دورية أكاديمية
أعرض في EDS

Blood-Based and Imaging Biomarkers of Atherosclerosis.

التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
العنوان: Blood-Based and Imaging Biomarkers of Atherosclerosis.
المؤلفون: Ali K; From the Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK., Lang CC; From the Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK., Huang JTJ; Biomarker and Drug Analysis Core Facility, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK., Choy AM; From the Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
المصدر: Cardiology in review [Cardiol Rev] 2023 Sep-Oct 01; Vol. 31 (5), pp. 235-246. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Jan 31.
نوع المنشور: Journal Article
اللغة: English
بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9304686 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1538-4683 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10615377 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cardiol Rev Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE; MEDLINE
أسماء مطبوعة: Publication: 1998- : Hagerstown, MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Original Publication: Baltimore, Md. : Williams & Wilkins, c1993-
مستخلص: Atherosclerosis is the main cause of arterial thrombosis, causing acute occlusive cardiovascular syndromes. Numerous risk prediction models have been developed, which mathematically combine multiple predictors, to estimate the risk of developing cardiovascular events. Current risk models typically do not include information from biomarkers that can potentially improve these existing prediction models especially if they are pathophysiologically relevant. Numerous cardiovascular disease biomarkers have been investigated that have focused on known pathophysiological pathways including those related to cardiac stress, inflammation, matrix remodelling, and endothelial dysfunction. Imaging biomarkers have also been studied that have yielded promising results with a potential higher degree of clinical applicability in detection of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular event prediction. To further improve therapy decision-making and guidance, there is continuing intense research on emerging biologically relevant biomarkers. As the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is multifactorial, improvements in discrimination and reclassification in risk prediction models will likely involve multiple biomarkers. This article will provide an overview of the literature on potential blood-based and imaging biomarkers of atherosclerosis studied so far, as well as potential future directions.
Competing Interests: Disclosure: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
(Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)
References: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) Fact sheet. Available at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases#tab=tab_1 . Accessed June 1, 2021.
Libby P, Buring JE, Badimon L, et al. Atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5:56.
Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, et al.; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S49–S73.
D’Agostino RB Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2008;117:743–753.
Conroy RM, Pyörälä K, Fitzgerald AP, et al.; SCORE project group. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:987–1003.
Ridker PM, Buring JE, Rifai N, et al. Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the Reynolds Risk Score. JAMA. 2007;297:611–619.
Damen JA, Hooft L, Schuit E, et al. Prediction models for cardiovascular disease risk in the general population: systematic review. BMJ. 2016;353:i2416.
Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, et al. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:973–979.
Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, Jablonski KA, et al.; PEACE Investigators. Prognostic significance of the Centers for Disease Control/American Heart Association high-sensitivity C-reactive protein cut points for cardiovascular and other outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2007;115:1528–1536.
Wang J, Tang B, Liu X, et al. Increased monomeric CRP levels in acute myocardial infarction: a possible new and specific biomarker for diagnosis and severity assessment of disease. Atherosclerosis. 2015;239:343–349.
Morrow DA, Rifai N, Antman EM, et al. C-reactive protein is a potent predictor of mortality independently of and in combination with troponin T in acute coronary syndromes: a TIMI 11A substudy. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:1460–1465.
Lindahl B, Toss H, Siegbahn A, et al. Markers of myocardial damage and inflammation in relation to long-term mortality in unstable coronary artery disease. FRISC Study Group. Fragmin during Instability in Coronary Artery Disease. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1139–1147.
Mora S, Ridker PM. Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER)–can C-reactive protein be used to target statin therapy in primary prevention? Am J Cardiol. 2006;97(2A):33A–41A.
Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, et al.; CANTOS Trial Group. Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1119–1131.
Ridker PM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, et al. Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation. 2000;101:1767–1772.
Blankenberg S, Luc G, Ducimetière P, et al.; PRIME Study Group. Interleukin-18 and the risk of coronary heart disease in European men: the Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME). Circulation. 2003;108:2453–2459.
Schillinger M, Exner M, Mlekusch W, et al. Inflammation and Carotid Artery–Risk for Atherosclerosis Study (ICARAS). Circulation. 2005;111:2203–2209.
Soeki T, Niki T, Kusunose K, et al. Elevated concentrations of pentraxin 3 are associated with coronary plaque vulnerability. J Cardiol. 2011;58:151–157.
Shindo A, Tanemura H, Yata K, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers in atherosclerosis: pentraxin 3 can become a novel marker of plaque vulnerability. PLoS One. 2014;9:e100045.
