المؤلفون: Adriani, O., Antonelli, M., Basti, A., Berti, E., Betti, P., Bigongiari, G., Bonechi, L., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Brogi, P., Castellini, G., Checchia, C., Casaus, J., Cui, X., Dong, Y., D'Alessandro, R., Detti, S., Giovacchini, F., Finetti, N., Maestro, P., Marrocchesi, P. S., Liu, X., Marin, J., Martinez, G., Mori, N., Pacini, L., Papini, P., Pizzolotto, C., Ricciarini, S., Spillantini, P., Starodubtsev, O., Stiaccini, L., Tang, Z., Tiberio, A., Vannuccini, E., Velasco, M., Wang, R., Wang, Z., Xu, M., Zampa, G., Zampa, N., Zhang, L.

المصدر: JINST 17 P09002 (2022)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment

الوصف: The measurement of cosmic-ray individual spectra provides unique information regarding the origin and propagation of astro-particles. Due to the limited acceptance of current space experiments, protons and nuclei around the "knee" region ($\sim1\ PeV$) can only be observed by ground based experiments. Thanks to an innovative design, the High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection (HERD) facility will allow direct observation up to this energy region: the instrument is mainly based on a 3D segmented, isotropic and homogeneous calorimeter which properly measures the energy of particles coming from each direction and it will be made of about 7500 LYSO cubic crystals. The read-out of the scintillation light is done with two independent systems: the first one based on wave-length shifting fibers coupled to Intensified scientific CMOS cameras, the second one is made of two photo-diodes with different active areas connected to a custom front-end electronics. This photo-diode system is designed to achieve a huge dynamic range, larger than $10^7$, while having a small power consumption, few mW per channel. Thanks to a good signal-to-noise ratio, the capability of a proper calibration, by using signals of both non-interacting and showering particles, is also guaranteed. In this paper, the current design and the performance obtained by several tests of the photo-diode read-out system are discussed.

URL الوصول: http://arxiv.org/abs/2208.04133

المؤلفون: Adriani, O., Berti, E., Betti, P., Bigongiari, G., Bonechi, L., Bongi, M., Bottai, S., Brogi, P., Castellini, G., Checchia, C., Alessandro, R. D, Detti, S., Finetti, N., Maestro, P., Marrocchesi, P. S., Mori, N., Olmi, M., Pacini, L., Papini, P., Poggiali, C., Ricciarini, S., Spillantini, P., Starodubtsev, O., Stolzi, F., Tiberio, A., Vannuccini, E.

المصدر: JINST 17 P08014 (2022)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment

الوصف: The multi-TeV energy region of the cosmic-ray spectra has been recently explored by direct detection experiments that used calorimetric techniques to measure the energy of the cosmic particles. Interesting spectral features have been observed in both all-electron and nuclei spectra. However, the interpretation of the results is compromised by the disagreements between the data obtained from the various experiments, that are not reconcilable with the quoted experimental uncertainties. Understanding the reason for the discrepancy among the measurements is of fundamental importance in view of the forthcoming high-energy cosmic-ray experiments planned for space, as well as for the correct interpretation of the available results. The purpose of this work is to investigate the possibility that a systematic effect may derive from the non-proportionality of the light response of inorganic crystals, typically used in high-energy calorimetry due to their excellent energy-resolution performance. The main reason for the non-proportionality of the crystals is that scintillation light yield depends on ionisation density. Experimental data obtained with ion beams were used to characterize the light response of various scintillator materials. The obtained luminous efficiencies were used as input of a Monte Carlo simulation to perform a comparative study of the effect of the light-yield non-proportionality on the detection of high-energy electromagnetic and hadronic showers. The result of this study indicates that, if the calorimeter response is calibrated by using the energy deposit of minimum ionizing particles, the measured shower energy might be affected by a significant systematic shift, at the level of few percent, whose sign and magnitude depend specifically on the type of scintillator material used.
Comment: to be published in JINST

