-
1دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Frances M. Nilsen, John A. Bowden, Thomas R. Rainwater, Arnold M. Brunell, Brittany L. Kassim, Phil M. Wilkinson, Louis J. Guillette, Jr, Stephen E. Long, Tracey B. Schock
المصدر: Environment International, Vol 128, Iss , Pp 324-334 (2019)
مصطلحات موضوعية: Environmental sciences, GE1-350
الوصف: Toxic trace element exposure occurs through release of the ubiquitous and naturally occurring elements arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg). The unique environmental conditions of the wetland ecosystems along the southeastern Atlantic coast of the United States lead to the accumulation of Hg which is greater than in most other ecosystems in the country. There are also point sources of As, Cd, and Pb in this region. To effectively monitor trace element concentrations, and consequently the potential human exposure, accessible local sentinel species are needed. In this study, concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Hg and six other trace elements (Al, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo) were examined in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from seven wetland sites in South Carolina and Florida and assessed for their utility as a sentinel species for human trace element exposure. Alligators were chosen as a potential sentinel as they share a common exposure with the local human population through their aquatic diet, and they are directly consumed commercially and through recreation hunting in this region. Sex was significantly related to the concentration of Zn, Mo, and Al, but not As, Pb, Hg, Cd, Se, or Cu. Site specific differences in element concentrations were observed for As, Pb, Hg, Cd, Se, Zn, and Mo. Size/age was significantly related to the element Hg and Pb concentrations observed. The observed concentration ranges for the four toxic elements, As (6–156 ng/g), Cd (0.3–1.3 ng/g), Pb (3–4872 ng/g), and Hg (39–2765 ng/g), were comparable to those previously reported in diverse human populations. In this region alligators are hunted recreationally and consumed by the local community, making them a vehicle of direct human toxic element exposure. We propose that the similarity in As, Cd, Pb, and Hg concentrations between alligators observed in this study and humans underscores how alligators can serve as a useful sentinel species for toxic element exposure.
وصف الملف: electronic resource
-
2دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Frances M. Nilsen, Jazmin D.C. Ruiz, Nicolle S. Tulve
المصدر: MDPI, IJERPH. 17(15):1-35
الوصف: General cognitive ability, often referred to as ‘general intelligence’, comprises a variety of correlated abilities. Childhood general cognitive ability is a well-studied area of research and can be used to predict social outcomes and perceived success. Early life stage (e.g., prenatal, postnatal, toddler) exposures to stressors (i.e., chemical and non-chemical stressors from the total (built, natural, social) environment) can impact the development of childhood cognitive ability. Building from our systematic scoping review (Ruiz et al., 2016), we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate more than 100 stressors related to cognitive development. Our meta-analysis identified 23 stressors with a significant increase in their likelihood to influence childhood cognitive ability by 10% or more, and 80 stressors were observed to have a statistically significant effect on cognitive ability. Stressors most impactful to cognition during the prenatal period were related to maternal health and the mother’s ability to access information relevant to a healthy pregnancy (e.g., diet, lifestyle). Stressors most impactful to cognition during the early childhood period were dietary nutrients (infancy), quality of social interaction (toddler), and exposure to toxic substances (throughout early childhood). In conducting this analysis, we examined the relative impact of real-world exposures on cognitive development to attempt to understand the inter-relationships between exposures to both chemical and non-chemical stressors and early developmental life stages. Our findings suggest that the stressors observed to be the most influential to childhood cognitive ability are not permanent and can be broadly categorized as activities/behaviors which can be modified to improve childhood cognition. This meta-analysis supports the idea that there are complex relationships between a child’s total environment and early cognitive development.
