دورية أكاديمية
Formation of Amino Acids and Carboxylic Acids in Weakly Reducing Planetary Atmospheres by Solar Energetic Particles from the Young Sun.
| العنوان: | Formation of Amino Acids and Carboxylic Acids in Weakly Reducing Planetary Atmospheres by Solar Energetic Particles from the Young Sun. |
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| المؤلفون: | Kobayashi K; Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan., Ise JI; Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan., Aoki R; Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan., Kinoshita M; Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan., Naito K; Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan., Udo T; Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan., Kunwar B; Chubu Institute of Advanced Studies, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan., Takahashi JI; Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan., Shibata H; SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan., Mita H; Department of Life, Environment and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Fukuoka 811-0295, Japan., Fukuda H; Open Facility Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan., Oguri Y; Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan., Kawamura K; Chubu Institute of Advanced Studies, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan., Kebukawa Y; Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan., Airapetian VS; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center/Sellers Exoplanetary Environments Collaboration, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.; Department of Physics, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA.; Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. |
| المصدر: | Life (Basel, Switzerland) [Life (Basel)] 2023 Apr 28; Vol. 13 (5). Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Apr 28. |
| نوع المنشور: | Journal Article |
| اللغة: | English |
| بيانات الدورية: | Publisher: MDPI AG Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101580444 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 2075-1729 (Print) Linking ISSN: 20751729 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Life (Basel) Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE |
| أسماء مطبوعة: | Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI AG, 2011- |
| مستخلص: | Life most likely started during the Hadean Eon; however, the environmental conditions which contributed to the complexity of its chemistry are poorly known. A better understanding of various environmental conditions, including global (heliospheric) and local (atmospheric, surface, and oceanic), along with the internal dynamic conditions of the early Earth, are required to understand the onset of abiogenesis. Herein, we examine the contributions of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) associated with superflares from the young Sun to the formation of amino acids and carboxylic acids in weakly reduced gas mixtures representing the early Earth's atmosphere. We also compare the products with those introduced by lightning events and solar ultraviolet light (UV). In a series of laboratory experiments, we detected and characterized the formation of amino acids and carboxylic acids via proton irradiation of a mixture of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen, and water in various mixing ratios. These experiments show the detection of amino acids after acid hydrolysis when 0.5% ( v / v ) of initial methane was introduced to the gas mixture. In the set of experiments with spark discharges (simulation of lightning flashes) performed for the same gas mixture, we found that at least 15% methane was required to detect the formation of amino acids, and no amino acids were detected in experiments via UV irradiation, even when 50% methane was used. Carboxylic acids were formed in non-reducing gas mixtures (0% methane) by proton irradiation and spark discharges. Hence, we suggest that GCRs and SEP events from the young Sun represent the most effective energy sources for the prebiotic formation of biologically important organic compounds from weakly reducing atmospheres. Since the energy flux of space weather, which generated frequent SEPs from the young Sun in the first 600 million years after the birth of the solar system, was expected to be much greater than that of GCRs, we conclude that SEP-driven energetic protons are the most promising energy sources for the prebiotic production of bioorganic compounds in the atmosphere of the Hadean Earth. |
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| معلومات مُعتمدة: | 19K21895, 19H01955, JP21K18648, JP21H00036 and 24221001, JPJSJRP 20181601 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science |
| فهرسة مساهمة: | Keywords: amino acids; carboxylic acids; cosmic rays; early Earth; prebiotic synthesis; solar energetic particles; weakly reducing atmosphere |
| تواريخ الأحداث: | Date Created: 20230527 Latest Revision: 20230530 |
| رمز التحديث: | 20230530 |
| مُعرف محوري في PubMed: | PMC10221653 |
| DOI: | 10.3390/life13051103 |
| PMID: | 37240748 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | MEDLINE |
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