المؤلفون: Samuelson, Pamela

المصدر: Communications of the ACM; Mar2024, Vol. 67 Issue 3, p25-28, 4p

مصطلحات موضوعية: GENERATIVE artificial intelligence, COPYRIGHT, PUBLIC opinion, ARTIFICIAL intelligence laws

الشركة/الكيان: LIBRARY of Congress. Copyright Office

مستخلص: An opinion is presented in which the author discusses the U.S. Copyright Office's initiative, which invited written comments to questions concerning generative artificial intelligence (AI) and copyright issues published in a Notice of Inquiry (NOI) on August 30, 2023. It is noted that the Office received around 10,000 comments in response to its inquiry. Some of the comments which focus on topics including copyright infringement and training data as well as training data disclosure requirements are discussed

المؤلفون: Shein, Esther

المصدر: Communications of the ACM; Apr2024, Vol. 67 Issue 4, p12-14, 3p

مصطلحات موضوعية: ARTIFICIAL intelligence, ARTIFICIAL intelligence & society, ARTIFICIAL intelligence laws, NATIONAL security, LEGISLATIVE bills, INTERNET safety

مستخلص: The article offers information on how various governments are setting limits on artificial intelligence (AI). The author discusses the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act, the executive order (EO) signed by U.S. President Joe Biden that mandates that developers of AI that could pose risks to share results of safety tests, and Canada's Voluntary Code of Conduct on the Responsible Development and Management of Advanced Generative AI Systems.

المؤلفون: WALT, VIVIENNE

المصدر: Fortune; Feb/Mar2024, Vol. 189 Issue 1, p20-22, 3p, 1 Diagram

مصطلحات موضوعية: ARTIFICIAL intelligence, ARTIFICIAL intelligence laws, HUMAN facial recognition software, HIGH technology industries, INDUSTRIAL laws & legislation

الشركة/الكيان: EUROPEAN Union

المؤلفون: Brożek, Bartosz, Furman, Michał, Jakubiec, Marek, Kucharzyk, Bartłomiej

المصدر: Artificial Intelligence & Law; Jun2024, Vol. 32 Issue 2, p427-440, 14p

مصطلحات موضوعية: ARTIFICIAL intelligence, OPACITY (Linguistics), DECISION making in law, ARTIFICIAL intelligence laws

مستخلص: This paper addresses the black-box problem in artificial intelligence (AI), and the related problem of explainability of AI in the legal context. We argue, first, that the black box problem is, in fact, a superficial one as it results from an overlap of four different – albeit interconnected – issues: the opacity problem, the strangeness problem, the unpredictability problem, and the justification problem. Thus, we propose a framework for discussing both the black box problem and the explainability of AI. We argue further that contrary to often defended claims the opacity issue is not a genuine problem. We also dismiss the justification problem. Further, we describe the tensions involved in the strangeness and unpredictability problems and suggest some ways to alleviate them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Artificial Intelligence & Law is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Hodge Jr, James G., Piatt, Jennifer L., White, Erica N., Gostin, Lawrence O.

المصدر: American Journal of Public Health; Jun2024, Vol. 114 Issue 6, p559-563, 5p

مصطلحات موضوعية: ARTIFICIAL intelligence laws, PUBLIC health laws, DISINFORMATION, ARTIFICIAL intelligence, MISINFORMATION, MALPRACTICE

مستخلص: The article presents a study which assessed the public health and security risks of artificial intelligence (AI) applications, examined law and policy responses, and offered legal guidance to wield AI for population health while mitigating its substantial current and potential harms. Topics include artificial intelligence pitfalls, an executive order signed by U.S. President Joe Biden in follow-up to his administration's Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights, and legal protections on AI.

المؤلفون: Fehr, Jana, Citro, Brian, Malpani, Rohit, Lippert, Christoph, Madai, Vince I.

المصدر: Frontiers in Digital Health; 2024, p1-11, 11p

مصطلحات موضوعية: ARTIFICIAL intelligence laws, DOCUMENTATION, HEALTH services administration, WORLD Wide Web, SERIAL publications, RESEARCH funding, COMPUTER software, RADIOLOGIC technology, ARTIFICIAL intelligence, PRODUCT design, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, MEDICAL equipment laws, REGULATORY approval, MACHINE learning, QUALITY assurance, ACCESS to information, MEDICAL equipment safety measures, ALGORITHMS

مصطلحات جغرافية: EUROPE

مستخلص: Trustworthy medical AI requires transparency about the development and testing of underlying algorithms to identify biases and communicate potential risks of harm. Abundant guidance exists on how to achieve transparency for medical AI products, but it is unclear whether publicly available information adequately informs about their risks. To assess this, we retrieved public documentation on the 14 available CE-certified AI-based radiology products of the II b risk category in the EU from vendor websites, scientific publications, and the European EUDAMED database. Using a self-designed survey, we reported on their development, validation, ethical considerations, and deployment caveats, according to trustworthy AI guidelines. We scored each question with either 0, 0.5, or 1, to rate if the required information was "unavailable", "partially available," or "fully available." The transparency of each product was calculated relative to all 55 questions. Transparency scores ranged from 6.4% to 60.9%, with a median of 29.1%. Major transparency gaps included missing documentation on training data, ethical considerations, and limitations for deployment. Ethical aspects like consent, safety monitoring, and GDPR-compliance were rarely documented. Furthermore, deployment caveats for different demographics and medical settings were scarce. In conclusion, public documentation of authorized medical AI products in Europe lacks sufficient public transparency to inform about safety and risks. We call on lawmakers and regulators to establish legally mandated requirements for public and substantive transparency to fulfill the promise of trustworthy AI for health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Frontiers in Digital Health is the property of Frontiers Media S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Palaniappan, Kavitha, Lin, Elaine Yan Ting, Vogel, Silke