Baldus S, Heeschen C, Meinertz T, et al.; CAPTURE Investigators. Myeloperoxidase serum levels predict risk in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2003;108:1440–1445.
Heeschen C, Dimmeler S, Hamm CW, et al.; CAPTURE Study Investigators. Soluble CD40 ligand in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1104–1111.
Hwang SJ, Ballantyne CM, Sharrett AR, et al. Circulating adhesion molecules VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin in carotid atherosclerosis and incident coronary heart disease cases: the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) study. Circulation. 1997;96:4219–4225.
Mittal B, Mishra A, Srivastava A, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases in coronary artery disease. Adv Clin Chem. 2014;64:1–72.
Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:111–188.
Pastori D, Carnevale R, Pignatelli P. Is there a clinical role for oxidative stress biomarkers in atherosclerotic diseases? Intern Emerg Med. 2014;9:123–131.
Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, et al.; REDUCE-IT Investigators. Cardiovascular risk reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for hypertriglyceridemia. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:11–22.
Lind L, Simon T, Johansson L, et al. Circulating levels of secretory- and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activities: relation to atherosclerotic plaques and future all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:2946–2954.
Erqou S, Kaptoge S, Perry PL, et al. Lipoprotein(a) concentration and the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and nonvascular mortality. JAMA. 2009;302:412–23.
Steffen BT, Guan W, Remaley AT, et al. Apolipoprotein B is associated with carotid atherosclerosis progression independent of individual cholesterol measures in a 9-year prospective study of Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis participants. J Clin Lipidol. 2017;11:1181–1191.e1.
Fontana A, Spadaro S, Copetti M, et al. Association between resistin levels and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a new study and a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0120419.
Marsche G, Zelzer S, Meinitzer A, et al. Adiponectin predicts high-density lipoprotein cholesterol efflux capacity in adults irrespective of body mass index and fat distribution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102:4117–4123.
Miyoshi T, Onoue G, Hirohata A, et al. Serum adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein is independently associated with coronary atherosclerotic burden measured by intravascular ultrasound. Atherosclerosis. 2010;211:164–169.
McCully KS. Vascular pathology of homocysteinemia: implications for the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Am J Pathol. 1969;56:111–128.
Danesh J, Lewington S, Thompson SG, et al. Plasma fibrinogen level and the risk of major cardiovascular diseases and nonvascular mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. JAMA. 2005;294:1799–809.
Folsom AR, Gottesman RF, Appiah D, et al. Plasma d-Dimer and incident ischemic stroke and Coronary Heart Disease: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Stroke. 2016;47:18–23.
Spiel AO, Gilbert JC, Jilma B. von Willebrand factor in cardiovascular disease: focus on acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2008;117:1449–1459.
Vaughan DE. PAI-1 and atherothrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:1879–1883.
Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, et al.; Executive Group on behalf of the Joint European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)/World Heart Federation (WHF) Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018). Circulation. 2018;138:e618–e651.
Di Angelantonio E, Chowdhury R, Sarwar N, et al. B-type natriuretic peptides and cardiovascular risk: systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 prospective studies. Circulation. 2009;120:2177–2187.
Lenderink T, Heeschen C, Fichtlscherer S, et al.; CAPTURE Investigators. Elevated placental growth factor levels are associated with adverse outcomes at four-year follow-up in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:307–311.
Bonaca MP, Scirica BM, Sabatine MS, et al. Prospective evaluation of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-a and outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:332–338.
Gaze DC. Ischemia modified albumin: a novel biomarker for the detection of cardiac ischemia. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2009;24:333–341.
Khan SQ, Ng K, Dhillon O, et al. Growth differentiation factor-15 as a prognostic marker in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:1057–1065.
Feinberg MW, Moore KJ. MicroRNA regulation of atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2016;118:703–720.
Kaur A, Mackin ST, Schlosser K, et al. Systematic review of microRNA biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome and stable coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Res. 2020;116:1113–1124.
Virani SS, Polsani VR, Nambi V. Novel markers of inflammation in atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2008;10:164–170.
Möhlenkamp S, Lehmann N, Moebus S, et al.; Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigators. Quantification of coronary atherosclerosis and inflammation to predict coronary events and all-cause mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:1455–1464.
Kremers B, Wübbeke L, Mees B, et al. Plasma biomarkers to predict cardiovascular outcome in patients with peripheral artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40:2018–2032.
Cesari M, Penninx BW, Newman AB, et al. Inflammatory markers and onset of cardiovascular events: results from the Health ABC study. Circulation. 2003;108:2317–2322.
