المؤلفون: Javdani-Mallak A; Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran., Salahshoori I; Department of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: i.salahshoori@ippi.ac.ir.

المصدر: The Science of the total environment [Sci Total Environ] 2024 May 15; Vol. 925, pp. 171774. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Mar 18.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Review

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 0330500 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-1026 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00489697 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sci Total Environ Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Exosomes*/metabolism , Environmental Pollutants*/toxicity , Environmental Pollutants*/metabolism , MicroRNAs*/metabolism, Biomarkers/metabolism ; Environmental Health

مستخلص: This study investigates the intricate interplay between environmental pollutants and exosomes, shedding light on a novel paradigm in environmental health and disease. Cellular stress, induced by environmental toxicants or disease, significantly impacts the production and composition of exosomes, crucial mediators of intercellular communication. The heat shock response (HSR) and unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways, activated during cellular stress, profoundly influence exosome generation, cargo sorting, and function, shaping intercellular communication and stress responses. Environmental pollutants, particularly lipophilic ones, directly interact with exosome lipid bilayers, potentially affecting membrane stability, release, and cellular uptake. The study reveals that exposure to environmental contaminants induces significant changes in exosomal proteins, miRNAs, and lipids, impacting cellular function and health. Understanding the impact of environmental pollutants on exosomal cargo holds promise for biomarkers of exposure, enabling non-invasive sample collection and real-time insights into ongoing cellular responses. This research explores the potential of exosomal biomarkers for early detection of health effects, assessing treatment efficacy, and population-wide screening. Overcoming challenges requires advanced isolation techniques, standardized protocols, and machine learning for data analysis. Integration with omics technologies enhances comprehensive molecular analysis, offering a holistic understanding of the complex regulatory network influenced by environmental pollutants. The study underscores the capability of exosomes in circulation as promising biomarkers for assessing environmental exposure and systemic health effects, contributing to advancements in environmental health research and disease prevention.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

المؤلفون: Wang Y; Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA. Electronic address: yuting.wang.gr@dartmouth.edu., Gui J; Department of Biomedical Data Science, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA., Howe CG; Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA., Emond JA; Department of Biomedical Data Science, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA., Criswell RL; Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA; Skowhegan Family Medicine, Redington-Fairview General Hospital, Skowhegan, ME 04976, USA., Gallagher LG; Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA., Huset CA; Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN 55101, USA., Peterson LA; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA., Botelho JC; Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA., Calafat AM; Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA., Christensen B; Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA., Karagas MR; Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA., Romano ME; Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA.

المصدر: The Science of the total environment [Sci Total Environ] 2024 Jul 10; Vol. 933, pp. 173157. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 11.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 0330500 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-1026 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00489697 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sci Total Environ Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Fluorocarbons*/blood , Fluorocarbons*/analysis , Milk, Human*/chemistry , Diet*/statistics & numerical data , Environmental Pollutants*/blood , Environmental Pollutants*/analysis , Alkanesulfonic Acids*/analysis , Alkanesulfonic Acids*/blood, Humans ; Female ; New Hampshire ; Adult ; Birth Cohort ; Maternal Exposure/statistics & numerical data ; Pregnancy ; Caprylates/blood ; Caprylates/analysis ; Cohort Studies ; Dietary Exposure/statistics & numerical data ; Dietary Exposure/analysis ; Decanoic Acids/blood ; Decanoic Acids/analysis

