المؤلفون: Karakullukçu A; Istanbul Health and Technology University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul 34275, Turkey. Electronic address: asiyekarakullukcu@gmail.com., Akker M; Istinye University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Intensive Care Unit, Istanbul 34245, Turkey., Kuşkucu MA; Koç University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul 34098, Turkey., Dikmen Y; Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul 34098, Turkey., Aygün G; Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul 34098, Turkey.

المصدر: Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease [Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis] 2024 Jul; Vol. 109 (3), pp. 116262. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Mar 13.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Elsevier Biomedical Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8305899 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-0070 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 07328893 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/diagnosis , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/microbiology , Acinetobacter baumannii*/isolation & purification , Acinetobacter Infections*/diagnosis , Acinetobacter Infections*/microbiology , Sensitivity and Specificity*, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; ROC Curve ; Adult ; Aged, 80 and over

المؤلفون: Qian X; Department of Emergency Medicine, Linping Campus, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311100, P.R. China., Sheng Y; Department of Emergency Medicine, Linping Campus, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311100, P.R. China., Jiang Y; Department of Emergency Medicine, Linping Campus, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311100, P.R. China., Xu Y; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China. xuyongan2303@163.com.

المصدر: BMC pulmonary medicine [BMC Pulm Med] 2024 Jun 06; Vol. 24 (1), pp. 273. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jun 06.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100968563 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-2466 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14712466 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Pulm Med Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/blood , L-Lactate Dehydrogenase*/blood , Respiration, Artificial*/statistics & numerical data , Respiration, Artificial*/adverse effects , Intensive Care Units* , Databases, Factual*, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Aged ; Adult ; Risk Factors ; Biomarkers/blood ; Logistic Models

المؤلفون: Chen CL; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan., Tseng HY; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan., Chen WC; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Education, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan., Liang SJ; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan., Tu CY; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan., Lin YC; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. Electronic address: cmchlyc@yahoo.com.tw., Hsueh PR; Departments of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. Electronic address: hsporen@gmail.com.

المصدر: Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi [J Microbiol Immunol Infect] 2024 Jun; Vol. 57 (3), pp. 480-489. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Mar 06.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: published by Elsevier for the Taiwan Society of Microbiology Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100956211 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1995-9133 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 16841182 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Microbiol Immunol Infect Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Antimicrobial Stewardship* , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/drug therapy , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/microbiology , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/diagnosis , Intensive Care Units* , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/therapeutic use, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Retrospective Studies ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Taiwan ; Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia/drug therapy ; Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia/microbiology ; Cross Infection/drug therapy ; Cross Infection/microbiology ; Adult ; Bacteria/isolation & purification ; Bacteria/classification ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Bacteria/genetics

المؤلفون: Morimoto S; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan. Electronic address: otomirom7960@yahoo.co.jp., Muranishi K; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan. Electronic address: rabbit.19871227@gmail.com., Izutani Y; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan. Electronic address: nrk14110@yahoo.co.jp., Maruyama J; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan. Electronic address: marujun1025@icloud.com., Kato R; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan. Electronic address: jiatengliciang@gmail.com., Ninomiya S; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan. Electronic address: maxim.mypace.igggy@gmail.com., Nakamura Y; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan. Electronic address: pdmxy827@yahoo.co.jp., Kitamura T; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan. Electronic address: taisukekitamura@gmail.com., Takata T; Department of Oncology, Hematology and Infectious Disease, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan. Electronic address: takattol@cis.fukuoka-u.ac.jp., Ishikura H; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan. Electronic address: ishikurah@fukuoka-u.ac.jp.

المصدر: Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy [J Infect Chemother] 2024 Jun; Vol. 30 (6), pp. 499-503. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Dec 12.

نوع المنشور: Observational Study; Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 9608375 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1437-7780 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 1341321X NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Infect Chemother Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/microbiology , COVID-19*/epidemiology , COVID-19*/complications , Respiratory Distress Syndrome*, Humans ; Bacteria ; Prognosis ; Carbapenems/therapeutic use ; Intensive Care Units ; Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects

المؤلفون: Darbanian N; Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran., Nobahar M; Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, 3513138111, Iran. Nobahar43@Semums.ac.ir.; Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. Nobahar43@Semums.ac.ir., Ghorbani R; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.

المصدر: BMC oral health [BMC Oral Health] 2024 May 29; Vol. 24 (1), pp. 636. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 29.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Comparative Study

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101088684 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1472-6831 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14726831 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Oral Health Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/prevention & control , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/epidemiology , Mouthwashes*/therapeutic use , Propolis*/therapeutic use , Intensive Care Units*, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Incidence ; Iran/epidemiology ; Adult ; Chlorhexidine/therapeutic use ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local/therapeutic use ; Aged ; APACHE

المؤلفون: Sun K; Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China., Peng F; Shanxi Province People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China., Xu K; Qinhuangdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China., Liu Y; Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan, Shangdong, China., Zhou X; School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China., Shang N; Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China., Li C; Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.

المصدر: Frontiers in public health [Front Public Health] 2024 May 09; Vol. 12, pp. 1385118. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 09 (Print Publication: 2024).

