يعرض 21 - 30 نتائج من 37 نتيجة بحث عن '"access to loans"', وقت الاستعلام: 1.21s تنقيح النتائج
  1. 21

    مصطلحات موضوعية: SMALL BUSINESS LOANS, CURRENT ACCOUNTS, DEPOSIT, OVERDRAFT, LOAN STAFF, EMPLOYMENT, BANK COMPETITION, INVESTMENT CAPITAL, INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS, CREDIT ANALYSIS, CREDIT PRODUCT, LOAN OFFICER, RETURNS, COLLATERAL, COMPANY, CREDIT LINES, MEDIUM ENTERPRISES, SMALL ENTERPRISE, INTEREST RATES ON LOANS, EMERGING MARKETS, MORTGAGE, FINANCIAL MARKETS, FIRMS, LOAN APPROVAL, DEPOSITS, NEW BUSINESS, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, DEBIT CARDS, SMALL BUSINESSES, NEW MARKET, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION, ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES, DISBURSEMENT, LONG-TERM INVESTMENT, LIQUIDITY, INTEREST RATES, SMALL BUSINESS, MORTGAGES, BUSINESS UNIT, CREDIT RISK, LOAN ANALYSIS, DIVERSIFIED PORTFOLIO, LOAN SIZE, MICROFINANCE CLIENTS, WORKING CAPITAL, LOAN AMOUNTS, CUSTOMER SATISFACTION, FINANCIAL SERVICES, CASH FLOW, PORTFOLIO RISK, PROFITABILITY, BANKING SYSTEMS, DISBURSEMENTS, MICROCREDIT, ACCESS TO BANK LOANS, INFORMAL LOANS, FINANCIAL PRODUCT, BANKING MARKET, CUSTOMER SERVICE, PORTFOLIO, TRADE FINANCING, FORMAL FINANCIAL SECTOR, NEW BUSINESSES, SME SECTOR, DEPOSIT TAKING INSTITUTIONS, MARKET SIZE, SME, SME FINANCE, GOOD CREDIT, WIRE TRANSFERS, CREDIT SCORING, LEASING, SME CLIENTS, LOAN PRODUCTS, LARGE ENTERPRISES, ACCESS TO LOANS, REGULATORY CONSTRAINTS, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, FINANCIAL SYSTEM, LIABILITY, CREDIT BUREAUS, EQUIPMENT, DIVERSIFICATION, CS, PARTNER BANKS, BANKS, FUNDING SOURCES, BUSINESS CREDIT, BORROWING, BRANCHES, MICRO LOANS, LOAN, CREDIT BANKS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, FINANCING COSTS, GUARANTEE FUNDS, SECURITIES, PUBLIC RECORDS, MARKET SHARE, LOAN TERMS, BUSINESS SEGMENT, MICROFINANCE, CREDIT HISTORY, CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT, SUBSIDIARY, FORMAL INDEBTEDNESS, LENDING REQUIREMENTS, FINANCIAL NEEDS, BUSINESS LOAN, OUTSTANDING LOANS, ACCOUNTABILITY, TRANSACTION, ACCESS TO CREDIT BUREAU, INVESTMENT LOANS, FAMILY BUSINESSES, INVESTMENT PURPOSES, REGULATORY POLICIES, CORPORATION, TAX, INVENTORY, LOAN MATURITY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EMPLOYERS, FAMILIES, CREDIT CARDS, TRANSACTION COSTS, BANK ALTERNATIVES, FIRM SIZE, MICROFINANCE MARKETS, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, ACQUISITION COSTS, FORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, INVESTING, SAVINGS PRODUCTS, FINANCIAL CRISIS, LETTERS OF CREDIT, EXPANSION, MICROFINANCE LOANS, ALTERNATIVE FUNDING, SAVINGS ACCOUNTS, GUARANTEE REQUIREMENTS, RISK MANAGEMENT, MFI, CAPITAL ALLOCATIONS, LIVING STANDARDS, REGULATORY AUTHORITIES, ACCESS TO FINANCING, CAPITAL LOANS, WAGES, FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, MICROENTERPRISES, CUSTOMER PROFITABILITY, LACK OF ACCESS, CREDIT BUREAU, CREDIT GAP, LOW MINIMUM BALANCES, OVERDRAFT FACILITIES, AFFILIATES, CREDIT POLICIES, LARGE CITIES, DEBT, EXISTING BUSINESS, ASSET BASE, INTEREST RATE CAPS, PERSONAL CREDIT CARDS, PERSONAL CREDIT, INSTITUTIONAL LOANS, PAYMENTS SERVICES, MFIS, COMPETITIVE MARKETS, SME FINANCING, FIXED ASSET, FINANCIAL PRODUCTS, ACCESS TO FINANCE, AUTONOMY, DEPOSIT SERVICES, FACTORING, FINANCIAL INFORMATION, DEPOSIT PRODUCT, LOAN AMOUNT, COLLATERAL REQUIREMENTS, CDS, CREDIT NEEDS, RISKY LOANS, OPERATIONAL COSTS, ACCESS TO DEBT FINANCING, BUSINESS ACTIVITIES, PORTFOLIOS, DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS, MICRO ENTERPRISES, CASH FLOW ANALYSIS, MONEY TRANSFERS, SMALL ENTERPRISES, VILLAGE, ACCESS TO SERVICES, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, SUPPLIERS, CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE, ASSET DIVERSIFICATION, ATM NETWORK, INSURANCE, SUPPLY CHAIN, BUSINESS STRATEGY, CREDIT ACCESS, ACCESS TO BANK, MORTGAGE LOANS, LOAN SIZES, FINANCIAL INSTITUTION, HUMAN RESOURCES, LOANS FROM FRIENDS, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS, PUBLIC POLICY, ACCESS TO CREDIT, RURAL LOANS, SUPPLY CHAINS, FINANCIAL COSTS, CREDIT PRODUCTS, BANK GUARANTEES, MARKET RISK, RECEIPTS, MICROFINANCE SECTOR, FIXED INVESTMENT, CASH FLOWS, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, SAVINGS, BRANCH, GROUP LENDING, CHECKS, FINANCING NEEDS, INTEREST RATE, LOAN OFFICERS, OPERATING COSTS