مستخلص: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are related to various adverse health outcomes, and food is a common source of PFAS exposure. Dietary sources of PFAS have not been adequately explored among U.S. pregnant individuals. We examined associations of dietary factors during pregnancy with PFAS concentrations in maternal plasma and human milk in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study. PFAS concentrations, including perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), were measured in maternal plasma collected at ∼28 gestational weeks and human milk collected at ∼6 postpartum weeks. Sociodemographic, lifestyle and reproductive factors were collected from prenatal questionnaires and diet from food frequency questionnaires at ∼28 gestational weeks. We used adaptive elastic net (AENET) to identify important dietary variables for PFAS concentrations. We used multivariable linear regression to assess associations of dietary variables selected by AENET models with PFAS concentrations. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and reproductive factors, as well as gestational week of blood sample collection (plasma PFAS), postpartum week of milk sample collection (milk PFAS), and enrollment year. A higher intake of fish/seafood, eggs, coffee, or white rice during pregnancy was associated with higher plasma or milk PFAS concentrations. For example, every 1 standard deviation (SD) servings/day increase in egg intake during pregnancy was associated with 4.4 % (95 % CI: 0.6, 8.4), 3.3 % (0.1, 6.7), and 10.3 % (5.6, 15.2) higher plasma PFOS, PFOA, and PFDA concentrations respectively. Similarly, every 1 SD servings/day increase in white rice intake during pregnancy was associated with 7.5 % (95 % CI: -0.2, 15.8) and 12.4 % (4.8, 20.5) greater milk PFOS and PFOA concentrations, respectively. Our study suggests that certain dietary factors during pregnancy may contribute to higher PFAS concentrations in maternal plasma and human milk, which could inform interventions to reduce PFAS exposure for both birthing people and offspring.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

المؤلفون: Baumert BO; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States., Wang H; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States., Samy S; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, United States., Park SK; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States., Lam CN; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States., Dunn K; Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States., Pinto-Pacheco B; Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States., Walker D; Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States., Landero J; Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States., Conti D; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States., Chatzi L; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States., Hu H; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States. Electronic address: howard.hu@med.usc.edu., Goodrich JA; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States. Electronic address: jagoodri@usc.edu.

المصدر: Environmental research [Environ Res] 2024 Jul 01; Vol. 252 (Pt 4), pp. 119072. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 08.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 0147621 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1096-0953 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00139351 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Res Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: COVID-19* , Hispanic or Latino*/statistics & numerical data , Environmental Pollutants*/urine , Environmental Pollutants*/blood , Environmental Exposure*/adverse effects , Environmental Exposure*/analysis , Metals, Heavy*/urine , Metals, Heavy*/blood, Humans ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Female ; Aged ; Adult ; Risk Factors ; Pilot Projects ; Fluorocarbons/blood ; Fluorocarbons/urine ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ; Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data ; SARS-CoV-2

مستخلص: Background: Per- and poly-fluorinated compounds (PFAS) and heavy metals constitute two classes of environmental exposures with known immunotoxicant effects. In this pilot study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of exposure to heavy metals and PFAS on COVID-19 severity. We hypothesized that elevated plasma-PFAS concentrations and urinary heavy metal concentrations would be associated with increased odds of ICU admission in COVID-19 hospitalized individuals.
Methods: Using the University of Southern California Clinical Translational Sciences Institute (SC-CTSI) biorepository of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, urinary concentrations of 15 heavy metals and urinary creatinine were measured in n = 101 patients and plasma concentrations of 13 PFAS were measured in n = 126 patients. COVID-19 severity was determined based on whether a patient was admitted to the ICU during hospitalization. Associations of metals and PFAS with ICU admission were assessed using logistic regression models, controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking status, and for metals, urinary dilution.
Results: The average age of patients was 55 ± 14.2 years. Among SC-CTSI participants with urinary measurement of heavy metals and blood measures of PFAS, 54.5% (n = 61) and 54.8% (n = 80) were admitted to the ICU, respectively. For heavy metals, we observed higher levels of Cd, Cr, and Cu in ICU patients. The strongest associations were with Cadmium (Cd). After accounting for covariates, each 1 SD increase in Cd resulted in a 2.00 (95% CI: 1.10-3.60; p = 0.03) times higher odds of admission to the ICU. When including only Hispanic or Latino participants, the effect estimates between cadmium and ICU admission remained similar. Results for PFAS were less consistent, with perfluorodecanesulfonic acid (PFDS) exhibiting a positive but non-significant association with ICU admission (Odds ratio, 95% CI: 1.50, 0.97-2.20) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) exhibiting a negative association with ICU admission (0.53, 0.31-0.88).
Conclusions: This study supports the hypothesis that environmental exposures may impact COVID-19 severity.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

المؤلفون: Wang S; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China., Lyu Y; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China., Ji S; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China., Liu N; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China., Wu B; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China., Zhao F; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China., Li Z; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China., Qu Y; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China., Zhu Y; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China., Xie L; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China., Li Y; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China., Zhang Z; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China., Song H; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China., Hu X; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China., Qiu Y; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Institute of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, and Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China., Zheng X; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China., Zhang W; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China., Yang Y; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China., Li F; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China., Cai J; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China., Zhu Y; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China., Cao Z; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China., Tan F; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. Electronic address: tanfeng@chinacdc.cn., Shi X; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. Electronic address: shixm@chinacdc.cn.