نوع المنشور: Journal Article

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Frontiers Editorial Office Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101616579 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2296-2565 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 22962565 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Front Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Acinetobacter baumannii*/drug effects , Carbapenems*/therapeutic use , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/drug therapy , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/microbiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/therapeutic use , Acinetobacter Infections*/drug therapy , Treatment Failure* , Tigecycline*/therapeutic use, Humans ; Risk Factors ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Logistic Models ; Adult ; Retrospective Studies ; China ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial

المؤلفون: Lorente L; Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain., Sabater-Riera J; IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain., Rello J; CRIPS (Clinical Research in Pneumonia & Sepsis); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain.; Formation, Recherche, Evaluation (FOREVA), CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France.; CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.

المصدر: Expert review of anti-infective therapy [Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther] 2024 May; Vol. 22 (5), pp. 317-332. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 22.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Review

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Taylor & Francis Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101181284 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1744-8336 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14787210 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/prevention & control , Practice Guidelines as Topic*, Humans ; Patient Care Bundles/methods ; Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects ; Patient Care Team ; Health Care Costs ; Cross Infection/prevention & control

المؤلفون: Moro H; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 952-8510, Japan. Electronic address: hmoro@med.niigata-u.ac.jp., Aoki N; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 952-8510, Japan. Electronic address: n-aoki@med.niigata-u.ac.jp., Matsumoto H; Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan. Electronic address: hmatsumoto@oita-u.ac.jp., Tone K; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine Kashiwa Hospital, 1-163-1 Kashiwabuka, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8567, Japan. Electronic address: tone@jikei.ac.jp., Shuto H; Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan. Electronic address: shuto0326@oita-u.ac.jp., Komiya K; Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan; Research Center for GLOBAL and LOCAL Infectious Diseases, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan. Electronic address: komiyakh1@oita-u.ac.jp., Kikuchi T; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata, 952-8510, Japan. Electronic address: kikuchi@med.niigata-u.ac.jp., Shime N; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan. Electronic address: shime@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp.

المصدر: Respiratory investigation [Respir Investig] 2024 May; Vol. 62 (3), pp. 365-368. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Mar 01.

نوع المنشور: Systematic Review; Journal Article; Review

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 101581124 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2212-5353 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 22125345 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Respir Investig Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/diagnosis , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/microbiology , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus*, Humans ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Japan/epidemiology ; Bacteria ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa

المؤلفون: Russo A; Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, 'Magna Graecia' University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy. Electronic address: a.russo@unicz.it., Gullì SP; Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, 'Magna Graecia' University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy., D'Avino A; Department of Internal Medicine and Risk Management, Cristo Re Hospital, Rome, Italy., Borrazzo C; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy., Carannante N; Emergency Room, Cotugno-Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, Naples, Italy., Dezza FC; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy., Covino S; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy., Polistina G; Sub-Intensive Care Unit and Respiratory Physiopathology Department, Cotugno-Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, Naples, Italy., Fiorentino G; Sub-Intensive Care Unit and Respiratory Physiopathology Department, Cotugno-Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, Naples, Italy., Trecarichi EM; Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, 'Magna Graecia' University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy., Mastroianni CM; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy., Torti C; UOC Malattie Infettive - Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche - Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma - Sezione Malattie Infettive - Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica - Università Cattolica S. Cuore, Roma., Oliva A; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.

المصدر: International journal of antimicrobial agents [Int J Antimicrob Agents] 2024 Jul; Vol. 64 (1), pp. 107190. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 30.

نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Multicenter Study

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Elsevier Science Publishers Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 9111860 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1872-7913 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09248579 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Antimicrob Agents Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Fosfomycin*/therapeutic use , Fosfomycin*/administration & dosage , Acinetobacter baumannii*/drug effects , Acinetobacter Infections*/drug therapy , Acinetobacter Infections*/mortality , Acinetobacter Infections*/microbiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/administration & dosage , Carbapenems*/therapeutic use , Administration, Intravenous* , Sulbactam*/therapeutic use , Sulbactam*/administration & dosage , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/drug therapy , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/microbiology , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/mortality, Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Male ; Female ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Colistin/therapeutic use ; Colistin/administration & dosage ; Italy ; Ampicillin/therapeutic use ; Ampicillin/administration & dosage ; Cefiderocol ; Aged, 80 and over ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Bacteremia/drug therapy ; Bacteremia/microbiology ; Bacteremia/mortality ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial

المؤلفون: Bisanti A; Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.; Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy., Giammatteo V; Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.; Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy., Bello G; Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy. gsppbll@gmail.com.; Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. gsppbll@gmail.com., Grieco DL; Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.; Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy., De Pascale G; Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.; Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy., Antonelli M; Department of Emergency, Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.; Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.

المصدر: Critical care (London, England) [Crit Care] 2024 May 09; Vol. 28 (1), pp. 155. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 09.

نوع المنشور: Letter

بيانات الدورية: Publisher: BioMed Central Ltd Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9801902 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1466-609X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 13648535 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Crit Care Subsets: MEDLINE

مواضيع طبية MeSH: Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/diagnosis , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated*/microbiology , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid*/microbiology, Humans ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage/methods ; Trachea/microbiology ; Male