المؤلفون: Lissauer, David^Aff1, Wilson, Amie^Aff2, Daniels, Jane^Aff15, Middleton, Lee^Aff2, Bishop, Jon^Aff2, Hewitt, Catherine^Aff2, Merriel, Abi^Aff3, Weeks, Andrew^Aff4, Mhango, Chisale^Aff5, Mataya, Ronald^Aff5, Taulo, Frank^Aff5, Ngalawesa, Theresa^Aff5, Chirwa, Agatha^Aff5, Mphasa, Colleta^Aff5, Tambala, Tayamika^Aff5, Chiudzu, Grace^Aff6, Mwalwanda, Caroline^Aff6, Mboma, Agnes^Aff6, Qureshi, Rahat^Aff7, Ahmed, Iffat^Aff7, Ismail, Humera^Aff7, Gulmezoglu, Metin^Aff8, Oladapo, Olufemi T.^Aff8, Mbaruku, Godfrey^Aff9, Chibwana, Jerome^Aff9, Watts, Grace^Aff9, Simon, Beatus^Aff9, Ditai, James^Aff10, Tom, Charles Otim^Aff10, Acam, Jane-Frances^Aff10, Ekunait, John^Aff11, Uniza, Helen, Iyaku, Margaret^Aff11, Anyango, Margaret, Zamora, Javier^Aff12, Roberts, Tracy^Aff13, Goranitis, Ilias^Aff13, Desmond, Nicola^Aff14, Coomarasamy, Arri^Aff1

المصدر: Trials. 19(1)

المؤلفون: Lissauer, David, Wilson, Amie, Hewitt, Catherine A., Middleton, Lee, Bishop, Jonathan R. B., Daniels, Jane, Merriel, Abi, Weeks, Andrew, Mhango, Chisale, Mataya, Ronald, Taulo, Frank, Ngalawesa, Theresa, Chirwa, Agatha, Mphasa, Colleta, Tambala, Tayamika, Chiudzu, Grace, Mwalwanda, Caroline, Mboma, Agnes, Qureshi, Rahat, Ahmed, Iffat

المصدر: Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey; Jul2019, Vol. 74 Issue 7, p401-403, 3p

المؤلفون: Lissauer D; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Wilson A; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Hewitt CA; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Middleton L; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Bishop JRB; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Daniels J; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Merriel A; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Weeks A; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Mhango C; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Mataya R; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Taulo F; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Ngalawesa T; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Chirwa A; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Mphasa C; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Tambala T; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Chiudzu G; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Mwalwanda C; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Mboma A; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Qureshi R; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Ahmed I; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Ismail H; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Oladapo OT; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Mbaruku G; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Chibwana J; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Watts G; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Simon B; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Ditai J; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Otim Tom C; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Acam J; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Ekunait J; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Unzia H; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Iyaku M; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Makiika JJ; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Zamora J; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Roberts T; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Goranitis I; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Bar-Zeev S; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Desmond N; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Arulkumaran S; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Bhutta ZA; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Gulmezoglu AM; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.)., Coomarasamy A; From the Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research (D.L., A. Coomarasamy) and Applied Health Research (A. Wilson, C.A.H., L.M., J.R.B.B.) and the Health Economics Unit (T.R., I.G.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J. Daniels), Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol (A. Merriel), the Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool (A. Weeks), and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (S.B.-Z., N.D.), Liverpool, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. George's University of London, London (S.A.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Blantyre (C. Mhango, R.M., F.T., T.N., A. Chirwa, C. Mphasa, T.T.), and Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (G.C., C. Mwalwanda, A. Mboma) - both in Malawi; the Aga Khan University Hospital and Medical College Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan (R.Q., I.A., H.I.); Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (O.T.O., A.M.G.); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (G.M., J.C., G.W., B.S.); Sanyu Africa Research Institute and Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale (J. Ditai, C.O.T., J.A.), and Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti (J.E., H.U., M.I., J.J.M.) - all in Uganda; Clinical Biostatistics Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid (J.Z.); and the Research Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Z.A.B.).

المصدر: The New England journal of medicine [N Engl J Med] 2019 Mar 14; Vol. 380 (11), pp. 1012-1021.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Antibiotic Prophylaxis* , Preoperative Care*, Abortion, Spontaneous/*surgery , Doxycycline/*therapeutic use , Metronidazole/*therapeutic use , Pelvic Infection/*prevention & control , Postoperative Complications/*prevention & control, Administration, Oral ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Africa South of the Sahara ; Developing Countries ; Double-Blind Method ; Doxycycline/adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Metronidazole/adverse effects ; Pakistan ; Pelvic Infection/epidemiology ; Postoperative Complications/epidemiology ; Pregnancy ; Treatment Outcome