Tuomisto K, Jousilahti P, Sundvall J, et al. C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha as predictors of incident coronary and cardiovascular events and total mortality. A population-based, prospective study. Thromb Haemost. 2006;95:511–518.
Wang XH, Liu SQ, Wang YL, et al. Correlation of serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Genet Mol Res. 2014;13:4260–4266.
Biscetti F, Straface G, Bertoletti G, et al. Identification of a potential proinflammatory genetic profile influencing carotid plaque vulnerability. J Vasc Surg. 2015;61:374–381.
Schneiderman J, Schaefer K, Kolodgie FD, et al. Leptin locally synthesized in carotid atherosclerotic plaques could be associated with lesion instability and cerebral emboli. J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1:e001727.
Hua S, Song C, Geczy CL, et al. A role for acute-phase serum amyloid A and high-density lipoprotein in oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Redox Rep. 2009;14:187–196.
Johnson BD, Kip KE, Marroquin OC, et al.; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Serum amyloid A as a predictor of coronary artery disease and cardiovascular outcome in women: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-Sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE). Circulation. 2004;109:726–732.
Kosuge M, Ebina T, Ishikawa T, et al. Serum amyloid A is a better predictor of clinical outcomes than C-reactive protein in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Circ J. 2007;71:186–190.
Ogasawara K, Mashiba S, Wada Y, et al. A serum amyloid A and LDL complex as a new prognostic marker in stable coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 2004;174:349–356.
Mayer FJ, Binder CJ, Krychtiuk KA, et al. The prognostic value of serum amyloid A for long-term mortality among patients with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis. Eur J Clin Invest. 2019;49:e13095.
Baragetti A, Knoflach M, Cuccovillo I, et al. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) plasma levels and carotid intima media thickness progression in the general population. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24:518–523.
Inoue K, Sugiyama A, Reid PC, et al. Establishment of a high sensitivity plasma assay for human pentraxin3 as a marker for unstable angina pectoris. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:161–167.
Liu H, Guan S, Fang W, et al. Associations between pentraxin 3 and severity of coronary artery disease. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e007123.
Meuwese MC, Stroes ES, Hazen SL, et al. Serum myeloperoxidase levels are associated with the future risk of coronary artery disease in apparently healthy individuals: the EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:159–165.
Zhang R, Brennan ML, Fu X, et al. Association between myeloperoxidase levels and risk of coronary artery disease. JAMA. 2001;286:2136–2142.
Brennan ML, Penn MS, Van Lente F, et al. Prognostic value of myeloperoxidase in patients with chest pain. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1595–1604.
Varo N, de Lemos JA, Libby P, et al. Soluble CD40L: risk prediction after acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2003;108:1049–1052.
Rondina MT, Lappé JM, Carlquist JF, et al. Soluble CD40 ligand as a predictor of coronary artery disease and long-term clinical outcomes in stable patients undergoing coronary angiography. Cardiology. 2008;109:196–201.
Lu HH, Sheng ZQ, Wang Y, et al. Levels of soluble adhesion molecules in patients with various clinical presentations of coronary atherosclerosis. Chin Med J (Engl). 2010;123:3123–3126.
Hoke M, Winter MP, Wagner O, et al. The impact of selectins on mortality in stable carotid atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost. 2015;114:632–638.
Bielinski SJ, Pankow JS, Li N, et al. ICAM1 and VCAM1 polymorphisms, coronary artery calcium, and circulating levels of soluble ICAM-1: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis. 2008;201:339–344.
Olejarz W, Łacheta D, Kubiak-Tomaszewska G. Matrix metalloproteinases as biomarkers of atherosclerotic plaque instability. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:3946.
Borén J, Williams KJ. The central role of arterial retention of cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a triumph of simplicity. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2016;27:473–483.
Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376:1670–81.
Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1301–1307.
Navarese EP, Robinson JG, Kowalewski M, et al. Association between baseline LDL-C level and total and cardiovascular mortality after LDL-C lowering: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2018;319:1566–1579.
Di Angelantonio E, Gao P, Pennells L, et al. Lipid-related markers and cardiovascular disease prediction. JAMA. 2012;307:2499–506.
Boden WE, Probstfield JL, Anderson T, et al. Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2255–67.
Bowman L, Hopewell JC, Chen F, et al. Effects of anacetrapib in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1217–27.
Lincoff AM, Nicholls SJ, Riesmeyer JS, et al.; ACCELERATE Investigators. Evacetrapib and cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1933–1942.
Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Abt M, et al.; dal-OUTCOMES Investigators. Effects of dalcetrapib in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:2089–2099.