-
3دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Frances M. Nilsen, Jessica Frank, Nicolle S. Tulve
المصدر: MDPI, IJERPH. 17(7):1-32
الوصف: Childhood behavioral outcomes have been linked to low quality intrauterine environments caused by prenatal exposures to both chemical and non-chemical stressors. The effect(s) from the many stressors a child can be prenatally exposed to may be influenced by complex interactive relationships that are just beginning to be understood. Chemical stressors influence behavioral outcomes by affecting the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) enzyme, which is involved in serotonin metabolism and the neuroendocrine response to stress. Non-chemical stressors, particularly those associated with violence, have been shown to influence and exacerbate the externalizing behavioral outcomes associated with low MAOA activity and slowed serotonin metabolism. The adverse developmental effects associated with high stress and maternal drug use during pregnancy are well documented. However, research examining the combined effects of other non-chemical and chemical stressors on development and childhood outcomes as a result of gestational exposures is scarce but is an expanding field. In this systematic review, we examined the extant literature to explore the interrelationships between exposures to chemical and non-chemical stressors (specifically stressful/traumatic experiences), MAOA characteristics, and childhood externalizing behaviors. We observed that exposures to chemical stressors (recreational drugs and environmental chemicals) are significantly related to externalizing behavioral outcomes in children. We also observed that existing literature examining the interactions between MAOA characteristics, exposures to chemical stressors, and traumatic experiences and their effects on behavioral outcomes is sparse. We propose that maternal stress and cortisol fluctuations during pregnancy may be an avenue to link these concepts. We recommend that future studies investigating childhood behaviors include chemical and non-chemical stressors as well as children’s inherent genetic characteristics to gain
-
4
المؤلفون: Jessica Frank, Frances M. Nilsen, Nicolle S. Tulve
المصدر: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 17, Iss 2361, p 2361 (2020)
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Healthمصطلحات موضوعية: psychosocial, Hydrocortisone, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Child Behavior, lcsh:Medicine, Child Behavior Disorders, Review, Violence, cortisol, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, children, Pregnancy, Stress, Physiological, well-being, Humans, Medicine, Family, Child, Monoamine Oxidase, biology, business.industry, Stressor, lcsh:R, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, Mental health, Prenatal development, 030227 psychiatry, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Meta-analysis, Well-being, biology.protein, Female, Monoamine oxidase A, business, gestational, Psychosocial, Stress, Psychological, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, mental health, Clinical psychology
الوصف: Childhood behavioral outcomes have been linked to low quality intrauterine environments caused by prenatal exposures to both chemical and non-chemical stressors. The effect(s) from the many stressors a child can be prenatally exposed to may be influenced by complex interactive relationships that are just beginning to be understood. Chemical stressors influence behavioral outcomes by affecting the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) enzyme, which is involved in serotonin metabolism and the neuroendocrine response to stress. Non-chemical stressors, particularly those associated with violence, have been shown to influence and exacerbate the externalizing behavioral outcomes associated with low MAOA activity and slowed serotonin metabolism. The adverse developmental effects associated with high stress and maternal drug use during pregnancy are well documented. However, research examining the combined effects of other non-chemical and chemical stressors on development and childhood outcomes as a result of gestational exposures is scarce but is an expanding field. In this systematic review, we examined the extant literature to explore the interrelationships between exposures to chemical and non-chemical stressors (specifically stressful/traumatic experiences), MAOA characteristics, and childhood externalizing behaviors. We observed that exposures to chemical stressors (recreational drugs and environmental chemicals) are significantly related to externalizing behavioral outcomes in children. We also observed that existing literature examining the interactions between MAOA characteristics, exposures to chemical stressors, and traumatic experiences and their effects on behavioral outcomes is sparse. We propose that maternal stress and cortisol fluctuations during pregnancy may be an avenue to link these concepts. We recommend that future studies investigating childhood behaviors include chemical and non-chemical stressors as well as children’s inherent genetic characteristics to gain a holistic understanding of the relationship between prenatal exposures and childhood behavioral outcomes.