URL الوصول: http://arxiv.org/abs/2207.06696

المؤلفون: Adriani, O., Agnesi, A., Albergo, S., Antonelli, M., Auditore, L., Basti, A., Berti, E., Bigongiari, G., Bonechi, L., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Brogi, P., Castellini, G., Cattaneo, P. W., Checchia, C., Alessandro, R. D, Detti, S., Fasoli, M., Finetti, N., Italiano, A., Maestro, P., Marrocchesi, P. S., Mori, N., Orzan, G., Olmi, M., Pacini, L., Papini, P., Pellegriti, M. G., Pirzio, F., Pizzolotto, C., Poggiali, C., Rappoldi, A., Ricciarini, S., Sciuto, A., Spillantini, P., Starodubtsev, O., Stolzi, F., Suh, J. E., Sulaj, A., Tiberio, A., Tricomi, A., Trifiro, A., Trimarchi, M., Vedda, A., Vannuccini, E., Zampa, G., Zampa, N.

مصطلحات موضوعية: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment

الوصف: The direct observation of high-energy cosmic rays, up to the PeV energy region, will increasingly rely on highly performing calorimeters, and the physics performance will be primarily determined by their geometrical acceptance and energy resolution. Thus, it is extremely important to optimize their geometrical design, granularity and absorption depth, with respect to the totalmass of the apparatus, which is amongst the most important constraints for a space mission. CaloCube is an homogeneous calorimeter whose basic geometry is cubic and isotropic, obtained by filling the cubic volume with small cubic scintillating crystals. In this way it is possible to detect particles arriving from every direction in space, thus maximizing the acceptance. This design summarizes a three-year R&D activity, aiming to both optimize and study the full-scale performance of the calorimeter, in the perspective of a cosmic-ray space mission, and investigate a viable technical design by means of the construction of several sizable prototypes. A large scale prototype, made of a mesh of 5x5x18 CsI(Tl) crystals, has been constructed and tested on high-energy particle beams at CERN SPS accelerator. In this paper we describe the CaloCube design and present the results relative to the response of the large scale prototype to electrons.
Comment: 24 pages, 19 figures

URL الوصول: http://arxiv.org/abs/2110.01561

المؤلفون: Adriani, O., Agnesi, A., Albergo, S., Antonelli, M., Auditore, L., Basti, A., Betti, P., Berti, E., Bigongiari, G., Bonechi, L., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Brogi, P., Castellini, G., Cattaneo, P.W., Checchia, C., Duranti, M., D’Alessandro, R., Detti, S., Finetti, N., Formato, V., Italiano, A., Maestro, P., Marrocchesi, P.S., Mori, N., Orzan, G., Olmi, M., Pacini, L., Papini, P., Pellegriti, M.G., Pirzio, F., Pizzolotto, C., Poggiali, C., Rappoldi, A., Ricciarini, S., Sciuto, A., Silvestre, G., Spillantini, P., Starodubtsev, O., Stolzi, F., Suh, J.E., Sulaj, A., Tiberio, A., Tricomi, A., Trifiro, A., Trimarchi, M., Vannuccini, E., Zampa, G., Zampa, N.

المصدر: In Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A April 2024 1061

المؤلفون: Adriani, O., Ambrosi, G., Azzarello, P., Basti, A., Berti, E., Bertucci, B., Bigongiari, G., Bonechi, L., Bongi, M., Bottai, S., Brianzi, M., Brogi, P., Castellini, G., Catanzani, E., Checchia, C., D'Alessandro, R., Detti, S., Duranti, M., Finetti, N., Formato, V., Ionica, M., Maestro, P., Maletta, F., Marrocchesi, P. S., Mori, N., Pacini, L., Papini, P., Ricciarini, S., Silvestre, G., Spillantini, P., Starodubtsev, O., Stolzi, F., Suh, J. E., Sulaj, A., Tiberio, A., Vannuccini, E.

المصدر: JINST 15 P09034 (2020)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

الوصف: A multi-messenger, space-based cosmic ray detector for gamma rays and charged particles poses several design challenges due to the different instrumental requirements for the two kind of particles. Gamma-ray detection requires layers of high Z materials for photon conversion and a tracking device with a long lever arm to achieve the necessary angular resolution to separate point sources; on the contrary, charge measurements for atomic nuclei requires a thin detector in order to avoid unwanted fragmentation, and a shallow instrument so to maximize the geometric factor. In this paper, a novel tracking approach for gamma rays which tries to reconcile these two conflicting requirements is presented. The proposal is based on the Tracker-In-Calorimeter (TIC) design that relies on a highly-segmented calorimeter to track the incident gamma ray by sampling the lateral development of the electromagnetic shower at different depths. The effectiveness of this approach has been studied with Monte Carlo simulations and has been validated with test beam data of a detector prototype.
Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables

URL الوصول: http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.01390

المؤلفون: Grimani, C., Armano, M., Audley, H., Baird, J., Benella, S., Binetruy, P., Born, M., Bortoluzzi, D., Castelli, E., Cavalleri, A., Cesarini, A., Cruise, A. M., Danzmann, K., Silva, M. de Deus, Diepholz, I., Dixon, G., Dolesi, R., Fabi, M., Ferraioli, L., Ferroni, V., Finetti, N., Fitzsimons, E. D., Freschi, M., Gesa, L., Gibert, F., Giardini, D., Giusteri, R., Grzymisch, J., Harrison, I., Heinzel, G., Hewitson, M., Hollington, D., Hoyland, D., Hueller, M., Inchauspé, H., Jennrich, O., Jetzer, P., Karnesis, N., Kaune, B., Korsakova, N., Killow, C. J., Kudela, K., Laurenza, M., Lobo, J. A., Lloro, I., Liu, L., López-Zaragoza, J. P., Maarschalkerweerd, R., Mance, D., Meshksar, N., Martín, V., Martin-Polo, L., Martino, J., Martin-Porqueras, F., Mateos, I., McNamara, P. W., Mendes, J., Mendes, L., Nofrarias, M., Paczkowski, S., Perreur-Lloyd, M., Petiteau, A., Pivato, P., Plagnol, E., Ramos-Castro, J., Reiche, J., Robertson, D. I., Rivas, F., Russano, G., Slutsky, J., Sopuerta, C. F., Sumner, T., Telloni, D., Texier, D., Thorpe, J. I., Vetrugno, D., Villani, M., Vitale, S., Wanner, G., Ward, H., Wass, P., Weber, W. J., Wissel, L., Wittchen, A., Zweifel, P.

المصدر: M. Armano et al 2019 ApJ 874 167

مصطلحات موضوعية: Physics - Space Physics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

الوصف: Non-recurrent short term variations of the galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) flux above 70 MeV n$^{-1}$ were observed between 2016 February 18 and 2017 July 3 aboard the European Space Agency LISA Pathfinder (LPF) mission orbiting around the Lagrange point L1 at 1.5$\times$10$^6$ km from Earth. The energy dependence of three Forbush decreases (FDs) is studied and reported here. A comparison of these observations with others carried out in space down to the energy of a few tens of MeV n$^{-1}$ shows that the same GCR flux parameterization applies to events of different intensity during the main phase. FD observations in L1 with LPF and geomagnetic storm occurrence is also presented. Finally, the characteristics of GCR flux non-recurrent variations (peaks and depressions) of duration $<$ 2 days and their association with interplanetary structures are investigated. It is found that, most likely, plasma compression regions between subsequent corotating high-speed streams cause peaks, while heliospheric current sheet crossing cause the majority of the depressions.

URL الوصول: http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.04694

المؤلفون: Armano, M., Audley, H., Baird, J., Bassan, M., Benella, S., Binetruy, P., Born, M., Bortoluzzi, D., Cavalleri, A., Cesarini, A., Cruise, A. M., Danzmann, K., Silva, M. de Deus, Diepholz, I., Dixon, G., Dolesi, R., Fabi, M., Ferraioli, L., Ferroni, V., Finetti, N., Fitzsimons, E. D., Freschi, M., Gesa, L., Gibert, F., Giardini, D., Giusteri, R., Grimani, C., Grzymisch, J., Harrison, I., Heinzel, G., Hewitson, M., Hollington, D., Hoyland, D., Hueller, M., Inchauspé, H., Jennrich, O., Jetzer, P., Karnesis, N., Kaune, B., Korsakova, N., Killow, C. J., Laurenza, M., Lobo, J. A., Lloro, I., Liu, L., López-Zaragoza, J. P., Maarschalkerweerd, R., Mance, D., Martín, V., Martin-Polo, L., Martino, J., Martin-Porqueras, F., Mateos, I., McNamara, P. W., Mendes, J., Mendes, L., Nofrarias, M., Paczkowski, S., Perreur-Lloyd, M., Petiteau, A., Pivato, P., Plagnol, E., Ramos-Castro, J., Reiche, J., Robertson, D. I., Rivas, F., Russano, G., Sabbatini, F., Slutsky, J., Sopuerta, C. F., Sumner, T., Telloni, D., Texier, D., Thorpe, J. I., Vetrugno, D., Vitale, S., Wanner, G., Ward, H., Wass, P., Weber, W. J., Wissel, L., Wittchen, A., Zambotti, A., Zanoni, C., Zweifel, P.