المصدر: Healthcare (2227-9032); Mar2024, Vol. 12 Issue 5, p562, 12p

مصطلحات موضوعية: ARTIFICIAL intelligence laws, PHARMACOLOGY, MEDICAL quality control, DIGITAL health, MEDICAL care, ARTIFICIAL intelligence, DRUG therapy, HEALTH policy, DIAGNOSIS, QUALITY assurance, LABOR supply, GOVERNMENT regulation, ALGORITHMS, PREVENTIVE health services

مصطلحات جغرافية: SINGAPORE, UNITED States

مستخلص: The healthcare sector is faced with challenges due to a shrinking healthcare workforce and a rise in chronic diseases that are worsening with demographic and epidemiological shifts. Digital health interventions that include artificial intelligence (AI) are being identified as some of the potential solutions to these challenges. The ultimate aim of these AI systems is to improve the patient's health outcomes and satisfaction, the overall population's health, and the well-being of healthcare professionals. The applications of AI in healthcare services are vast and are expected to assist, automate, and augment several healthcare services. Like any other emerging innovation, AI in healthcare also comes with its own risks and requires regulatory controls. A review of the literature was undertaken to study the existing regulatory landscape for AI in the healthcare services sector in developed nations. In the global regulatory landscape, most of the regulations for AI revolve around Software as a Medical Device (SaMD) and are regulated under digital health products. However, it is necessary to note that the current regulations may not suffice as AI-based technologies are capable of working autonomously, adapting their algorithms, and improving their performance over time based on the new real-world data that they have encountered. Hence, a global regulatory convergence for AI in healthcare, similar to the voluntary AI code of conduct that is being developed by the US-EU Trade and Technology Council, would be beneficial to all nations, be it developing or developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Healthcare (2227-9032) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Cuéllar, Mariano-Florentino, Larsen, Benjamin, Lee, Yong Suk, Webb, Michael

المصدر: Journal of Law, Economics & Organization; Mar2024, Vol. 40 Issue 1, p34-75, 42p

مصطلحات موضوعية: ARTIFICIAL intelligence laws, ARTIFICIAL intelligence & ethics, TECHNOLOGICAL innovations, ARTIFICIAL intelligence, ORGANIZATIONAL transparency, PRIVACY, DISCRIMINATION (Sociology), EXECUTIVES

مستخلص: We examine the impacts of potential artificial intelligence (AI) regulations on managers' perceptions on ethical issues related to AI and their intentions to adopt AI technologies. We conduct a randomized online survey experiment on more than a thousand managers in the United States. We randomly present managers with different proposed AI regulations, and ask about ethical issues related to AI and their intentions related to AI adoption. We find that information about AI regulation increases manager perception of the importance of safety, privacy, bias/discrimination, and transparency issues related to AI. However, there is a tradeoff; regulation information reduces manager intent to adopt AI technologies. Moreover, information about regulation increases manager intent to spend on developing AI strategy including ethical issues at the cost of investing in AI adoption, such as providing AI training to current employees or purchasing AI software packages. (JEL: K24, L21, L51, O33, O38) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Journal of Law, Economics & Organization is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: de Champris, Boniface

المصدر: AIRe: Journal of AI Law & Regulation; 2024, Vol. 1 Issue 1, p113-117, 5p

مصطلحات موضوعية: COPYRIGHT, ARTIFICIAL intelligence laws, GENERATIVE artificial intelligence, TECHNOLOGICAL innovations, DIGITAL technology

مستخلص: New developments in artificial intelligence (AI) have triggered heated legal and political discussions globally, including in the field of copyright. With significant legal cases pending in the United States, the debate in the European Union (EU) has mainly been political. The recent political agreement on the EU's AI Act will likely reverse the delicate balance reached by the EU Copyright Directive and could endanger innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of AIRe: Journal of AI Law & Regulation is the property of Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Evas, Tatjana

المصدر: AIRe: Journal of AI Law & Regulation; 2024, Vol. 1 Issue 1, p98-101, 4p

مصطلحات موضوعية: ARTIFICIAL intelligence laws, DIGITAL technology, PRODUCT safety, LEGAL composition of contracts, DIGITAL transformation

مستخلص: The European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act)1 is one of the most widely discussed and anticipated pieces of upcoming legislations, capturing global attention with its approach to governing uses of AI technologies. Following intense preparatory work,2 and almost three years of complex political negotiations, culminating in political agreement on 8 December 2023, the AI Act is set to shape global regulatory space on how we innovate, manage, and perceive AI technologies. This opinion, drawing upon first-hand experience from the AI Act's conceptualisation, legal drafting, and negotiations, offers a reflection on key decisions and the overall rationale behind this innovative and pioneering regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of AIRe: Journal of AI Law & Regulation is the property of Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)