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1
المؤلفون: Kociuba , Marek, Kulik, Tomasz, Chakraborty, Raja, Ignasiak, Zofia, Rokita, Andrzej, Koziel, Slawomir
المساهمون: Kociuba , Marek - Department of Physical Education, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland, Kulik, Tomasz - Department of Anthropology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland, Chakraborty, Raja - Department of Anthropology and Tribal Studies, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, West Bengal, India, Ignasiak, Zofia - Faculty of Physical Education, University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw, Poland, Rokita, Andrzej - Faculty of Physical Education, University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw, Poland, Koziel, Slawomir - Department of Anthropology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland, Kociuba , Marek - marekkociuba@wp.pl, Kulik, Tomasz - tomras@poczta.fm, Chakraborty, Raja - rajanth2003@yahoo.co.uk, Ignasiak, Zofia - zofia.ignasiak@awf.wroc.pl, Rokita, Andrzej - andrzej.rokita@awf.wroc.pl, Koziel, Slawomir - slawomir.koziel@hirszfeld.pl
المصدر: Anthropological Review. 85:95-106
مصطلحات موضوعية: Health (social science), Anthropology, foetal androgen, occupation, 4D [2D], prenatal testosterone, religiosity, digit ratio
الوصف: Human females demonstrate higher religiosity than men in populations. Digit ratio (2D:4D), being a putative indicator of prenatal testosterone, is associated in varying degrees with characters that show sexual dimorphism. A small number of studies have indicated that religiosity may be associated with the biological basis of sex differences in humans. The objective of the present study was to ascertain whether 2D:4D in religiously oriented seminary students is different from individuals in other occupations. The study followed a cross-sectional design. Male participants of the study included 13 seminary students, 18 military chaplains and 91 control students from study courses relating to civil occupations. Lengths of second (2D) and fourth (4D) digits and their ratio (2D:4D) for each hand, height and weight were the variables and 2D:4D was the outcome measure. The results demonstrated that the seminary students had significantly higher 2D:4D than both the military chaplains and civil students. The military chaplains had the lowest 2D:4D. The study also revealed that the choice of religious occupation, and for that matter, religiosity, could be linked with the prenatal hormonal environment, particularly lower intrauterine testosterone compared to oestrogen.
وصف الملف: application/pdf
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::84628fd54e05d64e24a59d55ed31637a
https://doi.org/10.18778/1898-6773.85.3.07 -
2
المؤلفون: Neyse, Levent, Fossen, Frank M., Johannesson, Magnus, Dreber, Anna
مصطلحات موضوعية: ddc:330, Replication, Prenatal Testosterone, Cognitive Reflection Test, Sex, D9, 4D [2D], D87
الوصف: Bosch-Domènech et al. (2014) reported a negative association between 2D:4D, a suggested marker of prenatal testosterone exposure, and the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) in a sample of 623 university students. In this pre-registered study, we test whether we can replicate their findings in a general population sample of over 2,500 individuals from Germany. We find no statistically significant association between 2D:4D and the CRT in any of our primary hypothesis tests, or in any of our pre-registered exploratory analyses and robustness tests. The evidence is strong (based on the 99.5% confidence intervals in all three primary hypotheses tests) against effect sizes in the hypothesized direction larger than 0.075 CRT units (0.073 of the CRT standard deviation) for a one standard deviation change in 2D:4D.