-
5
المؤلفون: Phil M. Wilkinson, Stephen E. Long, Tracey B. Schock, John A. Bowden, Frances M. Nilsen, Arnold M. Brunell, Thomas R. Rainwater, Louis J. Guillette, Russell H. Lowers
المصدر: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 189
مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, food.ingredient, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, South Carolina, Alligator, 0211 other engineering and technologies, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Biology, Maternal blood, 01 natural sciences, food, Animal science, Natural range, Yolk, biology.animal, Animals, Two sample, American alligator, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ovum, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Alligators and Crocodiles, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, General Medicine, Mercury, biology.organism_classification, Pollution, Mercury (element), Lakes, chemistry, Maternal Exposure, embryonic structures, Florida, Female, Oviparity, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Environmental Monitoring
الوصف: American alligators are exposed to mercury (Hg) throughout their natural range and may maternally transfer Hg into their eggs. Wildlife species are highly sensitive to Hg toxicity during embryonic development and neonatal life, and information on Hg transfer into eggs is critical when attempting to understand the effects of Hg exposure on developing oviparous organisms. To examine Hg transfer in alligators, the objectives of the present study were to 1) determine Hg concentrations in yolk (embryonic and neonatal food source) from wild alligator eggs collected from three locations - Yawkey Wildlife Center SC (YWC), Lake Apopka FL (LA), and Lake Woodruff FL (LW); 2) examine the relationship between THg concentrations in wild alligator nest material and egg yolk at Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, FL; 3) examine the Hg concentrations in wild maternal female alligators (blood) and the THg in corresponding egg yolks and embryos across three nesting seasons at a single location (YWC), and evaluate the relationship between nesting female THg concentrations (blood) and their estimated age and number of nesting years (YWC); and 4) assess the transfer of biologically-relevant Hg concentrations (based on Hg measured in maternal female blood) into embryos using an egg-dosing experiment. Mean total Hg (THg) concentrations observed at each site were 26.3 ng/g ± 11.0 ng/g (YWC), 8.8 ng/g ± 5.1 ng/g (LA), and 22.6 ng/g ± 6.3 ng/g (LW). No relationship was observed between THg in alligator nest material and corresponding yolk samples, nor between THg in maternal alligator blood and estimated age and number of nesting years of these animals. However, significant positive relationships were observed between THg in blood of nesting female alligators and THg in their corresponding egg yolk. We observed that 12.8% of the maternal blood THg is found in the corresponding egg yolk, and a highly significant correlation was observed between the two sample types (r = 0.66; p 0.0001). The egg dosing experiment revealed that Hg did not transfer through the eggshell at developmental stage 19. Overall, this study provides new information regarding Hg transfer in American alligators which can improve biomonitoring efforts and may inform ecotoxicological investigations and population management programs in areas of high Hg contamination.
-
6
المؤلفون: Louis J. Guillette, J. Patrick Delaney, Brittany L. Kassim, Frances M. Nilsen, Ted Lange, Arnold M. Brunell, Tracey B. Schock, Stephen E. Long
المصدر: Chemosphere. 181:343-351
مصطلحات موضوعية: Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Alligator, Population, 010501 environmental sciences, Biology, 01 natural sciences, biology.animal, Biomonitoring, Animals, Environmental Chemistry, Ecotoxicology, Tissue Distribution, Trace metal, American alligator, education, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Apex predator, Alligators and Crocodiles, education.field_of_study, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Trace element, General Medicine, General Chemistry, biology.organism_classification, Pollution, United States, Trace Elements, Environmental chemistry, Florida, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Environmental Monitoring
الوصف: Routine monitoring of contaminant levels in wildlife is important for understanding chemical exposure and ultimately the link to ecosystem and human health. This is particularly important when the monitored species is recreationally hunted for human consumption. In the southeastern United States, recreational alligator harvesting takes place annually and in locations that are known to be contaminated with environmental pollutants. In this study, we investigated the biodistribution of trace elements in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) from five sites in Florida, USA. These sites are locations where annual recreational alligator harvesting is permitted and two of the sites are identified as having high mercury contamination with human consumption advisories in effect. We utilized routinely collected monitoring samples (blood and scute), a commonly consumed tissue (muscle), and a classically analyzed tissue for environmental contaminants (liver) to demonstrate how the trace elements were distributed within the American alligator. We describe elemental tissue compartmentalization in an apex predator and investigate if noninvasive samples (blood and scute) can be used to estimate muscle tissue concentrations for a subset of elements measured. We found significant correlations for Hg, Rb, Se, Zn and Pb between noninvasive samples and consumed tissue and also found that Hg was the only trace metal of concern for this population of alligators. This study fills a gap in trace elemental analysis for reptilian apex predators in contaminated environments. Additionally, comprehensive elemental analysis of routinely collected samples can inform biomonitoring efforts and consumption advisories.
