المؤلفون: Scheall, Scott^Aff2

المساهمون: Tinguely, Joseph J., editor^Aff1

المصدر: The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophy and Money : Volume 2: Modern Thought. :511-534

المؤلفون: McLure, Michael, Stevens, Riko

المصدر: Revue européenne des sciences sociales. 2024, 61-2(2), p. 207-234.

الإتاحة: https://www.cairn.info/revue-europeenne-des-sciences-sociales-2023-2-page-207.htm

المؤلفون: Bridel, Pascal

المصدر: Revue européenne des sciences sociales. 2024, 61-2(2), p. 235-256.

الإتاحة: https://www.cairn.info/revue-europeenne-des-sciences-sociales-2023-2-page-235.htm

المؤلفون: Maxime Desmarais-Tremblay

المصدر: Œconomia, Vol 11, Iss 2, Pp 315-346 (2021)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Walras (Léon), Musgrave (Richard A.), public goods, merit goods, methodology, Social Sciences

الوصف: Léon Walras (1834-1910) and Richard A. Musgrave (1910-2007) both argued that the state was providing public goods that were not directly demanded by individuals. Famous for his exposition of the theory of general equilibrium, Walras framed his ideas on public goods in a peculiar conception of the relationship between individuals and the state. This paper argues that Walras’ ideas on public goods failed to reach mainstream public economics because they did not abide to methodological individualism. In contrast, Musgrave, who originally rejected the idea of an individual assessment of public goods, rallied to methodological individualism in the 1950s. Thus, his definition of public goods as non-rival and non-excludable came to be widely accepted in the field. In fact, his residual concept of merit goods was rejected by economists precisely because it violated methodological individualism and the principle of consumers’ sovereignty.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

Relation: http://journals.openedition.org/oeconomia/11218; https://doaj.org/toc/2113-5207; https://doaj.org/toc/2269-8450

URL الوصول: https://doaj.org/article/013813c8ffe84194bd164388679e86e3

المؤلفون: Robert W. Dimand

المصدر: Œconomia, Vol 11, Iss 2, Pp 253-280 (2021)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Cowles Commission, general equilibrium analysis, Fisher (Irving), Walras (Léon), Social Sciences

الوصف: This paper explores the relationship of Walras’s work to a particularly influential tradition of general equilibrium, that associated with the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics in Colorado in the 1930s and at the University of Chicago from 1939 to 1955, and its successor, the Cowles Foundation, at Yale University from 1955. Irving Fisher introduced general equilibrium analysis into North America with his 1891 Yale dissertation Mathematical Investigations in the Theory of Value and Prices (published 1892) and was responsible in 1892 for the first English translation of a monograph by Walras. Fisher was only able to obtain copies of books by Walras and Edgeworth when his thesis was almost ready for submission, discovering that he had independently reinvented a general equilibrium approach already developed by others, but went beyond Walras in constructing a hydraulic mechanism to simulate computation of general equilibrium and, before Pareto, in using indifference curves. Fisher was closely involved with Alfred Cowles in the Cowles Commission, the Econometric Society and Econometrica in the 1930s, promoting formal mathematical and statistical methods in economics, including drawing attention to the contributions of Walras, Edgeworth and Pareto. The first substantial, systematic work on general equilibrium at the Cowles Commission was in international trade, by Theodore Yntema, research director of the Cowles Commission from 1939 to 1942 and author of A Mathematical Reformulation of the General Theory of International Trade (1932) and by Yntema’s student, Jacob Mosak, author of General Equilibrium Theory in International Trade (1944). A subsequent, much better-known body of work on existence of general equilibrium at Cowles was by Kenneth Arrow and Gerard Debreu (initially independently but leading to a major joint publication) and by Lionel McKenzie, all three associated with the Cowles Commission in Chicago in the early 1950s. After Cowles moved to Yale, the focus of general equilibrium research at the Cowles Foundation was Herbert Scarf’s pioneering work on computable general equilibrium (which he linked to Fisher’s earlier attempt, first presenting his approach in his contribution to Ten Economic Studies in the Tradition of Irving Fisher, 1967). Fisher and then the Cowles Commission were the channel through which Walrasian general equilibrium analysis entered North American economics. This paper is part of a larger history of the Cowles Commission and Foundation, commissioned by the Cowles Foundation.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

Relation: http://journals.openedition.org/oeconomia/10940; https://doaj.org/toc/2113-5207; https://doaj.org/toc/2269-8450

URL الوصول: https://doaj.org/article/980147d5bbc94d21aeed85adc8f18799

المؤلفون: Walker, Donald A.^Aff2320

المساهمون: Macmillan Publishers Ltd

المصدر: The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. :14443-14467

المؤلفون: Kayoko Misaki

المصدر: Œconomia, Vol 8, Iss 4, Pp 419-438 (2018)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Walras (Léon), labor market, entrepreneur, wage theory, Social Sciences