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=od______1687::89c306431556bd2324262a0d0d8c1f40
https://hdl.handle.net/10419/268446 -
3
المؤلفون: Ana Alexandra Caldas Osório, Paulo S. Boggio, Adriana Sampaio, Elizeu Coutinho de Macedo, Rachel Sayuri Honjo, Chong Ae Kim, Maria Cristina Triguero Veloz Teixeira, Gabriela Carneiro Martins, Julia Horta Tabosa do Egito, Ana Mesquita
المساهمون: Universidade do Minho
المصدر: Int J Dev Disabil
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (RCAAP)
instacron:RCAAPمصطلحات موضوعية: Hypersociability, 030506 rehabilitation, 2D:4D, media_common.quotation_subject, Williams syndrome, fetal testosterone, Social Sciences, Empathy, Social identity approach, ASD, Developmental psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, Developmental and Educational Psychology, medicine, Psicologia [Ciências Sociais], 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, affective empathy, 10. No inequality, 4D, Depression (differential diagnoses), 2D, media_common, Science & Technology, 05 social sciences, medicine.disease, anxiety, Original Research Paper, Psychiatry and Mental health, Prosocial behavior, Ciências Sociais::Psicologia, cognitive empathy, Anxiety, Autism, medicine.symptom, 4D [2D], 0305 other medical science, Psychology, hypersociability, 050104 developmental & child psychology
الوصف: Objective: Fetal testosterone (fT) has organizational effects on the developing human nervous system and can be reliably estimated by the ratio between the length of the second and fourth digits — 2D:4D. Previous studies reported altered patterns of fT in some developmental disabilities (e.g. ASD) relative to typically developing individuals (TD). Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by exacerbated empathy and social approach and heightened anxiety. Recent reports also highlight the co-occurrence of significant levels of autistic symptoms. Despite constituting an interesting model to study androgenic contributions to social behavior, no studies have sought to explore fT in WS. The main aims of this preliminary study were two-fold: (a) to compare 2D:4D in WS and TD; (b) to analyze the pattern of associations between 2D:4D and hypersociability, affective and cognitive empathy, anxiety and autistic symptoms in WS. Methods: 2D:4D were measured from digital scans of the ventral surface of the right hand. Hypersociability, empathy, anxiety and autistic symptoms were obtained from parental reports. Results: There were no significant differences in 2D:4D between WS than TD. In WS lower fT (higher 2D:4D) was significantly associated with hypersociability and affective empathy, as well as marginally associated with anxiety/depression scores. In contrast, cognitive empathy was marginally and negatively associated with 2D:4D, while levels of autistic symptoms were unrelated with this measure. Conclusion: Our results suggest that fT may be implicated in the emergence of several cardinal features of WS, namely hypersociability, affective empathy and anxiety, but not in ASD symptoms.
This work was supported by CNPq — Brazilian Council for Technological and Scientific Development [grant number 487188/2013–6] and Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa - MackPesquisa [grant number 161001].وصف الملف: application/pdf
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4
المؤلفون: Kübra Uğurlu, Aysun Çağlar Torun
المساهمون: OMÜ, Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Ağız Diş ve Çene Cerrahisi, Çağlar Torun, Aysun, Uğurlu, Kübra
مصطلحات موضوعية: Orthodontics, pediatric, dental anksiyete, Second finger, business.industry, dental anxiety, Fourth finger, medicine, Anxiety, pediatrik, medicine.symptom, 4D [2D], business
الوصف: Objective: 2D:4D (the ratio of the second finger to thefourth finger) ratio has been used as a morphological marker in evaluating the relationship between androgen exposure in the prenatal period and developmental/neuropsychiatric disorders. Material andMethods: Ninety-one children between the ages of 5 and 10 yearsfrom whom teeth were to be extracted under local anesthesia were included in the study. Measurements were made of the second andfourth fingers of the children’s right and left hands. At the end of theprocedure, the physician was asked to evaluate the patient’s dentalanxiety levels using the Frankl Behavior Scale (FBS). Results: Basedon the FBS, the right-hand 2D:4D ratio was 0.979±0.074 in patientswho refused treatment, 1.000±0.044 in unwilling patients who couldnot cooperate, 1.017±0.043 in cooperative patients, and 0.980±0.020in patients with interest (p=0.092). The left-hand 2D:4D ratio was1.024±0.045 in patients refusing treatment, 1.006±0.046 in unwillingpatients who could not cooperate, 1.018±0.054 in cooperative patients, and 0.983±0.025 in patients with interest (p=0.526). No relationship was found between successful extractions and 2D:4D ratiosin children. Conclusion: As a result, no significant correlation wasfound between dental anxiety and 2D:4D of pediatric patients whoare planned tooth extraction. It was determined that 2D:4D is not amorphological marker that we can use to predict dental anxiety in thepreoperative period. Amaç: Prenatal dönemde meydana gelen androjen maruziyeti ile gelişimsel/nöropsikiatrik bozukluklar arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesinde, morfolojik bir belirteç olarak 2D:4D (2’nci parmağın 4’üncü parmağa oranı) oranı kullanılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya, lokal anestezi altında diş çekimi planlanan 5-10 yaş arası 91 çocuk dâhil edildi. Ölçümler, çocukların sağ ve sol ellerinin 2’nci ve 4’üncü parmaklarından yapıldı. İşlem sonunda sorumlu doktordan, Frankl Davranış Ölçeği'ni [Frankl Behavior Scale (FBS)] kullanarak, hastaların dental anksiyete düzeylerini değerlendirmesi istendi. Bulgular: FBS'ye göre sağ el 2D:4D oranı, tedaviyi reddeden hastalarda 0,979±0,074, iş birliği yapamayan isteksiz hastalarda 1,000±0,044, koopere olan hastalarda 1,017±0,043 ve ilgili olan hastalarda 0,980±0,020 idi (p=0,092). Sol el 2D:4D oranı, tedaviyi reddeden hastalarda 1,024±0,045, iş birliği yapamayan isteksiz hastalarda 1,006±0,046, kooperatif hastalarda 1,018±0,054 ve ilgili olan hastalarda 0,983±0,025 idi (p=0,526). Başarılı diş çekimi uygulaması ile sağ ve sol el 2D:4D oranları arasında anlamlı ilişki bulunmamıştır (p=0,691, p=0,086, sırasıyla). Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, diş çekimi planlanan pediatrik hastalarda dental anksiyete ile 2D:4D arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. 2D:4D'nin preoperatif dönemde dental anksiyeteyi öngörmek için kullanabileceğimiz morfolojik bir belirteç olmadığı belirlenmiştir.