المصدر: The Astrophysical Journal, 854, 2018, 113

مصطلحات موضوعية: Physics - Space Physics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

الوصف: Galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) energy spectra observed in the inner heliosphere are modulated by the solar activity, the solar polarity and structures of solar and interplanetary origin. A high counting rate particle detector (PD) aboard LISA Pathfinder (LPF), meant for subsystems diagnostics, was devoted to the measurement of galactic cosmic-ray and solar energetic particle integral fluxes above 70 MeV n$^{-1}$ up to 6500 counts s$^{-1}$. PD data were gathered with a sampling time of 15 s. Characteristics and energy-dependence of GCR flux recurrent depressions and of a Forbush decrease dated August 2, 2016 are reported here. The capability of interplanetary missions, carrying PDs for instrument performance purposes, in monitoring the passage of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) is also discussed.

URL الوصول: http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.09374

المؤلفون: Armano, M, Audley, H, Baird, J, Binetruy, P, Born, M, Bortoluzzi, D, Castelli, E, Cavalleri, A, Cesarini, A, Cruise, M, Danzmann, K, Silva, M de Deus, Diepholz, I, Dixon, G, Dolesi, R, Ferraioli, L, Ferroni, V, Finetti, N, Fitzsimons, E D, Freschi, M, Gesa, L, Gibert, F, Giardini, D, Giusteri, R, Grimani, C, Grzymisch, J, Harrison, I, Heinzel, G, Hewitson, M, Hollington, D, Hoyland, D, Hueller, M, Inchauspe, H, Jennrich, O, Jetzer, P, Karnesis, N, Kaune, B, Korsakova, N, Killow, C J, Lobo, J A, Lloro, I, Liu, L, Lopez-Zaragoza, J P, Maarschalkerweerd, R, Mance, D, Meshskar, N, Martin, V, Martin-Polo, L, Martino, J, Martin-Porqueras, F, Mateos, I, McNamara, P W, Mendes, J, Mendes, L, Nofrarias, M, Paczkowski, S, Perreur-Lloyd, M, Petiteau, A, Pivato, P, Plagnol, E, Ramos-Castro, J, Reiche, J, Robertson, D I, Rivas, F, Russano, G, Slutsky, J, Sopuerta, C F, Sumner, T, Texier, D, Thorpe, J I, Vetrugno, D, Vitale, S, Wanner, G, Ward, H, Wass, P, Weber, W J, Wissel, L, Wittchen, A, Zweifel, P

مصطلحات موضوعية: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

الوصف: Test mass charging caused by cosmic rays will be a significant source of acceleration noise for space-based gravitational wave detectors like LISA. Operating between December 2015 and July 2017, the technology demonstration mission LISA Pathfinder included a bespoke monitor to help characterise the relationship between test mass charging and the local radiation environment. The radiation monitor made in situ measurements of the cosmic ray flux while also providing information about its energy spectrum. We describe the monitor and present measurements which show a gradual 40% increase in count rate coinciding with the declining phase of the solar cycle. Modulations of up to 10% were also observed with periods of 13 and 26 days that are associated with co-rotating interaction regions and heliospheric current sheet crossings. These variations in the flux above the monitor detection threshold (approximately 70 MeV) are shown to be coherent with measurements made by the IREM monitor on-board the Earth orbiting INTEGRAL spacecraft. Finally we use the measured deposited energy spectra, in combination with a GEANT4 model, to estimate the galactic cosmic ray differential energy spectrum over the course of the mission.