Nordestgaard BG. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: new insights from epidemiology, genetics, and biology. Circ Res. 2016;118:547–563.
Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Ray K, et al.; European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2844–2853.
Ingelsson E, Schaefer EJ, Contois JH, et al. Clinical utility of different lipid measures for prediction of coronary heart disease in men and women. JAMA. 2007;298:776–785.
Knuplez E, Marsche G. An Updated Review of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Plasma Lysophosphatidylcholines in the Vascular System. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:E4501.
Diehl P, Nienaber F, Zaldivia MTK, et al. Lysophosphatidylcholine is a major component of platelet microvesicles promoting platelet activation and reporting atherosclerotic plaque instability. Thromb Haemost. 2019;119:1295–1310.
Clarke R, Collins R, Lewington S, et al. Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2002;288:2015–22.
Horne BD, Anderson JL, John JM, et al.; Intermountain Heart Collaborative Study Group. Which white blood cell subtypes predict increased cardiovascular risk? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1638–1643.
Adamstein NH, MacFadyen JG, Rose LM, et al. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and incident atherosclerotic events: analyses from five contemporary randomized trials. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:896–903.
de Lemos JA, Drazner MH, Omland T, et al. Association of troponin T detected with a highly sensitive assay and cardiac structure and mortality risk in the general population. JAMA. 2010;304:2503–2512.
Hochholzer W, Valina CM, Stratz C, et al. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin for risk prediction in patients with and without coronary heart disease. Int J Cardiol. 2014;176:444–449.
Everett BM, Brooks MM, Vlachos HE, et al.; BARI 2D Study Group. Troponin and cardiac events in stable ischemic heart disease and diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:610–620.
Omland T, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD, et al.; PEACE Investigators. Prognostic value of cardiac troponin I measured with a highly sensitive assay in patients with stable coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:1240–1249.
van Holten TC, Waanders LF, de Groot PG, et al. Circulating biomarkers for predicting cardiovascular disease risk; a systematic review and comprehensive overview of meta-analyses. PLoS One. 2013;8:e62080.
Nadir MA, Rekhraj S, Wei L, et al. Improving the primary prevention of cardiovascular events by using biomarkers to identify individuals with silent heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:960–968.
Glaser R, Peacock WF, Wu AH, et al. Placental growth factor and B-type natriuretic peptide as independent predictors of risk from a multibiomarker panel in suspected acute coronary syndrome (Acute Risk and Related Outcomes Assessed With Cardiac Biomarkers [ARROW]) study. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107:821–826.
Schnabel R, Lubos E, Rupprecht HJ, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide and the risk of cardiovascular events and death in patients with stable angina: results from the AtheroGene study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:552–558.
Matsushita K, Kwak L, Yang C, et al. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin and natriuretic peptide with risk of lower-extremity peripheral artery disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:2412–2419.
Hoefer IE, Steffens S, Ala-Korpela M, et al.; ESC Working Group Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology. Novel methodologies for biomarker discovery in atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:2635–2642.
Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, et al. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2007;115:459–467.
Chambless LE, Heiss G, Folsom AR, et al. Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, 1987-1993. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146:483–494.
Lorenz MW, Polak JF, Kavousi M, et al.; PROG-IMT Study Group. Carotid intima-media thickness progression to predict cardiovascular events in the general population (the PROG-IMT collaborative project): a meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet. 2012;379:2053–2062.
Costanzo P, Perrone-Filardi P, Vassallo E, et al. Does carotid intima-media thickness regression predict reduction of cardiovascular events? A meta-analysis of 41 randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:2006–2020.
Inaba Y, Chen JA, Bergmann SR. Carotid plaque, compared with carotid intima-media thickness, more accurately predicts coronary artery disease events: a meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2012;220:128–133.
Staub D, Partovi S, Schinkel AF, et al. Correlation of carotid artery atherosclerotic lesion echogenicity and severity at standard US with intraplaque neovascularization detected at contrast-enhanced US. Radiology. 2011;258:618–626.
Inaba Y, Chen JA, Bergmann SR. Prediction of future cardiovascular outcomes by flow-mediated vasodilatation of brachial artery: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;26:631–640.
Ras RT, Streppel MT, Draijer R, et al. Flow-mediated dilation and cardiovascular risk prediction: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:344–351.
Van Bortel LM, Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, et al.; Artery Society; European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Vascular Structure and Function; European Network for Noninvasive Investigation of Large Arteries. Expert consensus document on the measurement of aortic stiffness in daily practice using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. J Hypertens. 2012;30:445–448.