وصف الملف: application/pdf
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::5ea7b55128813c3492ade1b061fa73e6
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12712/33027 -
5
المؤلفون: Faruk Kɪlɪç, Ümit Işɪk, Arif Demirdaş, Hüseyin E. İnci
المصدر: Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, Volume: 42, Issue: 6, Pages: 617-620, Published: 15 JUN 2020
Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, Issue: ahead, Published: 15 JUN 2020
Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry v.42 n.6 2020
Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry (São Paulo. 1999. Online)
Associação Brasileira de Psiquiatria (ABP)
instacron:ABP
Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, Vol 42, Iss 6, Pp 617-620 (2020)
Brazilian Journal of Psychiatryمصطلحات موضوعية: Male, 2D:4D, Digit ratio, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.drug_class, Bipolar disorder, Fourth finger, RC435-571, Gastroenterology, Fingers, Pregnancy, Internal medicine, Female patient, medicine, Humans, In patient, Prospective Studies, Prospective cohort study, digit ratio, Psychiatry, business.industry, Androgen, medicine.disease, Psychiatry and Mental health, prenatal androgens, Etiology, Female, Original Article, 4D [2D], business, Biomarkers
الوصف: Objective: The etiology of bipolar disorder has yet to be fully elucidated, but differences in sex hormones have been suggested to play a role in its pathogenesis. An easily assessed marker of prenatal androgen exposure is the second-to-fourth-digit ratio (2D:4D) of the hand. In this study, we aimed to compare the 2D:4D ratio of patients with bipolar disorder to that of healthy controls. Methods: Seventy patients with bipolar disorder and 70 healthy controls, matched for age and sex, were included in the study. Finger lengths were measured from the palmar digital crease to the tip using a digital vernier caliper. Results: Patients with bipolar disorder had considerably higher right-hand 2D:4D ratios compared to controls. Both the right and left 2D:4D ratios of male patients were significantly greater than those of males in the control group. Female patients showed no differences in right or left 2D:4D ratio compared to healthy controls. Conclusion: These findings suggest that a high 2D:4D digit ratio of right hand is associated with the presence of bipolar disorder in males. Further large-scale, prospective studies are needed to explain the validity of this marker and its relationship with bipolar disorder.
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URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::5bd97c0b137cea25ecedecf02f5ff979
https://avesis.sdu.edu.tr/publication/details/d26381d2-ec7d-43d9-bee1-27f2223459d3/oai -
6
المؤلفون: Morales Roldan, Lucy Esperanza, Castro Barrera, Nelcy Mariana, Rodríguez Roldan, Laura Camila, Gualteros Barbosa, Jeidy Katherine
المصدر: Repositorio Digital Universidad de los LLanos
Universidad de los Llanos
instacron:Universidad de los Llanosمصطلحات موضوعية: atletismo, athletics, identificación de talentos, sports talent, 2D/4D, talent detection, detección de talentos, 4D [2D], talent identification, talento deportivo
الوصف: La perspectiva generativa en el campo de la familia se observa como una construcción del dialogo con los participantes, donde se activan diferentes redes y sistemas, logrando una conexión de coevolución y autorreferencia en las emociones, ideas y acciones como base fundamental para poder abordarla. La perspectiva generativa en el campo de la familia se observa como una construcción del dialogo con los participantes, donde se activan diferentes redes y sistemas, logrando una conexión de coevolución y autorreferencia en las emociones, ideas y acciones como base fundamental para poder abordarla.
