دورية أكاديمية
[Small scale evolution].
| العنوان: | [Small scale evolution]. |
|---|---|
| عنوان ترانسليتريتد: | L’évolution à petite échelle. |
| المؤلفون: | Gibert JM; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, UMR 7622, 9 quai St-Bernard 75005 Paris, France. |
| المصدر: | Biologie aujourd'hui [Biol Aujourdhui] 2022; Vol. 216 (1-2), pp. 41-47. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Jul 25. |
| نوع المنشور: | Journal Article |
| اللغة: | French |
| بيانات الدورية: | Publisher: La Société de biologie Country of Publication: France NLM ID: 101544020 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2105-0686 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21050678 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biol Aujourdhui Subsets: MEDLINE |
| أسماء مطبوعة: | Original Publication: Paris : La Société de biologie |
| مواضيع طبية MeSH: | Finches*/anatomy & histology , Finches*/genetics , Selection, Genetic*, Animals ; Beak/anatomy & histology ; Biological Evolution ; Cats ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation ; Mutation ; Phenotype |
| مستخلص: | Small-scale evolution or microevolution concerns evolution at the intra-specific level or between closely related species. At the intra-specific level, it allows the analysis of the evolutionary forces at work: mutation, genetic drift, migration and selection. Moreover, because of the short evolutionary time, it is easier to identify the genetic basis of observed phenotypic differences. Most studies focus on current populations but more and more analyses are performed on ancient DNA. This provides important information for tracing the history of populations and also allows the reconstruction of phenotypes of individuals that disappeared several thousand years ago. In this short review, I present studies showing how pre-zygotic or post-zygotic barriers involved in species formation are set up using the example of the geographical barrier due to the formation of the Isthmus of Panama and that of the heterochromatin divergence in Drosophilidae. I also describe the different approaches that have been used to identify the genetic basis of well known phenotypic variations: candidate gene approach (about melanism in felines), QTL mapping (variation in the number of lateral bone plates in sticklebacks), association study (pigmentation in the Asian ladybird). Finally, I illustrate the key impact of natural selection with the iconic example of the evolution of the beak of Galapagos finches, and the role of certain developmental genes in its morphological diversification. (© Société de Biologie, 2022.) |
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| فهرسة مساهمة: | Keywords: adaptation; espèce; genetics; génétique; microevolution; microévolution; small scale evolution; species; évolution à petite échelle Local Abstract: [Publisher, French] L’évolution à petite échelle. [Publisher, French] L’évolution à petite échelle ou microévolution concerne l’évolution au niveau intra-spécifique ou entre espèces proches. Au niveau intra-spécifique, elle permet d’analyser les forces évolutives en action : mutation, dérive génétique, migration et sélection. De plus, en raison de ce temps évolutif court, il est plus facile d’identifier les bases génétiques des différences phénotypiques observées. La plupart des études porte sur des populations actuelles mais de plus en plus de travaux analysent l’ADN ancien. Ces derniers apportent non seulement des informations importantes pour retracer l’histoire des populations mais permettent également de reconstituer les phénotypes d’individus disparus depuis plusieurs milliers d’années. Dans cette courte revue, je présente des travaux montrant comment se mettent en place des barrières pré-zygotiques ou post-zygotiques impliquées dans la formation d’espèces, avec l’exemple de la barrière géographique due à la formation de l’isthme de Panama et celui de la divergence de l’hétérochromatine chez les drosophilidés. Par ailleurs, à propos de cas bien établis, je décris les différentes approches qui ont été utilisées pour identifier les bases génétiques de variations phénotypiques : approche gène-candidat pour ce qui concerne le mélanisme chez les félins, cartographie QTL (Quantitative trait loci) pour la variation du nombre de plaques osseuses latérales chez les épinoches, étude d’association pour la pigmentation chez la coccinelle asiatique. Enfin, j’illustre le rôle de la sélection naturelle avec l’exemple iconique de l’évolution du bec des pinsons des Galapagos et l’implication de certains gènes du développement dans sa diversification morphologique. |
| تواريخ الأحداث: | Date Created: 20220725 Date Completed: 20220727 Latest Revision: 20220727 |
| رمز التحديث: | 20240829 |
| DOI: | 10.1051/jbio/2022008 |
| PMID: | 35876520 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | MEDLINE |
| تدمد: | 2105-0686 |
|---|---|
| DOI: | 10.1051/jbio/2022008 |