-
7
المؤلفون: Tracey B. Schock, Arnold M. Brunell, Brittany L. Kassim, Thomas R. Rainwater, John A. Bowden, Stephen E. Long, Frances M. Nilsen, Phil M. Wilkinson, Louis J. Guillette
المصدر: Environment international
Environment International, Vol 128, Iss, Pp 324-334 (2019)مصطلحات موضوعية: Pollution, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Sentinel species, media_common.quotation_subject, South Carolina, Alligator, Population, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Article, biology.animal, Animals, Humans, education, Arsenic, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, media_common, lcsh:GE1-350, Cadmium, education.field_of_study, Alligators and Crocodiles, biology, Trace element, Environmental Exposure, Mercury (element), Trace Elements, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Wetlands, Sentinel Species, Florida, Water Pollutants, Chemical
الوصف: Toxic trace element exposure occurs through release of the ubiquitous and naturally occurring elements arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg). The unique environmental conditions of the wetland ecosystems along the southeastern Atlantic coast of the United States lead to the accumulation of Hg which is greater than in most other ecosystems in the country. There are also point sources of As, Cd, and Pb in this region. To effectively monitor trace element concentrations, and consequently the potential human exposure, accessible local sentinel species are needed. In this study, concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Hg and six other trace elements (Al, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo) were examined in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from seven wetland sites in South Carolina and Florida and assessed for their utility as a sentinel species for human trace element exposure. Alligators were chosen as a potential sentinel as they share a common exposure with the local human population through their aquatic diet, and they are directly consumed commercially and through recreation hunting in this region. Sex was significantly related to the concentration of Zn, Mo, and Al, but not As, Pb, Hg, Cd, Se, or Cu. Site specific differences in element concentrations were observed for As, Pb, Hg, Cd, Se, Zn, and Mo. Size/age was significantly related to the element Hg and Pb concentrations observed. The observed concentration ranges for the four toxic elements, As (6–156 ng/g), Cd (0.3–1.3 ng/g), Pb (3–4872 ng/g), and Hg (39–2765 ng/g), were comparable to those previously reported in diverse human populations. In this region alligators are hunted recreationally and consumed by the local community, making them a vehicle of direct human toxic element exposure. We propose that the similarity in As, Cd, Pb, and Hg concentrations between alligators observed in this study and humans underscores how alligators can serve as a useful sentinel species for toxic element exposure.
-
8
المؤلفون: Arnold M. Brunell, Louis J. Guillette, Stephen E. Somerville, Brittany L. Kassim, Frances M. Nilsen, Benjamin B. Parrott, Stephen E. Long, Ted Lange, Colleen E. Bryan, John A. Bowden, Teresa A. Bryan, J. Patrick Delaney
المصدر: Science of The Total Environment. :389-397
مصطلحات موضوعية: 0301 basic medicine, Aging, Environmental Engineering, Alligator, Zoology, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, biology.animal, Animals, Environmental Chemistry, Epigenetics, American alligator, Mercury contamination, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Alligators and Crocodiles, biology, Mercury, DNA Methylation, Contamination, biology.organism_classification, MERCURY EXPOSURE, Pollution, Mercury (element), 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, DNA methylation, Florida, Water Pollutants, Chemical
الوصف: Mercury is a widespread environmental contaminant with exposures eliciting a well-documented catalog of adverse effects. Yet, knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms by which mercury exposures are translated into biological effects remains incomplete. DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that is sensitive to environmental cues, and alterations in DNA methylation at the global level are associated with a variety of diseases. Using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based (LC-MS/MS) approach, global DNA methylation levels were measured in red blood cells of 144 wild American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from 6 sites with variable levels of mercury contamination across Florida’s north-south axis. Variation in mercury concentrations measured in whole blood was highly associated with location, allowing the comparison of global DNA methylation levels across different “treatments” of mercury. Global DNA methylation in alligators across all locations was weakly associated with increased mercury exposure. However, a much more robust relationship was observed in those animals sampled from locations more highly contaminated with mercury. Also, similar to other vertebrates, global DNA methylation appears to decline with age in alligators. The relationship between age-associated loss of global DNA methylation and varying mercury exposures was examined to reveal a potential interaction. These findings demonstrate that global DNA methylation levels are associated with mercury exposure, and give insights into interactions between contaminants, aging, and epigenetics.