وصف الملف: application/pdf
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=dedup_wf_001::dfa7cf50261c620dd3f9029f8080ee45
https://repositorio.unillanos.edu.co/handle/001/2671 -
7
المؤلفون: Ergul-Erkec, Ozlem
المصدر: International Journal of Morphology, Volume: 37, Issue: 4, Pages: 1299-1304, Published: DEC 2019
مصطلحات موضوعية: Hand preference, Digit ratio, Waist circumference, Relación de dígitos preferencia de la mano, Circunferencia de la cintura, 4D [2D], Índice de masa corporal, Body mass index
الوصف: SUMMARY: The 2D:4D is thought as a biomarker for prenatal androgen exposure. Some studies have reported a significant difference between the sexes. Earlier studies reported variations in different ethnic and geographic groups. 2D:4D is related to several medical conditions including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). The present study investigated the relationships between hand preference, ratio of the index finger (2nd digit: 2D) and ring finger (4th digit: 4D) lengths (2D:4D), height, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist circumference (WC) and weight, body mass index (BMI) in a Turkish population. The study comprised 118 healthy subjects (68 males and 50 females). 2D and 4D finger lengths and some anthropometric traits (height, weight, WC) were measured. The BMI and WHtR were calculated. Hand preference was determined by using a questionnaire (Edinburgh handedness inventory). Geschwind scores were calculated to evaluate the degree of hand preference. The mean age was 26.74 (female 27.86, male 25.89). The right hand 2D:4D was found significantly lower in males (0.9797) than in females (0.9922) (p< 0.001), but the left hand 2D:4D was insignificant. Significant correlations (negative) were observed between the 2D:4D (both left and right) and WHtR; the 2D:4D ratio (both left and right) and WC in males. However, in females, these correlations were insignificant. The R2D:4D was sexually dimorphic in a Turkish population. There were significant differences between strong right (SR) and weak left (WL) in terms of the R2D:4D. However only 5 subject’s hand preference was found WL. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine the relationships between hand preference and R2D:4D in Turkish population. Further studies are needed to determine whether a larger sample population alters these possible associations between the ratio of 2D:4D and other investigated traits in a Turkish population. RESUMEN: El 2D:4D está pensado como un biomarcador para la exposición prenatal de andrógenos. Algunos estudios han reportado una diferencia significativa entre sexos. Estudios anteriores informaron variaciones en diferentes grupos étnicos y geográficos. 2D:4D está relacionado con varias afecciones médicas que incluyen enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) y síndrome metabólico (MetS). El presente estudio investigó las relaciones entre la preferencia de la mano, la proporción del dedo índice (2º dígito: 2D) y el dedo anular (4º dígito: 4D), longitudes (2D:4D), altura, relación cintura-altura (WHtR), circunferencia de cintura y peso (WC), e índice de masa corporal (IMC), en una población de Turquía. El estudio incluyó 118 sujetos sanos (68 hombres y 50 mujeres). Se midieron longitudes de dedos 2D y 4D y algunos rasgos antropométricos (altura, peso, WC). Se calcularon el IMC y el WHtR. La preferencia de la mano se determinó mediante el uso de una escala (Edinburgh Handedness Inventory). Las puntuaciones de Geschwind se calcularon para evaluar el grado de preferencia de la mano. La edad media fue de 26,74 años (femenino 27,86; masculino 25,89). La mano derecha 2D: 4D se encontró significativamente más baja en los hombres (0,9797) que en las mujeres (0,9922) (p
وصف الملف: text/html
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=od_______614::a4adbc46d1af6c3cd6a2dcef552d12dd
http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95022019000401299&lng=en&tlng=en -
8
المؤلفون: Ozlem Ergul-Erkec
المصدر: International Journal of Morphology v.37 n.4 2019
SciELO Chile
CONICYT Chile
instacron:CONICYTمصطلحات موضوعية: Physics, Hand preference, Digit ratio, Waist circumference, Anatomy, 4D [2D], Body mass index