Ben-Shlomo Y, Spears M, Boustred C, et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity improves cardiovascular event prediction: an individual participant meta-analysis of prospective observational data from 17,635 subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:636–646.
Collaboration ABI. Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008;300:197.
Fowkes FG, Murray GD, Butcher I, et al.; Ankle Brachial Index Collaboration. Development and validation of an ankle brachial index risk model for the prediction of cardiovascular events. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2014;21:310–320.
Murphy TP, Dhangana R, Pencina MJ, et al. Ankle-brachial index and cardiovascular risk prediction: an analysis of 11,594 individuals with 10-year follow-up. Atherosclerosis. 2012;220:160–167.
Sarwar A, Shaw LJ, Shapiro MD, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of absence of coronary artery calcification. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2:675–688.
Rosen BD, Fernandes V, McClelland RL, et al. Relationship between baseline coronary calcium score and demonstration of coronary artery stenoses during follow-up MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2:1175–1183.
Cho I, Al’Aref SJ, Berger A, et al. Prognostic value of coronary computed tomographic angiography findings in asymptomatic individuals: a 6-year follow-up from the prospective multicentre international CONFIRM study. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:934–941.
The S. CT coronary angiography in patients with suspected angina due to coronary heart disease (SCOT-HEART): an open-label, parallel-group, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2015;385:2383–91.
Motoyama S, Ito H, Sarai M, et al. Plaque characterization by coronary computed tomography angiography and the Likelihood of Acute Coronary Events in Mid-Term Follow-Up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:337–346.
Nerlekar N, Brown AJ, Muthalaly RG, et al. Association of epicardial adipose tissue and high-risk plaque characteristics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:e006379.
Larsen BA, Laughlin GA, Saad SD, et al. Pericardial fat is associated with all-cause mortality but not incident CVD: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Atherosclerosis. 2015;239:470–475.
Cai JM, Hatsukami TS, Ferguson MS, et al. Classification of human carotid atherosclerotic lesions with in vivo multicontrast magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 2002;106:1368–1373.
Corti R, Fuster V, Fayad ZA, et al. Effects of aggressive versus conventional lipid-lowering therapy by simvastatin on human atherosclerotic lesions: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:106–112.
Mayer M, Borja AJ, Hancin EC, et al. Imaging atherosclerosis by PET, with emphasis on the role of FDG and NaF as potential biomarkers for this disorder. Front Physiol. 2020;11:511391.
Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: the Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2315–2381.
Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: executive Summary: a Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:1376–1414.
Yeboah J, McClelland RL, Polonsky TS, et al. Comparison of novel risk markers for improvement in cardiovascular risk assessment in intermediate-risk individuals. JAMA. 2012;308:788–795.
Nakanishi R, Slomka PJ, Rios R, et al. Machine learning adds to clinical and CAC assessments in predicting 10-year CHD and CVD deaths. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;14:615–625.
Maurice P, Blaise S, Gayral S, et al. Elastin fragmentation and atherosclerosis progression: the elastokine concept. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2013;23:211–221.
Van der Donckt C, Van Herck JL, Schrijvers DM, et al. Elastin fragmentation in atherosclerotic mice leads to intraplaque neovascularization, plaque rupture, myocardial infarction, stroke, and sudden death. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1049–1058.
Huang JT, Bolton CE, Miller BE, et al.; Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints (ECLIPSE) Investigators. Age-dependent elastin degradation is enhanced in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2016;48:1215–1218.
Rabinovich RA, Miller BE, Wrobel K, et al.; Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints (ECLIPSE) Investigators. Circulating desmosine levels do not predict emphysema progression but are associated with cardiovascular risk and mortality in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2016;47:1365–1373.
Chalmers JD, Moffitt KL, Suarez-Cuartin G, et al. Neutrophil elastase activity is associated with exacerbations and Lung function decline in bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:1384–1393.
Mordi IR, Forsythe RO, Gellatly C, et al. Plasma desmosine and abdominal aortic aneurysm disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8:e013743.
معلومات مُعتمدة: CGA/17/07 United Kingdom CSO_ Chief Scientist Office; ETM/352 United Kingdom CSO_ Chief Scientist Office; MR/T018186/1 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council
تواريخ الأحداث: Date Created: 20220217 Latest Revision: 20231115
رمز التحديث: 20240829
DOI: 10.1097/CRD.0000000000000442
PMID: 35175956
قاعدة البيانات: MEDLINE
الوصف
تدمد:1538-4683
DOI:10.1097/CRD.0000000000000442