الوصف: This article aims at clarifying how Léon Walras (1834-1910) tackled the labor problem (or “la question sociale”, i.e., the social issue), by focusing on his concept of labor market in his pure, applied and social economics. According to theoretical interpretations, Walras, who founded the general equilibrium theory, laid the groundwork for the neoclassical wage theory. Indeed, Walras was opposed to workers’ strikes for higher pay and to the minimum wage system. However, this does not mean he was optimistic about workers’ conditions in his day or believed only market mechanisms might improve them. In fact, he remained strongly determined to solve worker poverty based on his concept of pure economics (general equilibrium theory) all his life. In this paper, emphasis is placed on his idea of the entrepreneur not only in his Pure, Social, and Applied Economics but also in his other writings. It offers a key to clarify Walras’ special understanding of the capital-labor relationship, which is completely different from that of Karl Marx. In conclusion, this paper evaluates the validity of the economic system that Walras imagined based on his thinking about the labor market, where he believed fairness and efficiency might coexist.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

Relation: http://journals.openedition.org/oeconomia/3116; https://doaj.org/toc/2113-5207; https://doaj.org/toc/2269-8450

URL الوصول: https://doaj.org/article/0334346658c8497a9d0b4a7b48b4aa1b

المؤلفون: Etner, François

المصدر: ŒconomiaOpenAIRE.

مصطلحات موضوعية: Dupuit (Jules), Walras (Léon), utilitarisme, surplus, utilitarianism

الوصف: On sait l’animosité de Walras envers la notion de surplus de Dupuit. Les raisons en sont peut-être principalement psychologiques ou idéologiques, sans oublier la difficulté de Walras à comprendre d’autres analyses que les siennes. Mais nous voulons ici chercher des raisons plus rationnelles à son animosité ; des raisons plus spécifiquement scientifiques. L’opposition entre un Dupuit utilitariste libéral et un Walras anti-utilitariste et socialiste peut alors justifier, ou du moins éclairer, le rejet du surplus par ce dernier. Deux débats permettent en particulier d’étayer cette impression, celui sur les chemins de fer, bien sûr, mais aussi celui sur les droits de mutation.
We are well aware of Walras’ hostility against Dupuit’s concept of surplus. The reasons for this hostility may be primarily psychological or ideological, not to mention Walras’ difficulty to understand the ideas of others. Nevertheless, in the present study, we would ground his hostility on more rational and more scientific reasons. The opposition between Dupuit, a utilitarian liberal, and Walras, an anti-utilitarian socialist, may justify—or at least throw some light on—the rejection of the surplus by the latter. Two debates in particular can support this impression, the one on the railways, of course, but also the one on transfer duties.

Relation: http://journals.openedition.org/oeconomia/basictei/1460; http://journals.openedition.org/oeconomia/tei/1460

URL الوصول: http://journals.openedition.org/oeconomia/1460

المؤلفون: Béraud, Alain

المصدر: ŒconomiaOpenAIRE.

مصطلحات موضوعية: Walras (Léon), Dupuit (Jules), services publics, monopoles naturels, public utilities, natural monopoly

الوصف: Pour Walras, l’économie politique est, à la fois, l’exposé de ce qui est et le programme de ce qui devrait être. Dans son analyse de l’équilibre général, la libre concurrence apparaît comme un mécanisme autorégulateur de la production des richesses. Mais cette démonstration, en montrant sous quelles hypothèses le marché conduit à une situation où la satisfaction des agents est maximale, met en évidence les situations où l’échec du marché rend nécessaire l’intervention de l’État.
According to Walras, political economy is both the presentation of what is and the program of what must be. In his analysis of general equilibrium, free competition appears as a self-regulating mechanism of wealth production. But this demonstration, to the extent that it shows the assumptions under which the market leads to a situation where the agents’ satisfaction is maximal, highlights situations where market failure makes state intervention necessary.

Relation: http://journals.openedition.org/oeconomia/basictei/1515; http://journals.openedition.org/oeconomia/tei/1515

URL الوصول: http://journals.openedition.org/oeconomia/1515

المؤلفون: Potier, Jean-Pierre

المصدر: ŒconomiaOpenAIRE.

مصطلحات موضوعية: Walras (Léon), libre concurrence, marché du travail, législation ouvrière, assurances sociales, free competition, labour market, labour legislation, social insurance

الوصف: Les questions du marché du travail, des conflits sociaux, de la législation sociale ont profondément préoccupé Léon Walras durant toute sa carrière. Il a mené à ce sujet des controverses nourries avec les économistes et avec les socialistes de son temps et il a fait évoluer notablement son point de vue au fil du temps. Cet article examine le point de vue de Walras sur le fonctionnement du marché du travail, le rôle souhaitable de l’État pour mieux l’organiser et ses idées relatives à la législation ouvrière et aux assurances sociales.
Throughout his carrier, Léon Walras has been deeply worried about the questions of labour market, social conflict and social legislation. He engaged in controversies with the economists and the socialists of his time and his opinions about these questions changed notably through time. This paper examines the Walrasian viewpoint on the functioning of the labour market, on the role of the state for better organizing it and his ideas relating to the labour legislation and social insurance.

Relation: http://journals.openedition.org/oeconomia/basictei/1532; http://journals.openedition.org/oeconomia/tei/1532

URL الوصول: http://journals.openedition.org/oeconomia/1532