الوصف: SUMMARY: The 2D:4D is thought as a biomarker for prenatal androgen exposure. Some studies have reported a significant difference between the sexes. Earlier studies reported variations in different ethnic and geographic groups. 2D:4D is related to several medical conditions including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). The present study investigated the relationships between hand preference, ratio of the index finger (2nd digit: 2D) and ring finger (4th digit: 4D) lengths (2D:4D), height, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist circumference (WC) and weight, body mass index (BMI) in a Turkish population. The study comprised 118 healthy subjects (68 males and 50 females). 2D and 4D finger lengths and some anthropometric traits (height, weight, WC) were measured. The BMI and WHtR were calculated. Hand preference was determined by using a questionnaire (Edinburgh handedness inventory). Geschwind scores were calculated to evaluate the degree of hand preference. The mean age was 26.74 (female 27.86, male 25.89). The right hand 2D:4D was found significantly lower in males (0.9797) than in females (0.9922) (p< 0.001), but the left hand 2D:4D was insignificant. Significant correlations (negative) were observed between the 2D:4D (both left and right) and WHtR; the 2D:4D ratio (both left and right) and WC in males. However, in females, these correlations were insignificant. The R2D:4D was sexually dimorphic in a Turkish population. There were significant differences between strong right (SR) and weak left (WL) in terms of the R2D:4D. However only 5 subject’s hand preference was found WL. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine the relationships between hand preference and R2D:4D in Turkish population. Further studies are needed to determine whether a larger sample population alters these possible associations between the ratio of 2D:4D and other investigated traits in a Turkish population.
وصف الملف: text/html
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::33927f395ef618456f6272799f17ef8f
http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95022019000401299 -
9
المؤلفون: Levent Neyse, Katharina Lima de Miranda, Ulrich Schmidt
المصدر: Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, Vol 12 (2018)مصطلحات موضوعية: False-consensus effect, 2D:4D, Digit ratio, stereotypes, Future studies, Brain development, Cognitive Neuroscience, media_common.quotation_subject, decision making, lcsh:RC321-571, 03 medical and health sciences, Behavioral Neuroscience, 0302 clinical medicine, Perception, 0502 economics and business, ddc:330, gender, 050207 economics, Association (psychology), lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, Original Research, risk, media_common, 05 social sciences, decision-making, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, 4D [2D], Risk taking, Psychology, prenatal testosterone, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Neuroscience, Demography
الوصف: Prenatal androgen exposure affects the brain development of the fetus which may facilitate certain behaviors and decision patterns in the later life. The ratio between the lengths of second and the fourth fingers (2D:4D) is a negative biomarker of the ratio between prenatal androgen and estrogen exposure and men typically have lower ratios than women. In line with the typical findings suggesting that women are more risk averse than men, several studies have also shown negative relationships between 2D:4D and risk taking although the evidence is not conclusive. Previous studies have also reported that both men and women believe women are more risk averse than men. In the current study, we re-test the relationship between 2D:4D and risk preferences in a German student sample and also investigate whether the 2D:4D ratio is associated with people’s perceptions about others’ risk preferences. Following an incentivized risk elicitation task, we asked all participants their predictions about (i) others’ responses (without sex specification), (ii) men’s responses, and (iii) women’s responses; then measured their 2D:4D ratios. In line with the previous findings, female participants in our sample were more risk averse. While both men and women underestimated other participants’ (non sex-specific) and women’s risky decisions on average, their predictions about men were accurate. We also found evidence for the false consensus effect, as risky choices are positively correlated with predictions about other participants’ risky choices. The 2D:4D ratio was not directly associated either with risk preferences or the predictions of other participants’ choices. An unexpected finding was that women with mid-range levels of 2D:4D estimated significantly larger sex differences in participants’ decisions. This finding needs further testing in future studies.
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10
المؤلفون: Paixão, Jorge Manuel Duarte
المساهمون: Urbano, Pedro
المصدر: Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (RCAAP)
instacron:RCAAPمصطلحات موضوعية: Rotação Mental, Esteroides pré-natais, Dimorfismo, 4D [2D], Mental Rotation, Dimorphism
الوصف: Tese de doutoramento em Psicologia, na especialidade de Psicologia Cognitiva, apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra A expressão 2D:4D designa o quociente entre o comprimento dos dedos indicador e anelar e de acordo com um crescente corpo de estudos, pode ser considerado um biomarcador putativo da exposição pré-natal (ou mesmo peri-natal) às hormonas sexuais, em particular a testosterona e o estrogénio, marcador esse que é sexualmente dimórfico e cujos efeitos organizacionais sobre o desenvolvimento cerebral têm vindo a ser defendidos. Devido ao facto de se correlacionar negativamente com a testosterona e positivamente com o estrogénio, tal marcador manifesta-se de forma simples e facilmente mensurável, de forma não-invasiva, revelando-se desde logo um traço anatómico sexualmente dimórfico, levando a que seja significativamente utilizado no estudo de diversas variáveis influenciadas pelas hormonas, ou sexualmente dimórficas. Sendo de notar que os homens tendem, em média, a apresentar o quarto dedo (anelar) maior, quando comparado com o segundo dedo (indicador) e por referência às mulheres. Partindo destes pressupostos, a presente dissertação pretendeu analisar: (1) se os participantes (homens ou mulheres) expostos a quantidades elevadas de testosterona pré-natal, e mais baixas de estrogénio, tenderiam a exibir valores 2D:4D inferiores à unidade, enquanto que sujeitos expostos a quantidades inversas destas hormonas, tenderiam a exibir valores 2D:4D ≥ 1; (2) se existiam diferenças significativas entre os sexos, em que os homens exibissem menores 2D:4D do que as mulheres, a exemplo do que tem sido relatado na generalidade dos estudos realizados nesta área; (3) as possíveis relações entre os efeitos dos esteroides sexuais pré-natais (em particular, a testosterona) na eventual organização cerebral daí decorrente, nomeadamente ao nível do desempenho cognitivo, baseando-se na utilização do biomarcador putativo não invasivo, o 2D:4D, como forma de estimar tais efeitos. Especificamente, procurou-se investigar a possível existência de relações entre o 2D:4D e o desempenho em tarefas visuo-espaciais, concretamente numa tarefa de rotação mental de figuras maciças, teste apropriado para investigar algumas previsões relacionadas com a associação dos efeitos dos androgénios fetais sobre o 2D:4D e o desempenho. Admitindo tal propriedade (dos testes de rotação mental), seria previsível que os indivíduos com mais baixos ratios (maior exposição a testosterona fetal) teriam melhor desempenho do que os indivíduos com 2D:4D mais elevados (maior exposição aos estrogénios; (4) possíveis diferenças assinaláveis, entre três grandes áreas representadas na nossa amostra (Saúde, Engenharia e Económicas) e os ratios dos participantes, quer para a mão esquerda quer para a mão direita ou apenas para uma delas; (5) por fim, a possibilidade de contribuir para a validação do 2D:4D como um possível biomarcador, sexualmente dimórfico para a organização permanente dos efeitos da testosterona pré-natal sobre o cérebro e o comportamento. A população considerada para este estudo foi o conjunto de todos os alunos inscritos no Campus 2 do Instituto Politécnico de Leiria (perfazendo um total de cerca de 5.200), dos quais foi selecionada uma amostra de 252 sujeitos (127 homens e 125 mulheres), com uma média de idades de 22,9 anos (desvio padrão de 6,366), obtida de forma aleatória simples. A todos os participantes foi feita a digitalização de ambas as mãos, utilizando-se um scanner, tendo sido pedido a dois medidores exteriores que fizessem as medições, de forma “cega”, quer em relação à identificação dos participantes, quer em relação ao objetivo do estudo. A prova de rotação mental aplicada, foi desenvolvida por Mariano Yela. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo, podem ser articulados ao longo dos seguintes eixos: (1) os valores médios dos ratios direitos, da amostra total, são superiores aos valores médios dos ratios esquerdos (0,974 > 0,963); quando discriminado por sexos, os valores médios dos ratios da mão direita continuam a ser, em ambos os sexos, superiores aos valores médios dos ratios da mão esquerda; (2) os participantes do sexo masculino apresentam menores ratios quer na mão esquerda, quer na mão direita, quando comparados com os participantes do sexo feminino; (3) revelaram a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre homens e mulheres no que respeita ao 2D:4D da mão esquerda, sendo as mulheres que apresentam um ratio maior (t(250)=-5,791; p0,05) como ao sexo feminino (t(123)=- 1,273; p>0,05); o mesmo aconteceu relativamente à mão esquerda, tanto no que se refere ao sexo masculino (t(125)=-1,641; p>0,05) como ao sexo feminino (t(123)=-0,994; p>0,05); ii) recorrendo aos extremos de quartis referentes à variável