-
1دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Cenko E; Laboratory of Epidemiological and Clinical Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy., Zdravkovic M; Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Clinical Hospital Center Bezanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia., Tousoulis D; 1st Cardiology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece., Padro T; Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Disease Group, Institut Recerca Sant Pau, Sant Quinti 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain.; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
مؤلفون مشاركون: ESC WG-CPM Nucleus Members
المصدر: Cardiovascular research [Cardiovasc Res] 2024 Sep 21; Vol. 120 (11), pp. e44-e47.
نوع المنشور: Journal Article
بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Oxford Journals Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0077427 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1755-3245 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00086363 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cardiovasc Res Subsets: MEDLINE
مواضيع طبية MeSH: Microcirculation* , Coronary Circulation*, Humans ; Cardiology ; Europe ; Coronary Vessels/physiopathology ; Societies, Medical ; Animals
-
2دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Jiang L; Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China., Xu HY; Department of Radiology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, 20# South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China., Li Y; Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China., Shi K; Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China., Fang H; Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China., Yan WF; Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China., Guo YK; Department of Radiology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, 20# South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China., Yang ZG; Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China. yangzg666@163.com.
المصدر: Cardiovascular diabetology [Cardiovasc Diabetol] 2024 Sep 19; Vol. 23 (1), pp. 345. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Sep 19.
نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Comparative Study
بيانات الدورية: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101147637 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1475-2840 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14752840 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cardiovasc Diabetol Subsets: MEDLINE
مواضيع طبية MeSH: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2*/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2*/diagnosis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2*/physiopathology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2*/complications , Microcirculation* , Dyslipidemias*/blood , Dyslipidemias*/diagnosis , Dyslipidemias*/epidemiology , Ventricular Function, Left* , Triglycerides*/blood , Coronary Circulation* , Blood Glucose*/metabolism , Biomarkers*/blood , Ventricular Remodeling* , Predictive Value of Tests*, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Case-Control Studies ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine ; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology ; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/blood ; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/diagnostic imaging ; Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/physiopathology ; Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/blood ; Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/diagnostic imaging ; Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/etiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Adult ; Risk Factors ; Retrospective Studies
-
3دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Fernandes M; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil., Lorenzo A; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil., Tibiriçá E; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
المصدر: Brazilian journal of cardiovascular surgery [Braz J Cardiovasc Surg] 2024 Sep 09; Vol. 39 (6), pp. e20230383. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Sep 09.
نوع المنشور: Case Reports; Journal Article
بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Brazilian Society of Cardiovascular Surgery Country of Publication: Brazil NLM ID: 101677045 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1678-9741 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01027638 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Braz J Cardiovasc Surg Subsets: MEDLINE
-
4دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Ma L; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China., Jiang Y; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China., Feng H; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China., Gao J; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China., Du X; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China., Fan Z; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China., Zheng H; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China., Zhu J; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China. zjj_66164560@suda.edu.cn.
المصدر: BMC infectious diseases [BMC Infect Dis] 2024 Sep 03; Vol. 24 (1), pp. 910. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Sep 03.
نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Observational Study
بيانات الدورية: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100968551 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-2334 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14712334 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Infect Dis Subsets: MEDLINE
مواضيع طبية MeSH: Shock, Septic*/mortality , Shock, Septic*/physiopathology , Microcirculation*/physiology , Extracellular Fluid* , Blood Glucose*/analysis , Intensive Care Units*, Humans ; Female ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Prognosis ; Aged ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Adult ; Organ Dysfunction Scores
-
5Editorial & Opinion
المؤلفون: Sinha A; British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.S., H.R., O.M.D., H.P.M., M.E.L.K.W., M.R., S.E., B.A.-K., H.E., A.C., A.J.W., D.P.)., Rahman H; British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.S., H.R., O.M.D., H.P.M., M.E.L.K.W., M.R., S.E., B.A.-K., H.E., A.C., A.J.W., D.P.)., Demir OM; British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.S., H.R., O.M.D., H.P.M., M.E.L.K.W., M.R., S.E., B.A.-K., H.E., A.C., A.J.W., D.P.)., De Silva K; Guys' and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (K.D.S., A.J.W., D.P.)., Morgan HP; British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.S., H.R., O.M.D., H.P.M., M.E.L.K.W., M.R., S.E., B.A.-K., H.E., A.C., A.J.W., D.P.)., LiKamWa ME; British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.S., H.R., O.M.D., H.P.M., M.E.L.K.W., M.R., S.E., B.A.-K., H.E., A.C., A.J.W., D.P.)., Ryan M; British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.S., H.R., O.M.D., H.P.M., M.E.L.K.W., M.R., S.E., B.A.-K., H.E., A.C., A.J.W., D.P.)., Ezad S; British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.S., H.R., O.M.D., H.P.M., M.E.L.K.W., M.R., S.E., B.A.-K., H.E., A.C., A.J.W., D.P.)., Al-Khayatt B; British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.S., H.R., O.M.D., H.P.M., M.E.L.K.W., M.R., S.E., B.A.-K., H.E., A.C., A.J.W., D.P.)., Ellis H; British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.S., H.R., O.M.D., H.P.M., M.E.L.K.W., M.R., S.E., B.A.-K., H.E., A.C., A.J.W., D.P.)., Chiribiri A; British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.S., H.R., O.M.D., H.P.M., M.E.L.K.W., M.R., S.E., B.A.-K., H.E., A.C., A.J.W., D.P.)., Webb AJ; British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.S., H.R., O.M.D., H.P.M., M.E.L.K.W., M.R., S.E., B.A.-K., H.E., A.C., A.J.W., D.P.).; Guys' and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (K.D.S., A.J.W., D.P.)., Perera D; British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.S., H.R., O.M.D., H.P.M., M.E.L.K.W., M.R., S.E., B.A.-K., H.E., A.C., A.J.W., D.P.).; Guys' and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (K.D.S., A.J.W., D.P.).
المصدر: Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions [Circ Cardiovasc Interv] 2024 Sep; Vol. 17 (9), pp. e014477. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Sep 05.
نوع المنشور: Letter
بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101499602 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1941-7632 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19417640 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Circ Cardiovasc Interv Subsets: MEDLINE
مواضيع طبية MeSH: Predictive Value of Tests* , Microcirculation* , Vascular Resistance*, Humans ; Treatment Outcome ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Female ; Coronary Vessels/diagnostic imaging ; Coronary Vessels/physiopathology ; Angina Pectoris/physiopathology ; Angina Pectoris/therapy ; Angina Pectoris/diagnosis ; Coronary Circulation ; Aged ; Myocardial Ischemia/physiopathology ; Myocardial Ischemia/therapy ; Myocardial Ischemia/diagnostic imaging ; Vasodilator Agents/therapeutic use ; Coronary Artery Disease/diagnostic imaging ; Coronary Artery Disease/therapy ; Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology
-
6دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Elmounedi N; Cell therapy and experimental surgery of musculoskeletal system LR18SP11 Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia. Electronic address: najah.mounedi12@gmail.com., Jedli O; Histo-Physiology of Induced and Developmental Diseases (12ES15) at the Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia., Bahloul W; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia., Keskes K; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia., Sahnoun N; Cell therapy and experimental surgery of musculoskeletal system LR18SP11 Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia., Abdelhedi O; Cell therapy and experimental surgery of musculoskeletal system LR18SP11 Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia., Ellouz Z; Cell therapy and experimental surgery of musculoskeletal system LR18SP11 Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia., Keskes H; Cell therapy and experimental surgery of musculoskeletal system LR18SP11 Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia.
المصدر: World neurosurgery [World Neurosurg] 2024 Sep; Vol. 189, pp. e912-e920. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jul 08.
نوع المنشور: Journal Article
بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101528275 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1878-8769 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 18788750 NLM ISO Abbreviation: World Neurosurg Subsets: MEDLINE
مواضيع طبية MeSH: Rats, Sprague-Dawley* , Intervertebral Disc Degeneration*/diagnostic imaging , Spinal Fractures*/diagnostic imaging , Spinal Fractures*/etiology , Microcirculation*/physiology , Microcirculation*/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal*, Animals ; Male ; Rats ; Vertebral Body/diagnostic imaging ; Ethanol ; Intervertebral Disc/diagnostic imaging ; Intervertebral Disc/pathology
-
7دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Jeskanen T; Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.; Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland., Ylinen V; Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.; Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland., Valtonen RIP; Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.; Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland., Tulppo MP; Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.; Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
المصدر: Clinical physiology and functional imaging [Clin Physiol Funct Imaging] 2024 Sep; Vol. 44 (5), pp. 388-395. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 26.
نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Comparative Study
بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Blackwell Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101137604 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1475-097X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14750961 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Clin Physiol Funct Imaging Subsets: MEDLINE
مواضيع طبية MeSH: Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared*/methods , Brachial Artery*/physiopathology , Oxygen Consumption* , Muscle, Skeletal*/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal*/blood supply , Healthy Volunteers* , Microcirculation*, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Reproducibility of Results ; Adult ; Sex Factors ; Young Adult ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Regional Blood Flow ; Time Factors ; Biomarkers ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Oxygen/blood
-
8دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Hultman M; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Sweden; Perimed AB, Datavägen 9A, Järfälla, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: martin.o.hultman@liu.se., Richter F; Primary Health Care Center, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden., Larsson M; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Sweden., Strömberg T; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Sweden., Iredahl F; Primary Health Care Center, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden., Fredriksson I; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Sweden; Perimed AB, Datavägen 9A, Järfälla, Stockholm, Sweden.
المصدر: Microvascular research [Microvasc Res] 2024 Sep; Vol. 155, pp. 104715. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jul 14.
نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Validation Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Academic Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0165035 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1095-9319 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00262862 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Microvasc Res Subsets: MEDLINE
مواضيع طبية MeSH: Hyperemia*/physiopathology , Microcirculation* , Regional Blood Flow* , Models, Cardiovascular*, Humans ; Blood Flow Velocity ; Reproducibility of Results ; Healthy Volunteers ; Time Factors ; Male ; Adult ; Female ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Laser-Doppler Flowmetry ; Young Adult
-
9دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Ergin B; Department of Intensive Care, Laboratory of Translational Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: b.ergin@erasmusmc.nl., Kapucu A; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey., Chawla L; UC San Diego Health, University of California, San Diego, United States of America., Ince C; Department of Intensive Care, Laboratory of Translational Intensive Care, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
المصدر: Microvascular research [Microvasc Res] 2024 Sep; Vol. 155, pp. 104709. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jun 25.
نوع المنشور: Letter; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Academic Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0165035 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1095-9319 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00262862 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Microvasc Res Subsets: MEDLINE
مواضيع طبية MeSH: Microcirculation*/drug effects , Angiotensin II* , Hemodynamics*/drug effects , Kidney*/blood supply , Kidney*/drug effects , Kidney*/physiopathology , Sepsis*/drug therapy , Sepsis*/physiopathology , Disease Models, Animal*, Animals ; Rats ; Male ; Rats, Wistar ; Acute Kidney Injury/physiopathology ; Acute Kidney Injury/drug therapy ; Acute Kidney Injury/metabolism ; Acute Kidney Injury/pathology
-
10دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Liu W; Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Army Medical University of PLA, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China., Wang W; Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Army Medical University of PLA, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China., Sun F; Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Army Medical University of PLA, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China., Jiang N; Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Army Medical University of PLA, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China., Yuan L; Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Army Medical University of PLA, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China., Bu X; Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Army Medical University of PLA, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China., Shu W; Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Army Medical University of PLA, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China., Li Q; Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Army Medical University of PLA, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China., Zhu Z; Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Army Medical University of PLA, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China.
المصدر: Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews [Diabetes Metab Res Rev] 2024 Sep; Vol. 40 (6), pp. e3835.
نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Observational Study
بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100883450 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1520-7560 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 15207552 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Diabetes Metab Res Rev Subsets: MEDLINE
مواضيع طبية MeSH: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2*/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2*/physiopathology , Microcirculation* , Machine Learning* , Metabolic Syndrome*/complications , Metabolic Syndrome*/physiopathology , Metabolic Syndrome*/diagnosis , Cardiovascular Diseases*/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases*/diagnosis, Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Mouth Floor/blood supply ; Aged ; Risk Assessment/methods ; Prognosis ; Heart Disease Risk Factors ; Follow-Up Studies ; Risk Factors ; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness