Alternate Title: بحث الفرص والقيود لسبل العيش الريفي: دراسة حالة لصغار مزارعين األرز في الهند. (Arabic)

المؤلفون: Ahmed, Marwa A. M., Sarma, Pranjal

المصدر: Alexandria Science Exchange Journal; Apr-Jun2021, Vol. 42 Issue 2, p523-537, 15p

مصطلحات موضوعية: RICE farmers, DRY farming, FARMS, SMALL business loans, SUPPLY & demand, SOIL fertility

مصطلحات جغرافية: INDIA

Abstract (English): Agriculture is a primary source of livelihood for more than 75% of the Assam’s population in Northeast India, however 98.9% of farmers belong to the category less than 1 to 2 hectares of land per family in Dibrugarh district of Assam. This research aims at improving livelihood of these farmers through exploring the opportunities and constraints of their resources. The study conducted 250 personal interviews with heads of households of small farmers cultivating rice (the staple food crop) who were chosen by the method of purposive sampling among three villages of Dibrugarh district. The data were collected by personal schedule along with observation, and descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The results revealed that the main constraints were: irrigation and drainage problems, small size of the agricultural land, lack access to the inputs of production, low productivity, high loss of production, lack of access to finance, lack of practical skills training for modern agriculture and marketing, lack of social organisations. However the key opportunities were: depending on rainfed agriculture, high fertility of the soil, diversification of family income, high demand of the rice in the market, low illiteracy rate, forming a cooperative association and the homogeneity of population, which represents their strong cultural bond. The study concluded some recommendations: offering training and consulting services by the Agricultural Extension agency, establishing a good infrastructure and facilitating soft loans for agriculture and small business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (Arabic): يعتمد أكثر من 75 %من سكان والية آسام في شمال شرق الهند على الزراعة كمصدر رئيسي لسبل العيش خاصة محصول األرز الذي يحتل القطاع الزراعي، في حين أن ينتمي 9.98 %من المزارعين إلى فئة حيازة تتراوح من 1 إلي 2 هكتار أرض زراعية لكل أسرة في مركز ديبروجار بوالية آسام. ويهدف هذا البحث إلى تحسين سبل عيش هؤالء األغلبية من المزارعين من خالل دراسة الفرص والمعوقات التي تواجه تنمية مواردهم، وقد تمت هذه الدراسة من خالل إجراء المقابلة الشخصية والمالحظة مع 250 رب أسرة الذي يعمل في زراعة األرز وينتمى لفئة صغار المزارعين. وقد تم اختيار عينة عمدية ضمن ثالث قري بمركز ديبروجار، وتم تحليل البيانات وصفيا باستخدام النسب المئوية والتكرارات. وكشفت النتائج عن أن أهم معوقات التي يواجهها المبحوثين شملت: انخفاض اإلنتاجية، وارتفاع نسبة الفاقد من المحصول، وصعوبة الحصول على مدخالت اإلنتاج؛ بينما كانت الفرص األساسية لتنمية موارد سبل العيش لديهم: تنوع مصادر الدخل، اتباع إجراءات الثقافة الوقائية في الزراعة، وتشكيل مجموعات العمل الذاتية ذات الطابع التعاوني. وقد خلصت الدراسة بعدة توصيات، وهي: توفير خدمات التدريب واالستشارات المقدمة من جهاز اإلرشاد الزراعي، دعم وتمكين المزارعين من تسويق محصولهم، وتيسيير قروض بنكية للزراعة والمشر وعات الصغيرة. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Alexandria Science Exchange Journal is the property of Alexandria Science Exchange Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Alternate Title: .صغار المزارعين والتحول الزراعي: دراسة سيسيولوجية في ثالث قرى هندية. (Arabic)

المؤلفون: Ahmed, Marwa A. M., Sarma, Pranjal

المصدر: Alexandria Science Exchange Journal; Apr-Jun2022, Vol. 43 Issue 2, p325-342, 18p

مصطلحات موضوعية: FARMS, SUBSISTENCE farming, FARMERS, FARMERS' markets, AGRICULTURAL contracts, AGRICULTURAL productivity, RURAL poor