المصدر: Environmental research [Environ Res] 2024 Jul 01; Vol. 252 (Pt 2), pp. 118653. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Mar 20.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 0147621 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1096-0953 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00139351 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Res Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Metals, Heavy*/urine , Metals, Heavy*/blood , Metalloids*/urine , Metalloids*/blood , Metalloids*/analysis , Liver*/drug effects , Environmental Exposure*/analysis , Environmental Pollutants*/urine , Environmental Pollutants*/blood, Humans ; China ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; Aged ; Liver Function Tests ; East Asian People

مستخلص: Background: In China, the effects of heavy metals and metalloids (HMMs) on liver health are not consistently documented, despite their prevalent environmental presence.
Objective: Our research assessed the association between HMMs and liver function biomarkers in a comprehensive sample of Chinese adults.
Methods: We analyzed data from 9445 participants in the China National Human Biomonitoring survey. Blood and urine were evaluated for HMM concentrations, and liver health was gauged using serum albumin (ALB), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) metrics. Various statistical methods were employed to understand the relationship between 11 HMMs and liver function, adjusting for multiple factors. We also explored interactions with alcohol intake, gender, and age.
Results: Among HMMs, selenium in blood [weighted geometric mean (GM) = 95.56 μg/L] and molybdenum in urine (GM = 46.44 μg/L) showed the highest concentrations, while lead in blood (GM = 21.92 μg/L) and arsenic in urine (GM = 19.80 μg/L) had the highest levels among risk HMMs. Manganese and thallium consistently indicated potential risk factor to liver in both sample types, while selenium displayed potential liver protection. Blood HMM mixtures were negatively associated with ALB (β = -0.614, 95% CI: -0.809, -0.418) and positively with AST (β = 0.701, 95% CI: 0.290, 1.111). No significant associations were found in urine HMM mixtures. Manganese, tin, nickel, and selenium were notable in blood mixture associations, with selenium and cobalt being significant in urine. The relationship of certain HMMs varied based on alcohol consumption.
Conclusion: This research highlights the complex relationship between HMM exposure and liver health in Chinese adults, particularly emphasizing metals like manganese, thallium, and selenium. The results suggest a need for public health attention to low dose HMM exposure and underscore the potential benefits of selenium for liver health. Further studies are essential to establish causality.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

المؤلفون: Marti D; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America., Hanrahan D; Pure Earth, New York, NY, United States of America., Sanchez-Triana E; World Bank, Washington, DC, United States of America., Wells M; The Meadows Center for Water and the Environment, San Marcos, Texas, United States of America., Corra L; Global Alliance on Health and Pollution, Geneva, Switzerland., Hu H; University of Southern California's Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America., Breysse PN; Johns Hopkins' Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America., Laborde A; Republic University of Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay., Caravanos J; New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America., Bertollini R; SCHEER, European Commission DG Sante, Brussels, Belgium., Porterfield K; Pure Earth, New York, NY, United States of America., Fuller R; Pure Earth, New York, NY, United States of America.

المصدر: PloS one [PLoS One] 2024 Jun 24; Vol. 19 (6), pp. e0298504. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jun 24 (Print Publication: 2024).