-
9
المؤلفون: Nicolle S. Tulve, Jazmin D.C. Ruiz, Frances M Nilsen
المصدر: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 17, Iss 5451, p 5451 (2020)مصطلحات موضوعية: cognition, chemical, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, lcsh:Medicine, environmental health, Review, Developmental psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, children, Stress, Physiological, non-chemical, 030225 pediatrics, medicine, Cognitive development, Humans, risk factors, Family, Interpersonal Relations, Early childhood, Toddler, Child, development, Pregnancy, lcsh:R, Stressor, Infant, Newborn, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Cognition, medicine.disease, Social relation, Diet, Child, Preschool, Meta-analysis, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
الوصف: General cognitive ability, often referred to as ‘general intelligence’, comprises a variety of correlated abilities. Childhood general cognitive ability is a well-studied area of research and can be used to predict social outcomes and perceived success. Early life stage (e.g., prenatal, postnatal, toddler) exposures to stressors (i.e., chemical and non-chemical stressors from the total (built, natural, social) environment) can impact the development of childhood cognitive ability. Building from our systematic scoping review (Ruiz et al., 2016), we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate more than 100 stressors related to cognitive development. Our meta-analysis identified 23 stressors with a significant increase in their likelihood to influence childhood cognitive ability by 10% or more, and 80 stressors were observed to have a statistically significant effect on cognitive ability. Stressors most impactful to cognition during the prenatal period were related to maternal health and the mother’s ability to access information relevant to a healthy pregnancy (e.g., diet, lifestyle). Stressors most impactful to cognition during the early childhood period were dietary nutrients (infancy), quality of social interaction (toddler), and exposure to toxic substances (throughout early childhood). In conducting this analysis, we examined the relative impact of real-world exposures on cognitive development to attempt to understand the inter-relationships between exposures to both chemical and non-chemical stressors and early developmental life stages. Our findings suggest that the stressors observed to be the most influential to childhood cognitive ability are not permanent and can be broadly categorized as activities/behaviors which can be modified to improve childhood cognition. This meta-analysis supports the idea that there are complex relationships between a child’s total environment and early cognitive development.
-
10
المؤلفون: Nicolle S. Tulve, Frances M. Nilsen
المصدر: Environ Res
مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Serotonin uptake, Genotype, 010501 environmental sciences, Impulsivity, behavioral disciplines and activities, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Neurodevelopmental disorder, Stress, Physiological, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Life Style, Monoamine Oxidase, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, biology, business.industry, Stressor, Mental illness, medicine.disease, Mental health, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Impulsive Behavior, biology.protein, Environmental Pollutants, medicine.symptom, Monoamine oxidase A, business, Psychosocial, Clinical psychology
الوصف: Children may be more vulnerable to the combined interactions of chemical and non-chemical stressors from their built, natural, and social environments when compared to adults. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed childhood neurodevelopmental disorder and is considered a major public health issue, as 75% of childhood cases persist into adulthood. ADHD is characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention, with the neurotransmitter serotonin regulating these symptoms. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) aids in serotonin uptake and is often implicated in behavioral and emotional disorders, including ADHD. When children are exposed to cigarette smoke, bisphenol A (BPA), or organophosphate pesticides, MAOA activity is inhibited. Non-chemical stressors, such as traumatic childhood experiences, and lifestyle factors, complicate the relationship between genotype and exposures to chemical stressors. But the co-occurrence among outcomes between exposures to chemical stressors, non-chemical stressors, and the low activity MAOA genotype suggest that mental illness in children may be influenced by multiple interacting factors. In this systematic review, we examine the existing literature that combines exposures to chemical and non-chemical stressors (specifically childhood trauma), MAOA characteristics, and ADHD diagnosis to investigate the interrelationships present. We observe that chemical (lead [Pb], phthalates/plasticizers, persistent organic pollutants, and cigarette smoke) exposure is significantly related to ADHD in children. We also observed that existing literature examining the interaction between MAOA, exposures to chemical stressors, and traumatic experiences and their effect on ADHD outcomes is sparse. We recommend that future studies investigating childhood ADHD include chemical and non-chemical stressors and inherent characteristics to gain a holistic understanding of childhood mental health outcomes.
Full Text Finder