  2. 22

    المؤلفون: Dunga, Steven Henry

    المساهمون: Sekhampu, T.J. Dr., Sekatane, M.B. Dr., Sekhampu, T.J., Sekatane, M.B., 13172611 - Sekhampu, Tshediso Joseph (Supervisor), 12679755 - Sekatane, Mmapula Brendah (Supervisor)

    وصف الملف: application/pdf

  3. 23

    المؤلفون: World Bank

    مصطلحات موضوعية: AFFORDABILITY, CUSTOMS, RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT, SERVICE CONTRACTS, CARBON FINANCE, WOOD FUEL, APPROACH, CAPABILITY, SOLAR ENERGY, FINANCING NEED, QUALITY ASSURANCE, PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION, POSITIVE FEEDBACK, PUBLIC FACILITIES, RENEWABLE ENERGY, ADVERTISING, RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS, GOVERNMENT POLICY, ELECTRIFICATION, FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES, SERVICE PROVIDERS, FRAUD, ONLINE DISCUSSIONS, GENERATION CAPACITY, MACHINERY, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT, HYDRO POWER, HARDWARE, OUTSOURCING, ENERGY SYSTEMS, BASIC NEEDS, POLITICAL PROCESS, SMALL POWER PRODUCERS, LONG TERM FINANCING, HYDROPOWER, USER INFORMATION, SUBSIDIZATION, NEW BUSINESS, PDF, SOCIOECONOMIC DATA, GLOBAL STANDARDS, SMALL BUSINESSES, REGULATORY AGENCIES, ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, VOLTAGE, SERVICE PROVIDER, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTION, INFORMATION SYSTEM, ELECTRICAL POWER, PRODUCTION CREDITS, COPYRIGHT, DEMAND FOR ELECTRICITY, POWER SYSTEMS, FINANCIAL RISK, TIME FRAME, GRAPHICS, ENERGY POLICY, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, ENGINEERING, MICROCREDIT, RURAL ENERGY, UNIVERSAL ACCESS, POWER PRODUCER, BANK ACCOUNT, FIXED ASSETS, BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS, COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT, UNIVERSAL ACCESS GOALS, SOLAR LANTERNS, KNOWLEDGE SHARING, DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES, FINANCIAL VIABILITY, VILLAGES, ACCESS TO LOANS, DIFFUSION, KEY CHALLENGES, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, NETWORKS, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, SAFETY, EQUIPMENT, HOUSEHOLDS, BUSINESS MODELS, RETAIL CUSTOMERS, VIDEO, GRID ELECTRICITY, TRANSMISSION, POWER, UNION, TRANSMISSION LINES, KEROSENE, POLICY FRAMEWORK, TARGETS, MICROFINANCE, TARIFF STRUCTURES, RURAL ACCESS, COOPERATIVES, INSTALLATION, REPAYMENT, DEVELOPMENT BANK, MAINTENANCE COST, ACCESS TO MODERN ENERGY, HEAVY FUEL OIL, GRID ELECTRIFICATION, RESULTS, PACKET RADIO, BUSINESSES, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, TRANSPORT, INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, INSPECTIONS, GENDER, RURAL ELECTRIFICATION, PUMPS, TRANSACTION, USER GROUPS, IMAGE, EQUIPMENT COSTS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT, PROGRAMS, SOLAR SYSTEM, TRANSACTION COSTS, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, COMPUTERS, CARBON NEUTRAL, PILOT PROJECTS, ACCESS TO ENERGY, PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS, DIESEL, ELECTRICITY DEMAND, RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM, CONSUMER EDUCATION, TECHNICAL SUPPORT, ENABLING ENVIRONMENT, BALANCE, RELIABILITY, INFORMATION SHARING, PROCUREMENT, SOLAR HOME SYSTEM, BIOGAS, USERS, WINDMILLS, BUSINESS PARTNERS, HIGH INTEREST RATES, ENGINEERS, MFI, PIPELINES, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, INSTALLATIONS, LAND OWNERSHIP, TECHNICAL STANDARDS, REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS, MOBILE PHONES, SANITATION, BI, TRANSMISSION LINE, ENERGY REQUIREMENTS, PUBLIC UTILITY, INSTITUTION, ENERGY DEMAND, GRID SYSTEMS, CONTRACTORS, POWER PRODUCERS, MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS, CREDIT LINE, DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS, PHONES, CREDITS, SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS, FALLING, MARKETING, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, GENERATION, ACCESS TO FINANCE, ACCESS TO ENERGY SERVICES, COLLABORATION, FUEL, ELECTRICITY, PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS, OPERATIONAL COSTS, TECHNICIANS, MANUFACTURING, POWER PURCHASE AGREEMENTS, BUSINESS PLANS, CAPITAL COSTS, SPREADSHEET, MARKET DEVELOPMENT, BATTERY CHARGING STATIONS, RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATORS, USES, USER, VILLAGE, APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY, BEST PRACTICES, BUSINESS MODEL, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SUPPLY CHAIN, ENERGY PLANNING, PRIVATE SECTOR, INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION, PACKET RADIO SERVICE, AGRICULTURAL BANK, CLEAN ENERGY, INNOVATIONS, LEARNING, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, JOINT VENTURES, COMMERCIAL BANKS, INTERNATIONAL BANK, UTILITIES, RENEWABLE ENERGIES, MATERIAL, PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT, KILOWATT HOUR, TOOLS, RADIO, AVAILABILITY, LEGAL FRAMEWORK, WIND, BATTERY CHARGING, MOMENTUM, SAVINGS, CAPACITY BUILDING, ICT, PAYMENT DEFAULT, GRID EXTENSION, PPPS, PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP, TARIFF LEVELS, OPERATING COSTS