URL الوصول: http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.07427

المؤلفون: Cattaneo, P. W., Adriani, O., Albergo, S., Auditore, L., Basti, A., Berti, E., Bigongiari, G., Bonechi, L., Bonechi, S., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Brogi, P., Carotenuto, G., Castellini, G., ďAlessandro, R., Detti, S., Fasoli, M., Finetti, N., Italiano, A., Lenzi, P., Maestro, P., Marrocchesi, P. S., Mori, N., Olmi, M., Orzan, G., Pacini, L., Papini, P., Pellegriti, M. G., Rappoldi, A., Ricciarini, S., Rossella, M., Sciutto, A., Spillantini, P., Starodubtsev, O., Stolzi, F., Suh, J. E., Sulaj, A., Tiberio, A., Tricomi, A., Trifiró, A., Trimarchi, M., Vannuccini, E., Vedda, A., Zampa, G., Zampa, N.

مصطلحات موضوعية: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors

الوصف: In order to extend the direct observation of high-energy cosmic rays up to the PeV region, highly performing calorimeters with large geometrical acceptance and high energy resolution are required. Within the constraint of the total mass of the apparatus, crucial for a space mission, the calorimeters must be optimized with respect to their geometrical acceptance, granularity and absorption depth. CaloCube is a homogeneous calorimeter with cubic geometry, to maximise the acceptance being sensitive to particles from every direction in space; granularity is obtained by relying on small cubic scintillating crystals as active elements. Different scintillating materials have been studied. The crystal sizes and spacing among them have been optimized with respect to the energy resolution. A prototype, based on CsI(Tl) cubic crystals, has been constructed and tested with particle beams. Some results of tests with different beams at CERN are presented.
Comment: Seven pages, seven pictures. Proceedings of INSTR17 Novosibirsk

URL الوصول: http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.07027

المؤلفون: Topchiev, N. P., Galper, A. M., Bonvicini, V., Adriani, O., Aptekar, R. L., Arkhangelskaja, I. V., Arkhangelskiy, A. I., Bakaldin, A. V., Bergstrom, L., Berti, E., Bigongiari, G., Bobkov, S. G., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bonechi, L., Bongi, M., Bottai, S., Castellini, G., Cattaneo, P. W., Cumani, P., Dalkarov, O. D., Dedenko, G. L., De Donato, C., Dogiel, V. A., Finetti, N., Gascon, D., Gorbunov, M. S., Gusakov, Yu. V., Hnatyk, B. I., Kadilin, V. V., Kaplin, V. A., Kaplun, A. A., Kheymits, M. D., Korepanov, V. E., Larsson, J., Leonov, A. A., Loginov, V. A., Longo, F., Maestro, P., Marrocchesi, P. S., Martinez, M., Menshenin, A. L., Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Moiseev, A. A., Mori, N., Moskalenko, I. V., Naumov, P. Yu., Papini, P., Paredes, J. M., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Rappoldi, A., Ricciarini, S., Runtso, M. F., Ryde, F., Serdin, O. V., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Yu. I., Suchkov, S. I., Taraskin, A. A., Tavani, M., Tiberio, A., Tyurin, E. M., Ulanov, M. V., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Ward, J. E., Yurkin, Yu. T., Zampa, N., Zirakashvili, V. N., Zverev, V. G.

مصطلحات موضوعية: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

الوصف: The GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope with excellent angular and energy resolutions is designed to search for signatures of dark matter in the fluxes of gamma-ray emission and electrons + positrons. Precision investigations of gamma-ray emission from Galactic Center, Crab, Vela, Cygnus, Geminga, and other regions will be performed, as well as diffuse gamma-ray emission, along with measurements of high-energy electron + positron and nuclei fluxes. Furthermore, it will study gamma-ray bursts and gamma-ray emission from the Sun during periods of solar activity. The energy range of GAMMA-400 is expected to be from ~20 MeV up to TeV energies for gamma rays, up to 20 TeV for electrons + positrons, and up to 10E15 eV for cosmic-ray nuclei. For high-energy gamma rays with energy from 10 to 100 GeV, the GAMMA-400 angular resolution improves from 0.1{\deg} to ~0.01{\deg} and energy resolution from 3% to ~1%; the proton rejection factor is ~5x10E5. GAMMA-400 will be installed onboard the Russian space observatory.
Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables, submitted to the proceedings of ICRC2015

URL الوصول: http://arxiv.org/abs/1507.06246