-
91
المؤلفون: Jonathan Davies, Maxwell J. Farrell
المصدر: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116:7911-7915
مصطلحات موضوعية: 0106 biological sciences, Parasitic Diseases, Animal, Zoology, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Host Specificity, 03 medical and health sciences, Phylogenetics, Animals, Domestication, 030304 developmental biology, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Phylogenetic tree, Host (biology), Biological Sciences, Biological Evolution, 3. Good health, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Animals, Domestic, Macroparasite, Mammal, Genetic Fitness, Microparasite
الوصف: Infectious diseases of domesticated animals impact human well-being via food insecurity, loss of livelihoods, and human infections. While much research has focused on parasites that infect single host species, most parasites of domesticated mammals infect multiple species. The impact of multihost parasites varies across hosts; some rarely result in death, whereas others are nearly always fatal. Despite their high ecological and societal costs, we currently lack theory for predicting the lethality of multihost parasites. Here, using a global dataset of >4,000 case-fatality rates for 65 infectious diseases (caused by microparasites and macroparasites) and 12 domesticated host species, we show that the average evolutionary distance from an infected host to other mammal host species is a strong predictor of disease-induced mortality. We find that as parasites infect species outside of their documented phylogenetic host range, they are more likely to result in lethal infections, with the odds of death doubling for each additional 10 million years of evolutionary distance. Our results for domesticated animal diseases reveal patterns in the evolution of highly lethal parasites that are difficult to observe in the wild and further suggest that the severity of infectious diseases may be predicted from evolutionary relationships among hosts.
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::d15b12e88bea35301779bd2487bfdeac
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817323116 -
92
المؤلفون: Danny Govender, Maxwell J. Farrell, Michelle van der Bank, Mehrdad Hajibabaei, T. Jonathan Davies
المصدر: Genome. 62:229-242
مصطلحات موضوعية: DNA, Bacterial, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Parks, Recreational, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic, Ecosystem, Molecular Biology, Abiotic component, Ecosystem health, Bacteria, Community, National park, Ecology, Species diversity, Biodiversity, General Medicine, 030104 developmental biology, Disturbance (ecology), Animal ecology, Environmental Monitoring, Biotechnology
الوصف: Bacteria are essential components of natural environments. They contribute to ecosystem functioning through roles as mutualists and pathogens for larger species, and as key components of food webs and nutrient cycles. Bacterial communities respond to environmental disturbances, and the tracking of these communities across space and time may serve as indicators of ecosystem health in areas of conservation concern. Recent advances in DNA sequencing of environmental samples allow for rapid and culture-free characterization of bacterial communities. Here we conduct the first metabarcoding survey of bacterial diversity in the waterholes of the Kruger National Park, South Africa. We show that eDNA can be amplified from waterholes and find strongly structured microbial communities, likely reflecting local abiotic conditions, animal ecology, and anthropogenic disturbance. Over timescales from days to weeks we find increased turnover in community composition, indicating bacteria may represent host-associated taxa of large vertebrates visiting the waterholes. Through taxonomic annotation we also identify pathogenic taxa, demonstrating the utility of eDNA metabarcoding for surveillance of infectious diseases. These samples serve as a baseline survey of bacterial diversity in the Kruger National Park, and in the future, spatially distinct microbial communities may be used as markers of ecosystem disturbance, or biotic homogenization across the park.
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::ee371bc8080af1cff0592fdad9cbb2e0
https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-2018-0064 -
93
المؤلفون: T. Jonathan Davies
المصدر: New Phytologist. 222:708-713
مصطلحات موضوعية: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Physiology, Biodiversity, Ecological and Environmental Phenomena, Plant Science, Macroevolution, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Phylogenetics, IUCN Red List, Phylogeny, Plant Physiological Phenomena, Macroecology, Extinction event, Fossils, Ecology, Endangered Species, social sciences, Biological Evolution, humanities, 030104 developmental biology, Geography, Threatened species, Taxonomy (biology), 010606 plant biology & botany
الوصف: Contents Summary 708 I. Introduction 708 II. Fossils and phylogenies: learning from our past 708 III. Threatened species and Red Lists 710 IV. The geography of threat 710 V. The taxonomy of threat 710 VI. Predicting species at risk 711 VII. Conclusion 711 Acknowledgements 712 References 712 SUMMARY: Current rates of extinction are unprecedented in human history. The fossil record and newer molecular phylogenies illuminate historical patterns of speciation and extinction. They reveal both spectacular radiations and the characteristic features of mass extinction events in our geological past. The IUCN Red List provides insight into present-day species declines. There is emerging synthesis that species at risk are nonrandomly distributed across space and phylogeny. This pattern may be explained by geographical variation in driver intensity and species differential sensitivities. However, traits that confer resistance to one global change driver may increase susceptibility to a different driver. A complete understanding of extinction risk requires consideration of the interaction between extinction drivers, ecological traits, and species' evolutionary histories.
-
94
المؤلفون: Tammy L. Elliott, T. Jonathan Davies
المصدر: Journal of Vegetation Science. 30:98-107
مصطلحات موضوعية: 0106 biological sciences, Vascular plant, Abiotic component, Ecology, Phylogenetic tree, biology, Niche, Beta diversity, Plant community, Plant Science, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Evolutionary biology, Phylogenetic niche conservatism, 010606 plant biology & botany
الوصف: QUESTION: Ecologists have long been interested in the delineation and description of plant communities but have only recently included phylogenetic data into these analyses. Here, we assess whether species‐based dissimilarities (beta diversity, BD) and more recent phylogenetic beta diversity (PhBD) measures are correlated with dissimilarities among sites based on abiotic variables. Additionally, we examine whether BD and PhBD measures aggregate sites into clusters that reflect their environmental attributes. Assuming phylogenetic conservatism in abiotic niche preferences, we predict PhBD dissimilarity matrices will correlate to those based on abiotic site variables, and that clusters determined by PhBD will more closely match to assemblages clustered by abiotic environment than will clusters determined by species BD. LOCATION: Mount Irony, Labrador in the Eastern Canadian subarctic. METHODS: We combine vascular plant co‐occurrence data collected from an elevation gradient on Mount Irony with information on phylogenetic relatedness to compare site dissimilarities based on abiotic variables with those estimated on measures of BD and PhBD. We also examine whether clusters based on BD and PhBD resemble clusters based on abiotic variables, and investigate whether similarly clustered sites are composed of species with similar evolutionary histories. RESULTS: We found significant correlations among the dissimilarity matrices and ordinations for the abiotic variables, BD and PhBD; however, neither BD nor PhBD aggregated assemblages into clusters that reflected their environmental differences. Further, we found no evidence that species within clusters were any more closely related than expected by chance. We observed similar patterns when communities were defined by all vascular plants and only angiosperms. CONCLUSIONS: The correlations among site dissimilarities based on abiotic variables, BD and PhBD suggest environmental filtering; however, sites clustered by BD and PhBD did not resemble those clustered by abiotic variables, indicating that the added value of phylogenetic data for local scale analyses might be limited.
-
95
المصدر: Global Ecology and Biogeography. 28:275-285
مصطلحات موضوعية: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Phylogenetic tree, Phylogenetic comparative methods, Latent variable, Flowering time, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Geographically Weighted Regression, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Non stationarity, Statistics, Unit-weighted regression, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Mathematics
-
96
المؤلفون: Alyce Black, Herwig Drobetz, Petra Buttner, Clare Heal, Jonathan Davies
المصدر: World Journal of Orthopedics
مصطلحات موضوعية: musculoskeletal diseases, Orthodontics, 030222 orthopedics, integumentary system, business.industry, Radius, musculoskeletal system, equipment and supplies, Loss of reduction, Screw placement, body regions, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Retrospective Study, Medicine, Volar locking distal radius plate, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Distal radius fracture, 030212 general & internal medicine, Cohort study, business
الوصف: AIM To determine factors correlated with postoperative radial shortening in patients with distal radius fractures treated with volar locking distal radius plates. METHODS A total of 250 patients with a distal radius fracture stabilised with volar locking plates between January 2010 and December 2014 were included in a multicentre retrospective cohort study. We measured the distance of the distal locking screws to the joint line immediately postoperatively and then measured radial shortening after six to eight weeks using the change in ulnar variance. RESULTS Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that there was a significant linear association between the distance of the screws from the joint line and radial shortening. No other patient, injury, or treatment-related characteristic significantly influenced radial shortening in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Distal locking screws should be placed as close as possible to the subchondral joint line to prevent postoperative loss of reduction.