  4. 24

    المؤلفون: Keller, Jennifer, Scheja, Elina

    مصطلحات موضوعية: CREDIT CONSTRAINT, DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES, MIGRANT, IMMIGRANTS, SKILL LEVEL, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, PULL FACTORS, INFLATION, EXTERNALITIES, POLICY MAKERS, FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION, UNEMPLOYMENT, IMMIGRATION POLICY, COLLATERAL, PUBLIC FINANCES, COUNTRY OF DESTINATION, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT, EARNINGS, SKILLED WORKERS, LABOR SUPPLY, FINANCIAL MARKETS, SOCIAL RETURNS, EQUILIBRIUM MODELS, DEPOSITS, REMITTANCE, NUMBER OF WORKERS, PUBLIC SERVICES, BANK DEPOSITS, UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANTS, EXPLOITATION, SECONDARY EDUCATION, VULNERABILITY, ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES, INCOME INEQUALITY, MIGRATION DATA, SOURCES OF FINANCE, INTEREST RATES, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, WORKING CAPITAL, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, WORK FORCE, LIVING CONDITIONS, FINANCIAL SERVICES, PROFITABILITY, COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, MIGRATION DECISION, HOST COUNTRIES, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, MIGRANT FAMILY, CITIZENSHIP, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, CITIZENS, ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, DISSEMINATION, WELFARE BENEFITS, CREDITWORTHINESS, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, ACCESS TO LOANS, CAPITAL STOCK, HOST COUNTRY, PUSH FACTOR, EXCHANGE RATE, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, HEALTH CARE, EDUCATION SYSTEM, HOUSEHOLDS, BENEFITS OF MIGRATION, SOCIAL SAFETY NETS, BANKS, UNION, BORROWING, HOUSEHOLD POVERTY, RETURN MIGRATION, NATURAL DISASTER, FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, LEGAL STATUS, MARKET INFORMATION, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, CREDIT RATING, EDUCATION LEVEL, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, CENTRAL BANKS, LABOR MARKETS, PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, WORKFORCE, INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES, INFLOW OF REMITTANCES, HOUSING, CORRUPTION, MIGRATION STATISTICS, TRANSPORTATION, NURSE, ECONOMIC AGENTS, MIGRATION PROCESS, FAMILY INCOME, GENDER, FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS, BANKING SYSTEM, ECONOMIC GROWTH, BRAIN DRAIN, EXCHANGE RATES, FAMILIES, CUSTOMER BASE, CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, NUMBER OF MIGRANTS, PUSH FACTORS, LABOR SHORTAGES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, WORKING CONDITIONS, SAFETY NETS, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, MACROECONOMICS, PRODUCTIVITY, BRAIN-DRAIN, MIGRANT-SENDING COUNTRIES, RULE OF LAW, IMMIGRATION POLICIES, COOPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT, INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, SOURCE OF INFORMATION, MIGRATION POLICIES, LOCAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, POLICY DECISIONS, DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME, IRREGULAR MIGRATION, MIGRANT WORKERS, INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES, HUMAN RIGHTS OF MIGRANTS, WAGES, RURAL AREAS, YOUNG MEN, SELF-EMPLOYMENT, LABOR MARKET, POPULATION DECLINE, NATURAL RESOURCE, INEQUALITIES IN OPPORTUNITIES, SEED MONEY, COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, NATIONALS, DEBT, DEPENDENCY RATIOS, ACCOUNTING FRAMEWORK, COST OF CAPITAL, BANKING SECTOR, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, FORMAL BANKING SYSTEM, HUMAN RIGHTS, LABOR MOBILITY, MIGRATION PATTERNS, CREDITS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ACCESS TO FINANCE, ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS, IMMIGRANT, HOME COUNTRIES, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ILLEGAL MIGRATION, CREDIT CONSTRAINTS, INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION, FOREIGN EXCHANGE, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, ECONOMIC TRENDS, ACCOUNTING, REMITTANCES, BUSINESS OWNERSHIP, FUTURE GROWTH, ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTIONS, HEALTH WORKERS, HUMAN CAPITAL, IMPACT OF MIGRATION, INEQUALITIES, INSURANCE, SEX, TRADE FLOWS, CURRENT ACCOUNT, EDUCATED MIGRANTS, NATIONAL POLICY, BUSINESS FORMATION, ECONOMIC POLICY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, DISPARITIES IN ACCESS, LABOR FORCE SURVEYS, POLICY RESEARCH, EXPENDITURES, FINANCIAL ACCESS, DEBT MANAGEMENT, CHILD CARE, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, MIGRATION FLOWS, INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS, ACCESS TO JOB, GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT, CAPITAL ACCUMULATION, MIGRATION FLOW, DEMOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS, LABOR FORCE, POPULATION CENSUSES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, SAVINGS, IMMIGRATION, PRACTITIONERS, URBAN AREAS, FORMAL BANKING, CENSUSES, EXPENDITURE

  5. 25

    مصطلحات موضوعية: AFFORDABILITY, LOAN DATA, EXISTING CREDIT, MICROBORROWERS, OUTSTANDING ASSET, CREDIT CARD, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, DONOR SUPPORT, LOAN OFFICER, COLLATERAL, DEBT RATIOS, FRAUD, TRANSPARENCY, EMERGING MARKETS, BANKING MARKETS, ASSET VALUES, CREDITORS, LOAN CONTRACTS, GROUP LOANS, MANDATE, CREDIT PORTFOLIOS, LOAN PORTFOLIOS, INDEBTEDNESS, INFORMATION SYSTEM, SOURCES OF FINANCE, GROUP GUARANTEES, ARREARS, CREDIT RISK, INCOME LEVELS, LOAN SIZE, LOW-INCOME CONSUMERS, LOAN AMOUNTS, FINANCIAL SERVICES, CENTRAL REGISTRY, FINANCIAL LITERACY, LOCAL MARKET, CREDIT SCORES, MICROCREDIT, LATE PAYMENT, AUDITS, CREDIT PROVIDERS, PORTFOLIO, POLITICAL ECONOMY, LENDER, MARKET PARTICIPANTS, CREDIT SCORING, LOAN UNDERWRITING, CREDITWORTHINESS, RECORD KEEPING, ACCESS TO LOANS, REGULATORY CONSTRAINTS, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, FINANCIAL SYSTEM, RURAL FINANCE, CREDIT BUREAUS, LENDING INSTITUTIONS, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, HOUSEHOLDS, LEVEL OF CREDIT, NATURAL DISASTERS, PRIVATE CREDIT, LEVELS OF DEBT, BORROWING, MATURITY, NONPERFORMING LOANS, PUBLIC RECORDS, MARKET SHARE, MICROFINANCE, BANKING AUTHORITIES, LOANS FROM BANKS, REPAYMENT INCENTIVES, CREDIT HISTORY, CREDIT REGISTRIES, COOPERATIVES, REPAYMENT, CENTRAL BANK OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, FOREIGN INVESTMENT, ECONOMICS, HOUSING, FINANCIAL PROVIDERS, GENDER EQUALITY, REPAYMENT DISCIPLINE, COSTS OF CREDIT, ACCURATE INFORMATION, FINANCIAL NEEDS, DOWN MARKET, CREDIT MARKET, GENDER, SOCIAL NETWORKS, INFORMAL SECTOR LENDERS, TRANSACTION, PUBLIC REGISTRY, PUBLIC CREDIT, FINANCIAL SERVICES PROVIDERS, BANKING SUPERVISION, CREDIT REPORTS, FAMILIES, REPAYMENT HISTORY, CUSTOMER BASE, TRANSACTION COSTS, OUTSTANDING LOAN, INFORMAL LENDERS, FORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, PRODUCTIVITY, ASSET QUALITY, CREDIT INFORMATION BUREAU, RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, CREDIT REPORT, JURISDICTION, ASSETS, INFORMATION SHARING, CONSUMER PROTECTION, MATURE MARKETS, RISK MANAGEMENT, CREDIT INSTITUTIONS, HIGH INTEREST RATES, CREDIT DISCIPLINE, MFI, BORROWER, LOAN APPLICATION, VALUABLE ASSET, REGULATORY AUTHORITIES, LENDING DECISIONS, MONEYLENDERS, CREDIT REGISTRY, FORMAL CREDIT, POTENTIAL BORROWER, CREDIT BUREAU, LEGAL RIGHTS, DEFAULTS, CONSUMER LOANS, DEMAND FOR CREDIT, COMPLIANCE COSTS, MARKET RISKS, DEBT, FINANCIAL DISCIPLINE, REGULATORY AUTHORITY, COMPETITIVE MARKETS, CREDITS, INTERNATIONAL CREDIT, RESERVE BANK, CONSUMER LENDING, FINANCIAL PRODUCTS, ACCESS TO FINANCE, CENTRAL BANK, INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE, POLICY RESPONSES, CREDIT HISTORIES, INDIVIDUAL LOANS, LOW-INCOME FAMILIES, ACCESSIBILITY, PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS, CREDIT-WORTHINESS, OFFERINGS, BANKING AUTHORITY, CREDIT INFORMATION, REPAYMENTS, VILLAGE, PRIVATE CREDIT BUREAU, RESERVE, PRUDENTIAL REGULATION, INSURANCE, TURNOVER, CREDIT REPORTING, REGULATORY BARRIERS, CONSUMER FINANCE, BENEFITS OF CREDIT, COMMERCIAL BANKING, CREDIT REPORTING SYSTEM, MARKET CONDITIONS, EXCESSIVE INDEBTEDNESS, MARKET INCENTIVES, MARKET LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS, ACCESS TO CREDIT, FINANCIAL ACCESS, COMMERCIAL BANKS, CREDIT PRODUCTS, LOW-INCOME BORROWERS, CONSUMER LOAN, SALARIES, DEBT COLLECTION, MICROFINANCE SECTOR, LEGAL FRAMEWORK, FINANCE COMPANIES, FINANCIAL INNOVATION, SAVINGS, BANK SUPERVISION, CAPACITY BUILDING, GROUP LENDING, OUTREACH, RESERVE BANK OF INDIA, CONSUMER GOODS, NEW CREDIT, FORM OF CREDIT, CREDIT DECISIONS

