production complexes and companies. Of almost 370 risk factors screened, 24 were associated with the probability to detect Salmonella in litter. These were characteristics of the surroundings of the house, house construction and conditions, litter management, length of downtimes between flocks in the house, biosecurity and farm location. After investigation of collinearity between these variables and building of models for important risk factor categories, the list of candidate variables for the final model was refined to eight factors. The final model demonstrated that a higher probability of detecting Salmonella in litter was strongly associated with the use of wood to construct the base of the walls or to cover the inside of the broiler house foundation, and with the use of fresh wood shavings to top-dress or completely replace the litter between flocks.
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