مصطلحات جغرافية: INDIA

Abstract (English): Agriculture is the fundamental source of subsistence of small farmers who contribute 51 per cent of agricultural production and 70 per cent of high-value crops. However, they constitute the bulk of India’s hungry and poor. Agriculture transformation or Commercialisation of subsistence agriculture will enable small farmers to enhance gender equity in agriculture, and to earn a better income. This research aims at finding out the family labour division based on gender both at the subsistence and commercial level; exploring the socio-economic differences between subsistence and commercial farmers that may also explain the vulnerabilities and resiliencies of agricultural transformation. The study conducted 250 interview schedules at the level of households involved in small farms of rice cultivation who were chosen by purposive sampling within three villages of Dibrugarh district during December 2021- March 2022. The descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The finding of study revealed that the commercial agriculture empower women economically and socially in their families and the community, it encouraged small farmers to live in joint families, and participated in cooperative and social organisations, it obviously generated better income compared with the subsistence agriculture that may give a good indication of the contributions of agricultural transformation to the poverty-reducing level in small farmers’ households. The study concluded some recommendations: Optimal use of agricultural land by establishing irrigation and drain systems, and approaching contract farming can enhance competition of small farmers’ production in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (Arabic): لزراعة هي المصدر الرئيسي لمعيشة صغار المزارعين، الذين يساهمون بحوالي 51 في المئة من جملة الإنتاج الزراعي و70 في المئة من المحاصيل عالية القيمة. ولکن فهم يشکلون في الوقت ذاته الأغلبية المکونة للجوع والفقر في الهند. التحول الزراعي أو تحويل إنتاج الکفاف إلي المستوى التجاري الربحي قد يمکن هؤلاء المزارعين من تحسين دخولهم. هذا البحث يهدف إلى التعرف على تقسيم العمل الأسري بناءا على النوع الاجتماعي عند مستوى زراعة الکفاف والزراعة التجارية، وتوضيح الفروق الاجتماعية والاقتصادية بين مزارعي الکفاف والمزارعين التجاريين الذي قد تکشف عن نقاط الضعف والقوة في أسلوب الزراعة تجارية الربح. أنتجت هذه الدراسة 250 مقابلة شخصية مع صغار المزارعين عند مستوى الأسرة المعيشية التي تشارک في زراعة محصول الأرز، تشکل عينة عمدية في إطار ثلاث قرى في مرکز ديبروجار خلال ديسمبر 2021 إلي مارس 2022. وتم تحليل البيانات باستخدام الإحصاء الوصفى. نتائج البحث أوضحت أن الزراعة تجارية الربح قد مکنت المرأة اقتصاديا واجتماعيا داخل أسرتها والمجتمع المحلي، وقد شجعت صغار المزارعين على العيش في أسر مرکبة وعززت مشارکتهم في المنظمات الاجتماعية والتعاونية، وکذلک حسنت مستوى دخل أسرهم المعيشية مقارنة بمزارعي الکفاف مما يدل على أن الزراعة تجارية الربح لها دور واضح في تقليل مستوى الفقر داخل أسر صغار المزارعين. وقد خلص هذا البحث إلى أنه يمکن تعظيم الاستفادة من الأرض الزراعية من خلال إنشاء بنية تحتية للري والصرف واتباع أسلوب الزراعة التعاقدية لتحسين منافسة صغار المزارعين في الإنتاج والتسويق. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Mehta A; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India., Brhlikova P; Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, England., McGettigan P; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, England., Pollock AM; Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, England., Roderick P; Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, England., Farooqui HH; College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.

المصدر: Bulletin of the World Health Organization [Bull World Health Organ] 2022 Oct 01; Vol. 100 (10), pp. 610-619. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Aug 22.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: World Health Organization Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 7507052 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1564-0604 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00429686 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Bull World Health Organ Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Anti-Bacterial Agents*/therapeutic use , Drugs, Essential*, Commerce ; Humans ; India ; World Health Organization

مستخلص: Objective: To analyse sales of fixed-dose combination and single antibiotics in India in relation to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations and national regulatory efforts to control antibiotic sales.
Methods: We extracted data on sales volumes of systemic antibiotics in India from a market research company sales database. We compared the market share of antibiotic sales in 2020 by WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch and Reserve) category and for those under additional national regulatory controls. We also analysed sales of fixed-dose combinations that were: formally approved for marketing or had a no-objection certificate; on the national essential medicines list; and on the WHO list of not-recommended antibiotics.
Findings: There were 78 single and 112 fixed-dose combination antibiotics marketed in India, accounting for 7.6 and 4.5 billion standard units of total sales, respectively. Access, Watch and Reserve antibiotics comprised 5.8, 5.6 and 0.1 billion standard units of total market sales, respectively. All additionally controlled antibiotics were Watch and Reserve antibiotics (23.6%; 2.9 billion standard units of total sales). Fixed-dose combinations on the WHO not-recommended list were marketed in 229 formulations, with 114 formulations (49.8%) having no record of formal approval or no-objection certificate. While there were no not-recommended fixed-dose combinations on the national list of essential medicines, 13 of the top-20 selling antibiotic fixed-dose combinations were WHO not-recommended.
Conclusion: The sale of Watch group drugs, and antibiotics banned or not approved, needs active investigation and enforcement in India. The evidence base underpinning formal approvals and no-objection certificates for not-recommended fixed-dose combinations should be audited.
((c) 2022 The authors; licensee World Health Organization.)