  6. 26

    المؤلفون: World Bank

    مصطلحات موضوعية: ECONOMIC FACTORS, RESERVE REQUIREMENTS, REAL INCOME, EMERGING MARKET EQUITY, TOTAL DEBT, VALUE ADDED, ROAD MANAGEMENT, RAILWAYS, ROAD, ROAD INDUSTRY, INFLATION, ROUTES, EMERGING MARKET, FISCAL DEFICIT, POLICY MAKERS, HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT, EQUITY INDEXES, ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, DISPOSABLE INCOME, COMPETITIVENESS, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, CREDIT GROWTH, HIGHWAY SYSTEM, PENSION, TRANSPORT SECTOR, LONG-TERM LOANS, PUBLIC SPENDING, WILLINGNESS TO PAY, CREDIT ENHANCEMENT, LABOR COSTS, TOLL, TRANSPARENCY, EMERGING MARKETS, PRICE INCREASES, RAIL SECTOR, PENSIONS, BALANCE OF PAYMENTS, CREDIT DEFAULT SWAP, BORROWING CAPACITY, CREDITORS, PUBLIC SERVICES, REAL WAGES, GLOBAL ECONOMY, STOCK MARKET CAPITALIZATION, FUEL TAX, PROPERTY RIGHTS, RETIREMENT, ROAD PROJECTS, FARES, ASSET MANAGEMENT, TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE, BASIS POINTS, RAIL, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS, MONETARY POLICY, LIQUIDITY, INTEREST RATES, AIRPORTS, SHORT-TERM BORROWING, COST SAVINGS, CAPITAL EXPENDITURES, FINANCIAL SERVICES, ENTERPRISE PERFORMANCE, SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS, ROAD DESIGN, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE, GDP, MODES OF TRANSPORT, ROAD USERS, RISK PREMIUMS, TRADE BALANCE, ROADS, CONSOLIDATION, EXPORTS, MARKET SIZE, DOMESTIC BORROWING, CAPITAL MARKETS, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, ACCESS TO LOANS, INTERNATIONAL RESERVES, FISCAL POLICY, LIABILITY, EXCHANGE RATE, DEBT TRANSACTIONS, EQUIPMENT, BOND, BANKS, CAPITAL ACCOUNT, CREDIT GUARANTEES, TRANSPORT PRICING, EQUITY MARKET, EXTERNAL BORROWING, BALANCE OF PAYMENT, DEBT FINANCING, PRIVATIZATION, MOBILE PHONE, COMMODITY PRICES, BOND ISSUANCE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, MATURITY, TRUCKS, ROAD MAINTENANCE, TRADING, CREDIT MARKETS, INCOME GROWTH, BUDGETING, RESERVE FUND, CAPITAL FORMATION, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORTATION, PENSION SYSTEM, NOMINAL PRICES, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, FUEL TAXES, CPI, MARKET CONTAGION, MARKET ECONOMY, ROAD TYPES, USER CHARGES, EXCISE TAX, BANK POLICY, PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL, PRODUCERS, TRANSPORT STRATEGY, CAPITAL FLOWS, EXCISE TAX ON GASOLINE, CREDIT ENHANCEMENTS, TAX, INVENTORY, CAPITAL BUDGETING, INTEREST RATE DIFFERENTIALS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, BANKING SECTORS, STOCKS, DOMESTIC MARKET, RISK AVERSION, BANK LENDING, CREDIT DEFAULT SWAPS, SAFETY NETS, INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING, INSTRUMENT, VEHICLE, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT, PUBLIC BUDGET, GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP, OIL, BALANCE SHEETS, ENABLING ENVIRONMENT, DEBTOR, AUDITING, INFRASTRUCTURE REHABILITATION, RESERVES, OPEC, FEDERAL BUDGET, ECONOMIC OUTLOOK, BANKRUPTCIES, POLITICAL RISKS, WAGES, EXTERNAL DEBT, NATIONAL INCOME, LABOR MARKET, DECISION MAKING, CIVIL SERVICE, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, ROAD NETWORK, CONSUMER LOANS, DEBT, MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT, VEHICLE REGISTRATION, BANKING SECTOR, COMMERCIAL DEBT, ROAD DESIGN STANDARDS, PAVEMENT DAMAGE, REVERSE AUCTION, EXCISE TAXES, ENVIRONMENTS, BANK CREDITS, CENTRAL BANK, GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS, MONETARY POLICIES, PUBLIC SAFETY, RETURN, AGRICULTURE, DIVIDENDS, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, PRIVATE CONSUMPTION, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, CAPITAL MARKET, M2, FUEL, BRIDGE, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ON ROADS, DEBT REPAYMENTS, MONEY SUPPLY, PUBLIC FUNDS, ROAD SECTOR, ACCOUNTING, ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES, CREDIT DEFAULT, GLOBAL TRADE, PAVEMENT SURFACE, MARKET DEVELOPMENT, BENCHMARK, HIGHWAY, WORLD STOCK MARKET, OIL PRICES, RESERVE, CURRENCY BASKET, VEHICLES, QUALITY OF TRANSPORT, GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE, REGULATORY BARRIERS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS, MARKET CONDITIONS, MARKET PRICE, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, MACROECONOMIC POLICY, OIL PRICE, PRICE MOVEMENTS, EQUITY FUNDS, FORESTRY, INFRASTRUCTURE BONDS, POLITICAL RISK, LACK OF COMPETITION, DEBT BURDEN, CAPITAL INFLOWS, TAX ADMINISTRATION, EQUITY ISSUANCE, FOREIGN CURRENCY, INTEREST RATE, EXPENDITURE, TOLL ROADS, OPERATING COSTS

