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1دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Charles A. Emogor, Aiora Zabala, Patience Onyeche Adaje, Douglas Clark, Kristian Steensen Nielsen, Rachel Carmenta
المصدر: People and Nature, Vol 5, Iss 3, Pp 1010-1026 (2023)
مصطلحات موضوعية: behaviour change interventions, community‐based conservation, conservation governance, illegal wildlife trade, Pholidota, poaching, Human ecology. Anthropogeography, GF1-900, Ecology, QH540-549.5
الوصف: Abstract The overexploitation of biological resources severely threatens many species, requiring urgent and effective conservation interventions. Such interventions sometimes require governance structures that incorporate pluralist perspectives and collaborative decision‐making, especially in complex, multi‐faceted and multi‐scale issues like the illegal trade in pangolins. We used Q‐methodology to provide evidence to inform interventions for pangolin conservation in south‐east Nigeria. We sampled stakeholder groups associated with pangolin use and protection, including hunters, wild meat traders and Nigeria Customs Service employees, to elicit their opinion and knowledge on the use and perceptions of pangolins and their preferences for interventions to reduce pangolin decline. We found that the local consumption of pangolin meat as food is the primary driver of poaching in the region. This contradicts popular opinions that pangolins are specifically targeted for international trade, revealing an opportunity for site‐level behaviour change interventions. The different stakeholder groups identified awareness‐raising campaigns, law enforcement, community stewardship programs and ecotourism as preferred interventions, whose effectiveness we attempted to assess using reported case studies. We observed different perspectives between people associated with pangolin poaching and use (predominantly those living around pangolin habitats, including hunters and wild meat traders) and those working to protect them (such as conservation organisations and Nigeria Customs Service employees). For example, the first group supported community stewardship programs, while the latter preferred awareness‐raising and law enforcement efforts. This divergence in perspectives underpins the need for a combination of targeted interventions at the site level to engage different stakeholders while highlighting the potential challenges to collaborative decision‐making for species threatened by illegal wildlife trade. Policy implications. Our results stress the importance of targeted and context‐specific conservation interventions. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
وصف الملف: electronic resource
Relation: https://doaj.org/toc/2575-8314
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2دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Douglas Clark, Kyle Artelle, Chris Darimont, William Housty, Clyde Tallio, Douglas Neasloss, Aimee Schmidt, Andrew Wiget, Nancy Turner
المصدر: FACETS, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 379-393 (2021)
مصطلحات موضوعية: conservation, cultural keystone species, grizzly bear, heiltsuk, kitasoo, nuxalk, polar bear, reconciliation, resurgence, ursus arctos, ursus maritimus, xai’xais, Education, Science
الوصف: Grizzly bears and polar bears often serve as ecological “flagship species” in conservation efforts, but although consumptively used in some areas and cultures they can also be important cultural keystone species even where not hunted. We extend the application of established criteria for defining cultural keystone species to also encompass species with which cultures have a primarily nonconsumptive relationship but that are nonetheless disproportionately important to well-being and identity. Grizzly bears in coastal British Columbia are closely linked to many Indigenous Peoples (including the Haíɫzaqv (Heiltsuk), Kitasoo/Xai’xais, and Nuxalk First Nations), where they are central to the identity, culture, and livelihoods of individuals, families, Chiefs, and Nations. Polar bears in Churchill, Manitoba, provide another example as a cultural keystone species for a mixed Indigenous and non-Indigenous community in which many of the livelihood benefits from the species are mediated by economic transactions in a globalized tourism market. We discuss context specificity and questions of equity in sharing of benefits from cultural keystone species. Our expanded definition of cultural keystone species gives broader recognition of the beyond-ecological importance of these species to Indigenous Peoples, which highlights the societal and ecological importance of Indigenous sovereignty and could facilitate the increased cross-cultural understanding critical to reconciliation.
وصف الملف: electronic resource
Relation: https://doaj.org/toc/2371-1671
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3دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Chris Sandbrook, Douglas Clark, Tuuli Toivonen, Trishant Simlai, Stephanie O'Donnell, Jennifer Cobbe, William Adams
المصدر: Conservation Science and Practice, Vol 3, Iss 5, Pp n/a-n/a (2021)
مصطلحات موضوعية: conservation surveillance technology, camera trap, drone, ethics, monitoring, social responsibility, Ecology, QH540-549.5, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
الوصف: Abstract Wildlife conservation and research benefits enormously from automated and interconnected monitoring tools. Some of these tools, such as drones, remote cameras, and social media, can collect data on humans, either accidentally or deliberately. They can therefore be thought of as conservation surveillance technologies (CSTs). There is increasing evidence that CSTs, and the data they yield, can have both positive and negative impacts on people, raising ethical questions about how to use them responsibly. CST use may accelerate because of the COVID‐19 pandemic, adding urgency to addressing these ethical challenges. We propose a provisional set of principles for the responsible use of such tools and their data: (a) recognize and acknowledge CSTs can have social impacts; (b) deploy CSTs based on necessity and proportionality relative to the conservation problem; (c) evaluate all potential impacts of CSTs on people; (d) engage with and seek consent from people who may be observed and/or affected by CSTs; (e) build transparency and accountability into CST use; (f) respect peoples' rights and vulnerabilities; and (g) protect data in order to safeguard privacy. These principles require testing and could conceivably benefit conservation efforts, especially through inclusion of people likely to be affected by CSTs.