Pontuação Direta e à variável tempo, com o intuito de diferenciar igualmente os menores 2D:4D e os maiores 2D:4D de ambas as mãos, os resultados obtidos conduziram-nos à mesma conclusão; isto é, não se verificaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os menores e os maiores 2D:4D relativamente ao desempenho na prova de rotação mental (PD; Tempo). The expression 2D:4D designates the quotient between the length of the index and annular fingers and according to a growing body of studies, can be considered a putative biomarker of prenatal (or even peri-natal) exposure to sex hormones, in particular testosterone and estrogen, a marker that is sexually dimorphic and whose organizational effects on brain development have been advocated. Because it correlates negatively with testosterone and positively with estrogen, such a marker manifests itself in a simple and easily measurable and non-invasive way, revealing itself from the outset a sexually dimorphic anatomical trait, leading it to be significantly used in the study of several variables influenced by hormones, or sexually dimorphic. It should be noted that men tend, on average, to present a largest fourth finger (annular) when compared to the second finger (index) and by reference to women. Based on these assumptions, the present dissertation sought to analyze: (1) If the participants (men or women) exposed to high levels of prenatal testosterone, and lower estrogen, tended to exhibit lower 2D:4D values than unity, whereas subjects exposed to reverse amounts of these hormones, would tend to exhibit 2D:4D ≥ 1 values; (2) if there were significant differences between the sexes in which men exhibited lower 2D:4D than women, as has been reported in most studies in this area; (3) the possible relationships between the effects of prenatal sexual steroids (in particular, testosterone) on the eventual cerebral organization therefor resulting, namely on the level of cognitive performance, based on the use of the non-invasive putative biomarker, 2D:4D, as a way of estimating such effects. Specifically, we attempted to investigate a possible relationship between 2D:4D and visuospatial performance, specifically in the task of mental rotation of massive figures, an appropriate test to investigate some predictions related to an association of the effects of fetal androgens on the 2D:4D and performance. Assuming such property (from the mental rotation tests), it would be expected that individuals with lower ratios (greater exposure to fetal testosterone) would perform better than subjects with higher 2D:4D (greater exposure to estrogens); (4) To evaluate possible significant differences between the three major areas represented in our sample (Health, Engineering and Economics) and the ratios of the participants, either for the left hand or for the right hand or for only one; (5) Finally, the possibility of contributing to the validation of 2D:4D as a possible, sexually dimorphic biomarker for the permanent organization of the effects of prenatal testosterone on the brain and behavior. The population considered for this study was the set of all students enrolled in Campus 2 of the Polytechnic Institute of Leiria (totaling about 5,200), of which a sample of 252 subjects (127 men and 125 women) was chosen, with an average of 22.9 years (standard deviation of 6,366), obtained in a simple randomized way. All the participants were digitalized in both hands using a scanner, and two external meters were asked to take measurements in a "blind" way, both in relation to the identification of the participants and in relation to the objective of the study. The applied mental rotation test was developed by Mariano Yela. The results obtained in this study can be articulated along the following axes: (1) the mean values of the right ratios of the total sample are higher than the mean values of the left ratios (0.974> 0.963); when discriminated by sex, the mean values of the right hand ratios continue to be, in both sexes, higher than the mean values of the left hand ratios; (2) male participants had lower ratios in either the left hand or the right hand when compared to female participants; (3) revealed the existence of statistically significant differences between men and women regarding 2D:4D of the left hand, with women having a higher ratio (t (250) = - 5.791, p 0.05) and females (t (123) = - 1.273; p> 0.05); the same happened on the left hand, on the male (T (125) = - 1.641, p> 0.05) and female (t (123) = - 0.994, p> 0.05); ii) using the extremes of quartiles referring to the variable Direct Score and the variable time, in order to differentiate equally the smaller 2D:4D and the larger 2D:4D of both hands, the results obtained lead us to the same conclusion; That is, there were no statistically significant differences between the lowest and the highest 2D:4D relative to the performance in the mental rotation test (PD; Time).
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=dedup_wf_001::f9d4789905c74a5ba0af40d14401383e
https://hdl.handle.net/10316/44223
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