  7. 27

    المؤلفون: World Bank

    مصطلحات موضوعية: WHOLESALERS, MARKET REFORM, CREDIT PROGRAMS, INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS, MULTINATIONALS, PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES, INFLATION, EXPORT MARKETS, GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION, FRUITS, FAIR, RURAL CREDIT, INPUT PRICES, RURAL CREDIT MARKETS, GOVERNMENT POLICY, BANK LOAN, PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS, COLLATERAL, CREDIT TRANSACTION, MARKET ENVIRONMENT, COTTON PRODUCTION, LANDOWNERS, TRANSPARENCY, EXCHANGE RATE INSTABILITY, SPOT MARKET, EMERGING ECONOMIES, GUARANTEE PRODUCT, HOLDING, SUGAR, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, FINANCIAL MEANS, MULTINATIONAL, YIELDS, EXPLOITATION, PROPERTY RIGHTS, STATE BANKS, VEGETABLES, INSECURE PROPERTY, SMALL FARM, LEGAL CONSTRAINTS, PURCHASING, SUPPLIER, ECONOMIC COOPERATION, LIQUIDITY, FAO, WORKING CAPITAL, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, SEED COTTON, DEBTS, CASH FLOW, PROFITABILITY, PUBLIC ENFORCEMENT, GUARANTEED ACCESS, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, MARKET PRICES, CASH ACCOUNTS, TRANSITION COUNTRY, TAX REGIME, EXCLUSION, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, BANKRUPTCY, COTTON PRICE, POLICY CREDIBILITY, MONOPOLY, ACCESS TO LOANS, CONTRACT LAW, EXCHANGE RATE, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, SAFETY, EQUIPMENT, AGRICULTURAL CREDIT, HOUSEHOLDS, SPREAD, PREPAYMENT, FOREIGN INVESTMENTS, INTERNATIONAL MARKET, UNION, PRIVATIZATION, INVESTMENT LOAN, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, MARKET INFORMATION, CASH RESERVES, ACCESS TO CAPITAL, FERTILIZER, LOANS FROM BANKS, COOPERATIVES, GLOBALIZATION, BENEFICIAL EFFECTS, REPAYMENT, SALES, DEVELOPMENT BANK, FOREIGN INVESTMENT, CONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIPS, ACCESS TO TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, ECONOMICS, INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS, TRADING, LOCAL BANK, SMALL FARMERS, LOAN GUARANTEE PROGRAMS, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, TRANSACTION COST, SAFETY STANDARDS, MARKET ECONOMY, FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS, WAREHOUSE, EFFICIENCY BENEFITS, MARKET ACCESS, INVESTMENT LOANS, TAX, FOREIGN INVESTORS, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, DEVELOPING COUNTRY, ENFORCEMENT MECHANISM, LEVEL OF INTEREST RATES, OVEREMPLOYMENT, SOURCE OF CREDIT, COMMODITY, ECONOMIC REFORMS, TRANSACTION COSTS, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, MARKET ECONOMIES, FUTURE CASH FLOWS, MARKET LIBERALIZATION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, INSTRUMENT, PRODUCTIVITY, INVESTING, PUBLIC INVESTMENTS, FINANCIAL CRISIS, TRANSITION COUNTRIES, GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP, AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION, COMMERCIAL CREDITS, COTTON, SEEDS, FARM PRODUCTIVITY, GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS, INVESTMENT ASSISTANCE, GRAINS, NECESSARY COLLATERAL, SEED, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, NONPAYMENTS, DEFAULT RISK, BANKRUPTCIES, ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT, INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, BARRIERS TO GROWTH, WAREHOUSE RECEIPT, DEFAULTS, CROP, GOVERNMENT FINANCING, DEBT, DIRECT LOANS, TRADE PROTECTION, PRODUCTION CAPACITY, PROVISION OF CREDIT, TRADE CREDIT, MARKETING, CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT, ACCESS TO FINANCE, WAREHOUSE RECEIPT SYSTEMS, OBSTACLES TO GROWTH, RETURN, BARGAINING POWER, RENTS, INNOVATION, PRICE CONTROLS, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, PRODUCTION PROCESS, TAX INCENTIVES, ACCESS TO MARKETS, POLICY ENVIRONMENT, CREDIT CONSTRAINTS, BUSINESS PLANS, FACTOR MARKETS, STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS, MARKET DEVELOPMENT, COUNTRY CREDIT, FARMER, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, VILLAGE, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, SUPPLIERS, EQUITY ISSUES, SUPPLY CHAIN, DEPRESSED PRICES, HOLDINGS, COTTON SECTOR, TRANSITION ECONOMIES, COTTON PRICES, ENFORCEMENT SYSTEMS, BANK LOANS, BARGAINING, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, MARKET CONDITIONS, MARKET PRICE, ENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACTS, GOVERNMENT REVENUE, DOMESTIC BANKS, PUBLIC POLICY, SMALLHOLDERS, INNOVATIONS, ACCESS TO CREDIT, GRAIN, MONOPOLIES, CREDIT CONTRACT, SUPPLY CHAINS, INTERNATIONAL BANK, LOAN GUARANTEES, BANKRUPTCY LAWS, GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT, SMALL PRODUCERS, COLLATERAL PROBLEMS, SMALL FARMS, ALTERNATIVE FINANCING, MOTIVATION, LOAN GUARANTEE, PRODUCT QUALITY, LACK OF COMPETITION, RETAIL, FOOD INDUSTRY, SUPPLY CONTRACTS, PRICE UNCERTAINTY, SPOT MARKETS, PRODUCE, ADVISORY SERVICES