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Public Library of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101285081 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1932-6203 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19326203 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PLoS One Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Environmental Pollutants*/toxicity , Environmental Pollutants*/analysis, Humans ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Environmental Exposure/analysis ; Expert Testimony ; Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity ; Pesticides/toxicity ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/toxicity ; Arsenic/analysis ; Arsenic/toxicity ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/toxicity ; Environmental Pollution/analysis ; Asbestos/adverse effects ; Dioxins/toxicity ; Dioxins/analysis

مستخلص: Introduction: Chemical contamination and pollution are an ongoing threat to human health and the environment. The concern over the consequences of chemical exposures at the global level continues to grow. Because resources are constrained, there is a need to prioritize interventions focused on the greatest health impact. Data, especially related to chemical exposures, are rarely available for most substances of concern, and alternate methods to evaluate their impact are needed.
Structured Expert Judgment (sej) Process: A Structured Expert Judgment (Research Outreach, 2021) process was performed to provide plausible estimates of health impacts for 16 commonly found pollutants: asbestos, arsenic, benzene, chromium, cadmium, dioxins, fluoride, highly hazardous pesticides (HHPs), lead, mercury, polycyclic-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAs), phthalates, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and brominated flame retardants (BRFs). This process, undertaken by sector experts, weighed individual estimations of the probable global health scale health impacts of each pollutant using objective estimates of the expert opinions' statistical accuracy and informativeness.
Main Findings: The foremost substances, in terms of mean projected annual total deaths, were lead, asbestos, arsenic, and HHPs. Lead surpasses the others by a large margin, with an estimated median value of 1.7 million deaths annually. The three other substances averaged between 136,000 and 274,000 deaths per year. Of the 12 other chemicals evaluated, none reached an estimated annual death count exceeding 100,000. These findings underscore the importance of prioritizing available resources on reducing and remediating the impacts of these key pollutants.
Range of Health Impacts: Based on the evidence available, experts concluded some of the more notorious chemical pollutants, such as PCBs and dioxin, do not result in high levels of human health impact from a global scale perspective. However, the chemical toxicity of some compounds released in recent decades, such as Endocrine Disrupters and PFAs, cannot be ignored, even if current impacts are limited. Moreover, the impact of some chemicals may be disproportionately large in some geographic areas. Continued research and monitoring are essential; and a preventative approach is needed for chemicals.
Future Directions: These results, and potential similar analyses of other chemicals, are provided as inputs to ongoing discussions about priority setting for global chemicals and pollution management. Furthermore, we suggest that this SEJ process be repeated periodically as new information becomes available.
Competing Interests: The nonprofit Pure Earth (David Hanrahan, Kate Porterfield, and Richard Fuller) has received funding historically from Open Philanthropy, GiveWell, Clarios Foundation, Trafigura Foundation, and Takeda Foundation. The other authors declare no competing interests. No funding was allocated for this project.
(Copyright: © 2024 Marti et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

المؤلفون: Banerjee A; Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India. kunal.roy@jadavpuruniversity.in., Roy K; Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India. kunal.roy@jadavpuruniversity.in.

المصدر: Environmental science. Processes & impacts [Environ Sci Process Impacts] 2024 Jun 19; Vol. 26 (6), pp. 991-1007. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jun 19.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101601576 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2050-7895 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20507887 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Sci Process Impacts Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship* , Machine Learning* , Environmental Pollutants*/toxicity , Environmental Pollutants*/chemistry, Risk Assessment/methods ; Animals ; Toxicity Tests

مستخلص: Due to the lack of experimental toxicity data for environmental chemicals, there arises a need to fill data gaps by in silico approaches. One of the most commonly used in silico approaches for toxicity assessment of small datasets is the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR), which generates predictive models for the efficient prediction of query compounds. However, the reliability of the predictions from QSARs derived from small datasets is often questionable from a statistical point of view. This is due to the presence of a larger number of descriptors as compared to the number of training compounds, which reduces the degree of freedom of the developed model. To reduce the overall prediction error for a particular QSAR model, we have proposed here the computation of the novel Arithmetic Residuals in K -groups Analysis (ARKA) descriptors. We have reduced the number of modeling descriptors in a supervised manner by partitioning them into K classes ( K = 2 here) depending on the higher mean normalized values of the descriptors to a particular response class, thus preventing the loss of chemical information. A scatter plot of the data points using the values of two ARKA descriptors (ARKA_2 vs. ARKA_1) can potentially identify activity cliffs, less confident data points, and less modelable data points. We have used here five representative environmentally relevant endpoints (skin sensitization, earthworm toxicity, milk/plasma partitioning, algal toxicity, and rodent carcinogenicity of hazardous chemicals) with graded responses to which the ARKA framework was applied for classification modeling. On comparing the performance of the models generated using conventional QSAR descriptors and the ARKA descriptors, the prediction quality of the models derived from ARKA descriptors was found, based on multiple graded-data validation metrics-derived decision criteria, much better than the models derived from QSAR descriptors signifying the potential of ARKA descriptors in ecotoxicological classification modeling of small data sets. Additionally, this holds true for the Read-Across approach as well, since the Read-Across predictions using ARKA descriptors supersede the predictions generated from QSAR descriptors. For the ease of users, a Java-based expert system has been developed that computes the ARKA descriptors from the input of QSAR descriptors.

المؤلفون: Rodríguez-Carrillo A; VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium; Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein, 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium., Remy S; VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium., Koppen G; VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium., Wauters N; VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium., Mustieles V; Biomedical Research Center & School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain., Desalegn A; Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway., Iszatt N; Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway., den Hond E; Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Antwerp, Belgium., Verheyen VJ; VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium., Fábelová L; Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia., Murinova LP; Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia., Pedraza-Díaz S; National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain., Esteban M; National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain., Poyatos RM; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Laboratorios, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain., Govarts E; VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium., van Nuijs ALN; Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein, 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium., Covaci A; Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein, 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium., Schoeters G; Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain., Olea N; Biomedical Research Center & School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain., Fernández MF; Biomedical Research Center & School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain. Electronic address: marieta@ugr.es.

المصدر: The Science of the total environment [Sci Total Environ] 2024 Jun 15; Vol. 929, pp. 172426. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 15.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 0330500 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-1026 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00489697 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sci Total Environ Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Kisspeptins* , Phthalic Acids*/urine , Environmental Pollutants*/urine , Environmental Pollutants*/blood, Humans ; Adolescent ; Female ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Male ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone/blood ; Testosterone/blood ; Testosterone/metabolism ; Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data ; Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin/metabolism ; Estradiol/blood ; Endocrine Disruptors/urine

مستخلص: Background: Exposure to phthalate/DINCH metabolites can induce human reproductive toxicity, however, their endocrine-disrupting mechanisms are not fully elucidated.
Objective: To investigate the association between concentrations of phthalate/DINCH metabolites, serum kisspeptin, and reproductive hormones among European teenagers from three of the HBM4EU Aligned Studies.
Methods: In 733 Belgian (FLEHS IV study), Slovak (PCB cohort follow-up), and Spanish (BEA study) teenagers, ten phthalate and two DINCH metabolites were measured in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Serum kisspeptin (kiss54) protein, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), total testosterone (TT), estradiol (E2), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels were measured by immunosorbent assays. Free Androgen Index (FAI) was calculated as a proxy of free testosterone. Adjusted sex-stratified linear regression models for individual studies, mixed effect models (LME) accounting for random effects for pooled studies, and g-computation and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models for the phthalate/DINCH mixture were performed.
Results: The LME suggested that each IQR increase in ln-transformed levels of several phthalates was associated with lower kisspeptin [MnBP: %change (95%CI): -2.8 (-4.2;-0.4); MEHP: -1.4 (-3.4,0.2)] and higher FSH [∑DINP: 11.8 (-0.6;25.1)] levels in females from pooled studies. G-computation showed that the phthalates/DINCH mixture was associated with lower kisspeptin [-4.28 (-8.07;-0.34)] and higher FSH [22.13 (0.5;48.4)] also in females; BKMR showed similar although non-significant pattern. In males, higher phthalates metabolites [MEHP: -12.22 (-21.09;-1.18); oxo-MEHP: -12.73 (-22.34;-1.93)] were associated with lower TT and FAI, although higher DINCH [OH-MINCH: 16.31 (6.23;27.35), cx-MINCH: 16.80 (7.03;27.46), ∑DINCH: 17.37 (7.26;29.74)] were associated with higher TT levels. No mixture associations were found in males.
Conclusion: We observed sex-specific associations between urinary concentrations of phthalate/DINCH metabolites and the panel of selected effect biomarkers (kisspeptin and reproductive hormones). This suggests that exposure to phthalates would be associated with changes in kisspeptin levels, which would affect the HPG axis and thus influence reproductive health. However, further research is needed, particularly for phthalate replacements such as DINCH.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

المؤلفون: Babadi RS; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA., Williams PL; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA., Preston EV; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA., Li Z; Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA., Smith RL; Department of Pathobiology, Institute for Genomic Biology, and Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA., Strakovsky RS; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA., Mahalingaiah S; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA., Hauser R; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA., Flaws JA; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA., James-Todd T; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: tjtodd@hsph.harvard.edu.

المصدر: Environment international [Environ Int] 2024 Jun; Vol. 188, pp. 108770. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 23.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 7807270 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-6750 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01604120 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Int Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Phthalic Acids*/urine , Perimenopause*/blood , Environmental Pollutants*/blood , Environmental Pollutants*/urine, Humans ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Longitudinal Studies ; Estradiol/blood ; Adult ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones/blood ; Progesterone/blood ; Progesterone/urine ; Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data ; Women's Health ; Testosterone/blood

مستخلص: Background: The menopausal transition involves significant sex hormone changes. Environmental chemicals, such as urinary phthalate metabolites, are associated with sex hormone levels in cross-sectional studies. Few studies have assessed longitudinal associations between urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and sex hormone levels during menopausal transition.
Methods: Pre- and perimenopausal women from the Midlife Women's Health Study (MWHS) (n = 751) contributed data at up to 4 annual study visits. We quantified 9 individual urinary phthalate metabolites and 5 summary measures (e.g., phthalates in plastics (∑Plastic)), using pooled annual urine samples. We measured serum estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone collected at each study visit, unrelated to menstrual cycling. Linear mixed-effects models and hierarchical Bayesian kernel machine regression analyses evaluated adjusted associations between individual and phthalate mixtures with sex steroid hormones longitudinally.
Results: We observed associations between increased concentrations of certain phthalate metabolites and lower testosterone and higher sub-ovulatory progesterone levels, e.g., doubling of monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (∑DEHP) metabolites, ∑Plastic, and ∑Phthalates concentrations were associated with lower testosterone (e.g., for ∑DEHP: -4.51%; 95% CI: -6.72%, -2.26%). For each doubling of MEP, certain DEHP metabolites, and summary measures, we observed higher mean sub-ovulatory progesterone (e.g., ∑AA (metabolites with anti-androgenic activity): 6.88%; 95% CI: 1.94%, 12.1%). Higher levels of the overall time-varying phthalate mixture were associated with lower estradiol and higher progesterone levels, especially for 2nd year exposures.
Conclusions: Phthalates were longitudinally associated with sex hormone levels during the menopausal transition. Future research should assess such associations and potential health impacts during this understudied period.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

المؤلفون: Wang Z; Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.; Stony Brook Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Lauterbur Drive, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA., Chen S; Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China., Guo Y; Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China., Zhang R; Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China., Zhang Q; Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China., Jiang X; Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China., Li M; Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China., Jiang Y; Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China., Ye L; Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China., Guo X; Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China., Li C; Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China., Zhang G; Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China., Li D; Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China., Chen L; Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China., Chen W; Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China. chenwen@mail.sysu.edu.cn.

المصدر: Archives of toxicology [Arch Toxicol] 2024 Jun; Vol. 98 (6), pp. 1937-1951. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 02.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Springer-Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 0417615 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1432-0738 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03405761 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Arch Toxicol Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Cell Transformation, Neoplastic*/chemically induced , Cell Transformation, Neoplastic*/drug effects , Carcinogenicity Tests*/methods , Organoids*/drug effects , Organoids*/pathology , Environmental Pollutants*/toxicity , Colorectal Neoplasms*/pathology , Colorectal Neoplasms*/chemically induced, Animals ; Mice ; Humans ; Carcinogens/toxicity ; Intestines/drug effects ; Intestines/pathology ; Intestinal Neoplasms/chemically induced ; Intestinal Neoplasms/pathology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

مستخلص: The high incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is closely associated with environmental pollutant exposure. To identify potential intestinal carcinogens, we developed a cell transformation assay (CTA) using mouse adult stem cell-derived intestinal organoids (mASC-IOs) and assessed the transformation potential on 14 representative chemicals, including Cd, iPb, Cr-VI, iAs-III, Zn, Cu, PFOS, BPA, MEHP, AOM, DMH, MNNG, aspirin, and metformin. We optimized the experimental protocol based on cytotoxicity, amplification, and colony formation of chemical-treated mASC-IOs. In addition, we assessed the accuracy of in vitro study and the human tumor relevance through characterizing interdependence between cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions, tumorigenicity, pathological feature of subcutaneous tumors, and CRC-related molecular signatures. Remarkably, the results of cell transformation in 14 chemicals showed a strong concordance with epidemiological findings (8/10) and in vivo mouse studies (12/14). In addition, we found that the increase in anchorage-independent growth was positively correlated with the tumorigenicity of tested chemicals. Through analyzing the dose-response relationship of anchorage-independent growth by benchmark dose (BMD) modeling, the potent intestinal carcinogens were identified, with their carcinogenic potency ranked from high to low as AOM, Cd, MEHP, Cr-VI, iAs-III, and DMH. Importantly, the activity of chemical-transformed mASC-IOs was associated with the degree of cellular differentiation of subcutaneous tumors, altered transcription of oncogenic genes, and activated pathways related to CRC development, including Apc, Trp53, Kras, Pik3ca, Smad4 genes, as well as WNT and BMP signaling pathways. Taken together, we successfully developed a mASC-IO-based CTA, which might serve as a potential alternative for intestinal carcinogenicity screening of chemicals.
(© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

المؤلفون: Álvarez-González B; University of Granada, Legal Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Technology Park (PTS), Granada, Spain; GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Health Sciences Technology Park (PTS), Granada, Granada, Spain., Hernández AF; University of Granada, Legal Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Technology Park (PTS), Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain. Electronic address: ajerez@ugr.es., Zafra-Gómez A; Biosanitary Research Institute, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; University of Granada, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Fuentenueva, Granada 18071, Spain., Chica-Redecillas L; GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Health Sciences Technology Park (PTS), Granada, Granada, Spain; University of Granada, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Technology Park (PTS), Granada, Spain., Cuenca-López S; GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Health Sciences Technology Park (PTS), Granada, Granada, Spain; University of Granada, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Technology Park (PTS), Granada, Spain., Vázquez-Alonso F; Urology Department, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Av. de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, Granada, Spain., Martínez-González LJ; GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Health Sciences Technology Park (PTS), Granada, Granada, Spain; University of Granada, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Technology Park (PTS), Granada, Spain., Álvarez-Cubero MJ; GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Health Sciences Technology Park (PTS), Granada, Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; University of Granada, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Technology Park (PTS), Granada, Spain.

المصدر: Environmental toxicology and pharmacology [Environ Toxicol Pharmacol] 2024 Jun; Vol. 108, pp. 104455. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 23.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Elsevier Science B.V Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 9612020 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1872-7077 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 13826689 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Toxicol Pharmacol Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Prostatic Neoplasms*/genetics , Oxidative Stress*/drug effects , Environmental Pollutants*/urine , Environmental Pollutants*/toxicity , Xenobiotics* , Prostate-Specific Antigen*/blood, Male ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Case-Control Studies ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Glutathione Transferase/genetics

مستخلص: This study assessed whether genetic variants coding for certain enzymes involved in xenobiotic detoxification, antioxidant defences and DNA repair, along with exposure to environmental chemicals, were associated with an increased prostate cancer (PCa) risk. The study population consisted of 300 men (150 PCa cases and 150 controls) which underwent prostate biopsy as their serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels were greater than 4 ng/ml. Genetic variants in GSTM1, GSTP1, SOD2, CAT, GPX1, XRCC1 were determined and data for chemical exposures was obtained through a structured questionnaire and by biomonitoring in a subsample of cases and controls. High serum PSA levels were associated with a greater risk of PCa, while physical exercise appears to exert a protective effect against its development. In addition, elevated urinary levels of certain organic pollutants, such as benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), bisphenol A (BPA), and ethyl-paraben (EPB), were associated with an increased risk of PCa.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)