وصف الملف: electronic resource
Relation: https://doaj.org/toc/2578-4854
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4دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Daisuke Yabe, Yutaka Seino, Kosuke Shiki, Keiko Suzaki, Thomas Meinicke, Yutaro Kotobuki, Kenichiro Nishida, Douglas Clark, Atsutaka Yasui
المصدر: BMJ Open, Vol 11, Iss 4 (2021)
مصطلحات موضوعية: Medicine
الوصف: Introduction Elderly people (≥65 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are becoming increasingly prevalent, notably in Japan. As cardiovascular (CV) risk increases with age and sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce CV risk, elderly patients with T2DM are increasingly likely to be prescribed these glucose-lowering drugs. There is controversy surrounding the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on muscle mass, particularly in elderly patients for whom loss of muscle is especially undesirable; however, robust evidence on this important issue is lacking. Consequently, we have designed a clinical trial of the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in elderly Japanese patients with T2DM (Empagliflozin in Elderly T2DM Patients (EMPA-ELDERLY)) to assess its effects on body composition as well as glycaemic control. EMPA-ELDERLY will be the first randomised clinical trial of an SGLT2 inhibitor in elderly patients with T2DM to evaluate effects on skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance concurrently.Methods and analysis EMPA-ELDERLY is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial to be conducted in Japan. Patients with T2DM aged ≥65 years are eligible if they are Japanese with a body mass index of ≥22 kg/m2 and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels from ≥7.0% to ≤10.0% from either diet and exercise alone or treatment with oral glucose-lowering drugs. Approximately 128 participants will be randomised 1:1 to once per day, oral, double-blind treatment with empagliflozin 10 mg or matching placebo for 52 weeks. The primary endpoint is the change in HbA1c level from baseline at week 52. Secondary endpoints include changes from baseline to 52 weeks in body composition, including muscle mass and body fat, measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis, as well as skeletal muscle index, grip strength and time in the five-time chair stand test. Other endpoints include changes in patient-reported outcomes (including quality of life), cognitive function and safety.Ethics and dissemination We will submit the trial results to conferences and peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration number NCT04531462.
وصف الملف: electronic resource
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5دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Douglas Clark
المصدر: International Journal of the Commons, Vol 3, Iss 1, Pp 153-155 (2009)
مصطلحات موضوعية: Political institutions and public administration (General), JF20-2112
وصف الملف: electronic resource
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6دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Uta Henssge, Thuy Do, Steven C Gilbert, Steven Cox, Douglas Clark, Claes Wickström, A J M Ligtenberg, David R Radford, David Beighton
المصدر: PLoS ONE, Vol 6, Iss 6, p e21430 (2011)
الوصف: Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces oris are members of the oral biofilm. Their identification using 16S rRNA sequencing is problematic and better achieved by comparison of metG partial sequences. A. oris is more abundant and more frequently isolated than A. naeslundii. We used a multi-locus sequence typing approach to investigate the genotypic diversity of these species and assigned A. naeslundii (n = 37) and A. oris (n = 68) isolates to 32 and 68 sequence types (ST), respectively. Neighbor-joining and ClonalFrame dendrograms derived from the concatenated partial sequences of 7 house-keeping genes identified at least 4 significant subclusters within A. oris and 3 within A. naeslundii. The strain collection we had investigated was an under-representation of the total population since at least 3 STs composed of single strains may represent discrete clusters of strains not well represented in the collection. The integrity of these sub-clusters was supported by the sequence analysis of fimP and fimA, genes coding for the type 1 and 2 fimbriae, respectively. An A. naeslundii subcluster was identified with both fimA and fimP genes and these strains were able to bind to MUC7 and statherin while all other A. naeslundii strains possessed only fimA and did not bind to statherin. An A. oris subcluster harboured a fimA gene similar to that of Actinomyces odontolyticus but no detectable fimP failed to bind significantly to either MUC7 or statherin. These data are evidence of extensive genotypic and phenotypic diversity within the species A. oris and A. naeslundii but the status of the subclusters identified here will require genome comparisons before their phylogenic position can be unequivocally established.
وصف الملف: electronic resource
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7دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Thuy Do, Steven C Gilbert, Douglas Clark, Farida Ali, Clarissa C Fatturi Parolo, Marisa Maltz, Roy R Russell, Peter Holbrook, William G Wade, David Beighton
المصدر: PLoS ONE, Vol 5, Iss 2, p e9073 (2010)
الوصف: Streptococcus mutans, consisting of serotypes c, e, f and k, is an oral aciduric organism associated with the initiation and progression of dental caries. A total of 135 independent Streptococcus mutans strains from caries-free and caries-active subjects isolated from various geographical locations were examined in two versions of an MLST scheme consisting of either 6 housekeeping genes [accC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase biotin carboxylase subunit), gki (glucokinase), lepA (GTP-binding protein), recP (transketolase), sodA (superoxide dismutase), and tyrS (tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase)] or the housekeeping genes supplemented with 2 extracellular putative virulence genes [gtfB (glucosyltransferase B) and spaP (surface protein antigen I/II)] to increase sequence type diversity. The number of alleles found varied between 20 (lepA) and 37 (spaP). Overall, 121 sequence types (STs) were defined using the housekeeping genes alone and 122 with all genes. However pi, nucleotide diversity per site, was low for all loci being in the range 0.019-0.007. The virulence genes exhibited the greatest nucleotide diversity and the recombination/mutation ratio was 0.67 [95% confidence interval 0.3-1.15] compared to 8.3 [95% confidence interval 5.0-14.5] for the 6 concatenated housekeeping genes alone. The ML trees generated for individual MLST loci were significantly incongruent and not significantly different from random trees. Analysis using ClonalFrame indicated that the majority of isolates were singletons and no evidence for a clonal structure or evidence to support serotype c strains as the ancestral S. mutans strain was apparent. There was also no evidence of a geographical distribution of individual isolates or that particular isolate clusters were associated with caries. The overall low sequence diversity suggests that S. mutans is a newly emerged species which has not accumulated large numbers of mutations but those that have occurred have been shuffled as a consequence of intra-species recombination generating genotypes which can be readily distinguished by sequence analysis.
وصف الملف: electronic resource
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8
المؤلفون: Douglas Clark
المصدر: Studies in Philology. 120:221-246
مصطلحات موضوعية: General Medicine
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9
المؤلفون: Douglas Clark
المصدر: The Seventeenth Century. 38:359-361
مصطلحات موضوعية: Cultural Studies, History
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10
المؤلفون: Athanasios Tsilimigkras, Douglas Clark, Andrew Hartley, Eleanor Burke, Manolis Grillakis, Aristeidis Koutroulis
الوصف: Land Surface Models (LSMs) simulate various biophysical processes of the terrestrial land surface. They have been developed for a variety of applications, including assessing the impact of modifying a particular process on the ecosystem as a whole, e.g., the impact of climate change on hydrology. Due to their great complexity, developing these models is a continuous and laborious process. For example, the JULES (Joint UK Land Environment Simulator) model is developed by a broad community of inter-disciplinary researchers. However, despite the high level of model development, some processes face parsimonious parameterisation. One of these processes is the routing of surface runoff as simulated by the TRIP (Total Runoff Integrating Pathways) scheme [1]. In its current global parameterisation, TRIP uses uniform velocity and meandering characteristics for the entire land surface regardless of the physiography of the actual river system.Our work aims to improve the surface runoff's routing by optimising the effective velocity and meandering ratio parameters. In a sample of 360 global river basins, these parameters are correlated with physiographic characteristics to derive a method of extrapolation at the global scale. The development and application of the method were based on river discharge from the global GRDC database [2] and basin-scale physiographic attributes from the HydroATLAS database [3]. A factorial experiment was performed from a combination of 20 setups of effective velocity values and 12 meandering ratios, resulting in a total of 198 simulations. Two optimisation methods were developed; in the first method, the optimum routing parameters are defined for the best NSE improvement with the least deviation from the default routing parameters, whereas in the second method a uniform parameter set was assigned based on a categorisation of the basins. Neural Networks were used for regression and classification, respectively for each method, correlating the optimal routing parameters with the physiographic attributes at the river basin scale. The trained neural networks were applied to the HydroATLAS attributes to extrapolate the routing parameters at the global scale. Simulations of the newly developed river routing configuration showed improved skill in simulating river flow at the global scale (NSE increased by 0.13 on average over 360 global river basins), especially regarding the temporal response. Finally, the present work resulted in a publicly available branch of the JULES code, where spatially varying routing parameters can be introduced, contrary to the globally fixed set. [1] Oki, T., & Sud, Y. C. (1998). Design of Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (TRIP) - A Global River Channel Network. Earth Interactions, 2(1), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1175/1087-3562(1998)0022.3.CO;2[2] GRDC. (n.d.). The Global Runoff Data Centre, 56068 Koblenz, Germany, 56068 Koblenz, Germany. 56068 Koblenz, Germany.[3] Linke, S., Lehner, B., Ouellet Dallaire, C., Ariwi, J., Grill, G., Anand, M., Beames, P., Burchard-Levine, V., Maxwell, S., Moidu, H., Tan, F., Thieme, M. (2019). Global hydro-environmental sub-basin and river reach characteristics at high spatial resolution. Scientific Data 6: 283. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0300-6 Acknowledgement: This work is based upon work from COST Action 19139 - PROCLIAS, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::b916c88d5e1c36db1fad0b8b7847436b
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-14079
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