  8. 28

    المؤلفون: World Bank

    مصطلحات موضوعية: INTERNAL AUDIT, TAX, FINANCIAL DATA, BANKING SYSTEM, STOCK MARKET, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, PRIVATE INVESTMENT, AUDIT OFFICES, AUDIT RISK, INSURANCE COMPANIES, ACCOUNTING FIRMS, SHAREHOLDERS, DEPOSIT, FINANCIAL ASSETS, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, QUALITY ASSURANCE, PUBLIC ACCOUNTING, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS, BENEFICIARIES, ADVERTISING, BANKING LAW, INSURANCE POLICIES, INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, MANDATES, PRODUCTIVITY, ACCOUNTING STANDARD, PROVISIONING RULES, TAX BENEFITS, INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTS, SHAREHOLDER, FINANCIAL MARKET, AUDITING, PUBLIC FINANCES, ACCOUNTING CURRICULUM, BOARDS OF DIRECTORS, AUDITED ACCOUNTS, AUDITING PROFESSION, AUDITORS, TREATY, BOOKKEEPING, FINANCIAL SYSTEMS, FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS, ACCOUNTING STANDARDS, TRANSPARENCY, FINANCIAL MARKETS, BUSINESS COMBINATIONS, HOLDING, DEPOSITS, COMMERCIAL LAW, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, NOTARY, LENDING DECISIONS, ACCESS TO FINANCING, QUALITY CONTROL, FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, MICROENTERPRISES, RETIREMENT, AUDITING STANDARDS, BUDGETARY SUPPORT, ACCOUNTING RULES, AUDIT STANDARDS, STOCK EXCHANGE, BALANCE SHEET, BILLING, PUBLIC ENTERPRISES, BUSINESS LAW, ISSUERS OF SECURITIES, COMPANY LAW, MONETARY POLICY, PUBLIC SAVINGS, MINORITY SHAREHOLDER, ACCOUNTING PRACTICES, ACCOUNTING FRAMEWORK, BANKING SECTOR, AUDITING TRAINING, CAPITAL REQUIREMENT, LOAN REPAYMENT, FINANCIAL SERVICES, CASH FLOW, MARKETING, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, CENTRAL BANK, INTERNAL AUDITS, FINANCIAL INFORMATION, STATE ENTERPRISES, CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS, MICROCREDIT, INSURANCE POLICY, INVESTMENT PROJECTS, TAX INCENTIVES, AUDITS, FINANCIAL YEARS, CREDIBILITY, ACCOUNT, MINISTRIES OF FINANCE, LIMITED LIABILITY, PUBLIC FUNDS, ACCOUNTING, LEGAL SYSTEM, TAXATION, CONSOLIDATION, AUDITING PROCEDURES, MARKET PARTICIPANTS, PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS, CASH FLOW STATEMENTS, LEGAL ENVIRONMENTS, MONETARY AUTHORITIES, ACCESS TO LOANS, ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, HOST COUNTRY, BANKING REGULATIONS, FINANCIAL SYSTEM, EXCHANGE RATE, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, ACCOUNTANCY, INSURANCE, LENDING INSTITUTIONS, CURRENCY, BANKS, TREASURY, FINANCIAL INSTITUTION, INTERNATIONAL STANDARD, HUMAN RESOURCES, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS, DEBENTURE, GOOD PRACTICES, LOAN, PUBLIC FINANCE, LEGISLATION, MICROFINANCE, MINIMUM CAPITAL REQUIREMENT, MONETARY FUND, COOPERATIVES, SALES, SUBSIDIARY, ACCOUNTANT, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITIES, LEGAL OBLIGATIONS, TRADING, MICROFINANCE SECTOR, AUDIT COMMITTEES, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, LAWS, INTERNAL AUDITING, CAPACITY BUILDING, INSURANCE MARKETS, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, FINANCIAL STATEMENT, NOTARIES, SUBSIDIARIES, FOREIGN CURRENCY, FINANCIAL REPORTING, ACCOUNTABILITY, CHARTS OF ACCOUNTS, EXPENDITURE, INTERNAL AUDITORS