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::b7a789996fe92f00a48270adfab6db38
https://doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v9.i10.203 -
97
المؤلفون: Cheryl Mitchell, Isabela Masuoka, Frank B. McCormick, Rose Marie Toruno, Jonathan Davies, Katherine Cugini, Erin Psencik, Stephanie Sarduy
المصدر: Seminars in Perinatology. 42:361-368
مصطلحات موضوعية: Occupational therapy, Aging, congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities, medicine.medical_specialty, media_common.quotation_subject, Psychological intervention, Personality psychology, Patient Care Planning, Patient Positioning, Weight-Bearing, 03 medical and health sciences, Presentation, 0302 clinical medicine, Occupational Therapy, Nursing, 030225 pediatrics, Conjoined twins, medicine, Humans, Social Change, Twins, Conjoined, Physical Therapy Modalities, media_common, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Obstetrics and Gynecology, medicine.disease, Occupational therapy treatment, body regions, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Quality of Life, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Personality
الوصف: Conjoined twins are a rare occurrence that offer unique challenges and circumstances to therapists. The overall goal of physical and occupational therapy treatment is to provide care that promotes developmental progression to two conjoined individuals with distinct personalities and potentially different physical and medical needs. The unique presentation of conjoined twins must be considered in determining therapeutic goals, interventions and plans of care. Providing therapeutic interventions throughout the NICU stay is a dynamic, evolving process, which challenges the therapy team to work together to find solutions. This paper aims to highlight the considerations, challenges, and strategies used to address barriers in the therapeutic care of conjoined twins.
-
98
المصدر: Journal of Ecology. 107:105-117
مصطلحات موضوعية: 0106 biological sciences, Herbivore, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, Environmental change, fungi, Global warming, Climate change, Global change, Plant Science, 15. Life on land, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Herbarium, 13. Climate action, Abundance (ecology), Ecosystem, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
الوصف: Predicting how ecological interactions will respond to global change is a major challenge. Plants and their associated insect herbivores compose much of macroscopic diversity, yet how their interactions have been altered by recent environmental change remains underexplored. To address this gap, we quantified herbivory on herbarium specimens of four plant species with records extending back 112 years. Our study focused on the northeastern US, where temperatures have increased rapidly over the last few decades. This region also represents a range of urban development, a form of global change that has shown variable effects on herbivores in the past studies. Herbarium specimens collected in the early 2000s were 23% more likely to be damaged by herbivores than those collected in the early 1900s. Herbivory was greater following warmer winters and at low latitudes, suggesting that climate warming may drive increasing insect damage over time. In contrast, human population densities were negatively associated with herbivore damage. To explore whether changes in insect occurrence or abundance might explain shifts in herbivory, we used insect observational records to build climate occupancy models for lepidopteran herbivores (butterflies and moths) of our focal plant species. These models show that higher winter temperatures were associated with higher probability of insect herbivore presence, while urbanization was associated with reduced probability of herbivore presence, supporting a link between insect herbivore occurrence and herbivory mediated through environment. Synthesis. Using a temporal record of plant herbivory that spans over a century, we show that both temperature and urbanization influence insect damage to plants, but in very different ways. Our results indicate that damage to plants by insect herbivores will likely continue to increase through time in the northeastern US as global temperatures rise, but that urbanization may disrupt local effects of winter warming on herbivory by excluding certain herbivores. These changes may scale to shape ecosystem processes that are driven by herbivory, including plant productivity.
-
99
المؤلفون: Maxwell J. Farrell, John Paul Schmidt, T. Jonathan Davies
المصدر: Ecology lettersReferences. 24(6)
مصطلحات موضوعية: 0106 biological sciences, Extinction, Pollination, Range (biology), Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Naturalisation, Introduced species, Interspecific competition, Diversification (marketing strategy), Biology, Plants, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Biological Evolution, Magnoliopsida, Phenotype, Threatened species, Humans, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Phylogeny
الوصف: Due to expanding global trade and movement of people, new plant species are establishing in exotic ranges at increasing rates while the number of native species facing extinction from multiple threats grows. Yet, how species losses and gains globally may, together, be linked to traits and macroevolutionary processes is poorly understood. Here, we show that, adjusting for diversification rate and clade age, the proportion of threatened species across flowering plant families is negatively related to the proportion of naturalised species per family. Moreover, naturalisation is positively associated with range size, short generation time, autonomous seed production and interspecific hybridisation, but negatively with age and diversification, whereas threat is negatively associated with range size and hybridisation, and positively with biotic pollination, age and diversification rate. That we find such a pronounced signature of naturalisation and threat across plant families suggests that both trait syndromes have coexisted over deep evolutionary time and counter to intuition, that neither strategy is necessarily superior to the other over long evolutionary timespans.
-
100
المؤلفون: Daniel, Rehling, Si Min, Zhang, Ann-Sofie, Jemth, Tobias, Koolmeister, Adam, Throup, Olov, Wallner, Emma, Scaletti, Takaya, Moriyama, Rina, Nishii, Jonathan, Davies, Matthieu, Desroses, Sean G, Rudd, Martin, Scobie, Evert, Homan, Ulrika Warpman, Berglund, Jun J, Yang, Thomas, Helleday, Pål, Stenmark
المصدر: The Journal of Biological Chemistry
مصطلحات موضوعية: Models, Molecular, TPMT, thiopurine S-methyltransferase, crystal structure, NUDIX, Protein Conformation, hNUDT15, human NUDT15, DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide, Crystallography, X-Ray, MTH2, ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, inhibitor, CETSA, cellular thermal shift assay, Mutation, mNUDT15, mouse NUDT15, Tagg, apparent aggregation temperature, Enzyme Inhibitors, Pyrophosphatases, NUDT15, hydrolase, Thioguanine, 6-TG, 6-thioguanine, AML, acute myeloid leukemia, ITDRFCETSA, isothermal dose–response fingerprint CETSA, Research Article
الوصف: The enzyme NUDT15 efficiently hydrolyzes the active metabolites of thiopurine drugs, which are routinely used for treating cancer and inflammatory diseases. Loss-of-function variants in NUDT15 are strongly associated with thiopurine intolerance, such as leukopenia, and preemptive NUDT15 genotyping has been clinically implemented to personalize thiopurine dosing. However, understanding the molecular consequences of these variants has been difficult, as no structural information was available for NUDT15 proteins encoded by clinically actionable pharmacogenetic variants because of their inherent instability. Recently, the small molecule NUDT15 inhibitor TH1760 has been shown to sensitize cells to thiopurines, through enhanced accumulation of 6-thio-guanine in DNA. Building upon this, we herein report the development of the potent and specific NUDT15 inhibitor, TH7755. TH7755 demonstrates a greatly improved cellular target engagement and 6-thioguanine potentiation compared with TH1760, while showing no cytotoxicity on its own. This potent inhibitor also stabilized NUDT15, enabling analysis by X-ray crystallography. We have determined high-resolution structures of the clinically relevant NUDT15 variants Arg139Cys, Arg139His, Val18Ile, and V18_V19insGlyVal. These structures provide clear insights into the structural basis for the thiopurine intolerance phenotype observed in patients carrying these pharmacogenetic variants. These findings will aid in predicting the effects of new NUDT15 sequence variations yet to be discovered in the clinic.
URL الوصول: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=pmid________::130f97052116c35583832066329748df
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33753169
Full Text via ClinicalKey