Alternate Title: The experience of India in establishing industrial cities and the possibility of benefiting from it in Iraq. (English)

المؤلفون: عمار محمود الربي, شيماء مؤيد المنص

المصدر: Al-Bahith Journal; 2022, p606-625, 20p

مصطلحات موضوعية: INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics), INDUSTRIALIZATION, ECONOMIC policy, UNEMPLOYMENT, COUNTRIES, EMINENT domain

مصطلحات جغرافية: IRAQ, INDIA

Abstract (English): The idea of research stems from the importance of industrial cities as an important factor in the development of the industrial sector, as they help to establish factories and investments in the country because they provide the local and foreign investor with the infrastructure and services necessary to establish his industrial project, in addition to that they reduce unemployment in society. Industrial cities also occupy a major position within the interests of current economic policies, and in order to develop and strengthen these cities, many countries adopt many strategies, due to the great interest that the latter received from the countries of the world, as it is the best tool to enhance the productive and competitive capabilities of the industrial sector, in addition to its ability to activate the economic interdependence and interdependence of countries and reduce the risks of competition with imported products, especially with the continuous liberalization of markets. Therefore, the research aims to study the reality of industrial cities in Iraq and how to benefit from India experience in establishing and establishing industrial cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (Arabic): تنبع فكرة البحث حول أهمية المدن الصناعية بأعتبارها عامل مهم لتطوير القطاع الصناعي, كما انها تساعد على إقامة المصانع والاستثمارات في البلاد لكونها توفر للمستثمر المحلي والاجنبي البنية التحتية والخدمات اللازمة لإقامة مشروعه الصناعي, اضافه الى انها تخفف من نسبة البطالة في المجتمع. كما تحتل المدن الصناعية مكانة كبرى ضمن اهتمامات السياسات الاقتصادية الراهنة, ومن أجل تطوير وتعزيز هذه المدن, تتبنى العديد من الدول استراتيجيات عديدة, نظرا للاهتمام الكبير الذي حظيت به هذه الأخيرة من طرف دول العالم, باعتبارها أحسن أداة لتعزيز القدرات الإنتاجية والتنافسية للقطاع الصناعي, إضافة إلى قدرتها على تفعيل الترابط والتشابك الاقتصادي للدول والحد من مخاطر المنافسة مع المنتجات المستوردة, خاصة مع التحرر المستمر للأسواق. لذلك يهدف البحث الى دراسة واقع المدن الصناعية في العراق وكيفية الاستفادة من التجربة الهندية في انشاء واقامة المدن الصناعية. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Al-Bahith Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Shukla S; Medical Device & Materiovigilance Programme of India, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002, Uttar Pradesh, India., Gupta M; Office of the WHO Representative to India, New Delhi, India., Pandit S; Medical Device & Materiovigilance Programme of India, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002, Uttar Pradesh, India., Thomson M; Medical Device & Materiovigilance Programme of India, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002, Uttar Pradesh, India., Shivhare A; Medical Device & Materiovigilance Programme of India, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002, Uttar Pradesh, India., Kalaiselvan V; Medical Device & Materiovigilance Programme of India, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Sector-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002, Uttar Pradesh, India., Singh GN; Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Uttar Pradesh, India.

المصدر: Bulletin of the World Health Organization [Bull World Health Organ] 2020 Mar 01; Vol. 98 (3), pp. 206-211. Date of Electronic Publication: 2019 Nov 18.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: World Health Organization Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 7507052 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1564-0604 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00429686 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Bull World Health Organ Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Equipment and Supplies/*adverse effects , Equipment and Supplies/*statistics & numerical data , Safety Management/*statistics & numerical data, Equipment Safety ; Humans ; India ; Mandatory Reporting ; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing ; Registries ; Safety Management/legislation & jurisprudence

مستخلص: Problem: Rapid growth in the use of medical devices has drawn attention to gaps in the systematic monitoring of medical device-associated adverse events in India.
Approach: Implementation of national regulations on medical devices started in January 2018. Supported by a nationwide network of monitoring centres, the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission coordinates adverse event reports from manufacturers, legal representatives and patients or users. The commission follows-up and reviews reports with subject expert groups and sends recommendations on necessary action to the national regulatory authority.
Local Setting: Before 2015, no systematic structure was in place to collate adverse events associated with medical devices. Several reports of deaths and hospitalization due to faulty hip implants, cardiac stents and poor-quality devices prompted the health ministry to launch the materiovigilance programme.
Relevant Changes: From July 2015 to October 2019, the commission received 1931 adverse event reports, mostly from marketing authorization holders; 1277 were serious events. Reporting increased markedly after 2017. Cardiac stents were the most reported device (926 events; 47.95%). To encourage a culture of reporting, the commission has raised awareness about the programme among stakeholders, developed user-friendly reporting tools and guidelines, and conducted training for hospital personnel on medical device adverse event reporting.
Lessons Learnt: Regular training to stakeholders develops a sense of responsibility towards reporting medical device adverse events and ensures quality data reporting. Reporters must be assured that reporting adverse events does not have any legal implications for them and given acknowledgement of their role in high-quality device associated adverse event reporting.
((c) 2020 The authors; licensee World Health Organization.)