  9. 29
  10. 30

    المؤلفون: Lewis, Blane D., Smoke, Paul

    مصطلحات موضوعية: LOCAL EXPENDITURES, PUBLIC INFORMATION, PROVINCE, REVENUE PERFORMANCE, PUBLIC SERVICE, RESERVE FUNDS, GOVERNANCE MECHANISMS, TAX, POLICY OBJECTIVES, HARD BUDGET CONSTRAINT, REPAYMENT INCENTIVE, DEVELOPING COUNTRY, LOCAL GOVERNMENT TAXES, BUDGET ESTIMATES, GOVERNMENT DEBT, INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS, INTERGOVERNMENTAL FISCAL SYSTEM, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET, PROVINCES, SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE, GOVERNMENT AGENCY, POLICY MAKERS, INTERGOVERNMENTAL FISCAL RELATIONS, CAPITAL SPENDING, FISCAL MANAGEMENT, ANNUAL BUDGET, FISCAL DISPARITIES, CIVIL SOCIETY, POLICY DEVELOPMENT, INSTRUMENT, REVENUE SHARING, SUB-NATIONAL, SUB-NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS, CENTRAL AGENCIES, CENTRAL AGENCY, RETURNS, DEBT SERVICE, FISCAL TRANSFERS, HARD BUDGET, TAX TRANSFERS, INCENTIVE STRUCTURE, LOCAL GOVERNMENT SERVICE DELIVERY, RESERVES, DEBT LIMITS, MORAL HAZARD, SOCIAL SERVICES, TAX EFFORT, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNMENT DATA, NATIONAL GOVERNMENT REVENUE, LOCAL GOVERNMENT BORROWING, LOCAL GOVERNMENT BUDGETS, REVENUE SOURCE, GOVERNMENT CAPACITY, TAX COLLECTION, EQUALIZATION FUNDS, LOCAL OWN-SOURCE, PROVINCIAL LEVEL, TRANSPARENCY, SERVICE DELIVERY, FISCAL INCENTIVES, REVENUE COLLECTION, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, BUDGET CYCLE, EXPENDITURE DATA, GOVERNMENT BANK, HOLDING, SERVICE STANDARDS, NATIONAL ELECTIONS, BENEFIT SPILLOVERS, PUBLIC SERVICES, GOVERNMENT CONTROL, BUSINESS CYCLE, TAX REVENUE, BANK DEPOSITS, FISCAL FRAMEWORK, PUBLIC EDUCATION, BUDGET PERFORMANCE, TAX OFFICES, FISCAL GAP, LOCAL GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE, DECISION MAKING, FISCAL SYSTEM, LOCAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES, LOCAL TAX, INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFER, FISCAL EQUALIZATION, FISCAL SURPLUSES, SALES TAX, DISBURSEMENT, LOCAL AUTHORITY, PUBLIC SECTOR, ARREARS, LOCAL GOVERNMENT CAPACITY, SUB-NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, DEBT RESTRUCTURING, CAPITAL EXPENDITURES, LOAN REPAYMENT, CITIZEN COMPLAINTS, LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT, SECTORAL MINISTRIES, LITERACY RATES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS, GOVERNMENT BUDGETS, DISBURSEMENTS, GOVERNMENT BUDGETING, GOVERNMENT SUPPORT, MINISTRY OF FINANCE, FISCAL DISCIPLINE, TAX INCENTIVES, BANK ACCOUNT, POLICY ENVIRONMENT, SUB-NATIONAL LENDING, FINANCIAL REPORTS, DEFICITS, LOCAL ACCOUNTABILITY, CENTRAL TAX, SUB-NATIONAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE, BUDGET CONSTRAINT, CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS, TAX BASE, ACCOUNTING, EXPENDITURE NEEDS, LEGAL SYSTEM, LOCAL TRANSFERS, BENEFITS OF DECENTRALIZATION, COMMERCIAL BANK, GOVERNMENT REVENUES, LOCAL GOVERNANCE, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, PROPERTY TAX, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT POLICIES, LOCAL TAX BASE, RECORD KEEPING, LOCAL AUTONOMY, ACCESS TO LOANS, DECENTRALIZATION, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, LOCAL REVENUES, INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS, RESERVE, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, PROPERTY TAX REVENUES, LOCAL REVENUE, INTERGOVERNMENTAL FRAMEWORK, FISCAL PERFORMANCE, LOCAL SERVICES, GOVERNMENT REVENUE, NATIONAL REVENUES, GOVERNMENT SPENDING, LOCAL BUDGET, INCENTIVE SYSTEM, LOAN, LOCAL OFFICIALS, EXPENDITURES, TAX REVENUES, LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTONOMY, DECENTRALIZATION FRAMEWORK, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, LOCAL GOVERNMENT REVENUE, LOCAL OWN-SOURCE REVENUES, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, GOVERNMENT REGULATION, LENDING AGREEMENT, FISCAL CAPACITY, SUBNATIONAL, DEVELOPMENT BANK, TYPES OF DECENTRALIZATION, LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEBT, SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENT, NATIONAL POLICIES, LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, BUDGETING, RESERVE FUND, LOCAL GOVERNMENT FISCAL BEHAVIOR, FISCAL PLANNING, DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS, LOCAL ELECTIONS, LOCAL GOVERNMENT SPENDING, CAPACITY BUILDING, FISCAL OUTCOMES, LOCAL TAX ADMINISTRATION, TAX ADMINISTRATION, EQUALIZATION FORMULA, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, USER CHARGES, FISCAL RESOURCES, INTERGOVERNMENTAL REFORM, EXPENDITURE, CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION