دورية أكاديمية
Stability of pathogens on banknotes and coins: A narrative review.
العنوان: | Stability of pathogens on banknotes and coins: A narrative review. |
---|---|
المؤلفون: | Meister TL; Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany., Kirchhoff L; Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany., Brüggemann Y; Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany., Todt D; Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.; European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany., Steinmann J; Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany.; Institute of Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Infectiology, General Hospital Nürnberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany., Steinmann E; Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. |
المصدر: | Journal of medical virology [J Med Virol] 2023 Dec; Vol. 95 (12), pp. e29312. |
نوع المنشور: | Journal Article; Review; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
اللغة: | English |
بيانات الدورية: | Publisher: Wiley-Liss Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7705876 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1096-9071 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01466615 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Med Virol Subsets: MEDLINE |
أسماء مطبوعة: | Publication: New York Ny : Wiley-Liss Original Publication: New York, Liss. |
مواضيع طبية MeSH: | Numismatics* , Fomites*, Humans ; Bacteria/genetics |
مستخلص: | For the prevention of infectious diseases, knowledge about potential transmission routes is essential. Pathogens can be transmitted directly (i.e. respiratory droplets, hand-to-hand contact) or indirectly via contaminated surfaces (fomites). In particular, frequently touched objects/surfaces may serve as transmission vehicles for different clinically relevant bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. Banknotes and coins offer ample surface area and are frequently exchanged between individuals. Consequently, many concerns have been raised in the recent past, that banknotes and coins could serve as vectors for the transmission of disease-causing microorganisms. This review summarizes the latest research on the potential of paper currency and coins to serve as sources of pathogenic viral, bacterial, and fungal agents. In contrast to the current perception of banknotes and coins as important transmission vehicles, current evidence suggests, that banknotes and coins do not pose a particular risk of pathogen infection for the public. (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Medical Virology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.) |
References: | Gwaltney JM, Hendley JO. Transmission of experimental rhinovirus infection by contaminated surfaces. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;116(5):828-833. Jalali S, Kohli S, Latka C, et al. Screening currency notes for microbial pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes using a shotgun metagenomic approach. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0128711. Maritz JM, Sullivan SA, Prill RJ, Aksoy E, Scheid P, Carlton JM. Filthy lucre: a metagenomic pilot study of microbes found on circulating currency in New York city. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0175527. European Central Bank. “Study on the payment attitudes of consumers in the euro area,” 2021. Tamele B, Zamora-Pérez A, Litardi C, Howes J, Steinmann E, Todt D. Catch me (if you can): assessing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via euro cash. 2021. Leung NHL. Transmissibility and transmission of respiratory viruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(8):528-545. Kampf G, Brüggemann Y, Kaba HEJ, et al. Potential sources, modes of transmission and effectiveness of prevention measures against SARS-CoV-2. J Hosp Infect. 2020;106(4):678-697. Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect. 2020;104(3):246-251. Rawlinson S, Ciric L, Cloutman-Green E. COVID-19 pandemic-let's not forget surfaces. J Hosp Infect. 2020;105(4):790-791. Sizun J, Yu MWN, Talbot PJ. Survival of human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 in suspension and after drying onsurfaces: a possible source ofhospital-acquired infections. J Hosp Infect. 2000;46(1):55-60. Lai MYY, Cheng PKC, Lim WWL. Survival of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(7):e67-e71. Boone SA, Gerba CP. Significance of fomites in the spread of respiratory and enteric viral disease. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73(6):1687-1696. Kraay ANM, Hayashi MAL, Hernandez-Ceron N, et al. Fomite-mediated transmission as a sufficient pathway: a comparative analysis across three viral pathogens. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):540. Meister TL, Fortmann J, Todt D, et al. Comparable environmental stability and disinfection profiles of the currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern B.1.1.7 and B.1.351. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(3):420-424. Harbourt DE, Haddow AD, Piper AE, et al. Modeling the stability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on skin, currency, and clothing. PLoS Neglected Trop Dis. 2020;14(11):e0008831. Riddell S, Goldie S, Hill A, Eagles D, Drew TW. The effect of temperature on persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on common surfaces. Virol J. 2020;17(1):145. Todt D, Meister TL, Tamele B, et al. A realistic transfer method reveals low risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via contaminated euro coins and banknotes. iScience. 2021;24(8):102908. Caswell E, Smith H, Learmonth MD, Pearce G. Cash in the time of Covid SSRN. 2020. van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Munster VJ. Stability of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) under different environmental conditions. Euro Surveill. 2013;18(38):20590. Casanova LM, Jeon S, Rutala WA, Weber DJ, Sobsey MD. Effects of air temperature and relative humidity on coronavirus survival on surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010;76(9):2712-2717. Aboubakr HA, Sharafeldin TA, Goyal SM. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in the environment and on common touch surfaces and the influence of climatic conditions: a review. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021;68(2):296-312. Tiwari A, Patnayak DP, Chander Y, Parsad M, Goyal SM. Survival of two avian respiratory viruses on porous and nonporous surfaces. Avian Dis. 2006;50(2):284-287. Schijven J, Wind M, Todt D, Howes J, Tamele B, Steinmann E. “Risk assessment of banknotes as a fomite of SARS-CoV-2 in cash payment transactions.” 2021. Akter S, Roy PC, Ferdaus A, et al. Prevalence and stability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on Bangladeshi banknotes. Sci Total Environ. 2021;779:146133. Newey C, Olausson AT, Applegate A, Reid AA, Robison RA, Grose JH. “Presence and stability of SARS-CoV-2 on environmental currency and money cards.” 2021. Angelakis E, Azhar EI, Bibi F, et al. Paper money and coins as potential vectors of transmissible disease. Future Microbiol. 2014;9(2):249-261. Das P, Supekar R, Chatterjee R, Roy S, Ghosh A, Biswas S. Hepatitis B virus detected in paper currencies in a densely populated city of India: a plausible source of horizontal transmission? World J Hepatol. 2020;12(10):775-791. Thomas Y, Vogel G, Wunderli W, et al. Survival of influenza virus on banknotes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008;74(10):3002-3007. Sattar SA, Lloyd-Evans N, Springthorpe VS, Nair RC. Institutional outbreaks of rotavirus diarrhoea: potential role of fomites and environmental surfaces as vehicles for virus transmission. J Hyg. 1986;96(2):277-289. Lopez GU, Gerba CP, Tamimi AH, Kitajima M, Maxwell SL, Rose JB. Transfer efficiency of bacteria and viruses from porous and nonporous fomites to fingers under different relative humidity conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013;79(18):5728-5734. Xiao S, Li Y, Wong T, Hui DSC. Role of fomites in SARS transmission during the largest hospital outbreak in Hong Kong. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0181558. Hirose R, Itoh Y, Ikegaya H, et al. Differences in environmental stability among SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: both Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 have higher stability. Clin Microbiol Infection. 2022;28(11):1486-1491. Goldman E. Exaggerated risk of transmission of COVID-19 by fomites. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(8):892-893. Mondelli MU, Colaneri M, Seminari EM, Baldanti F, Bruno R. Low risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by fomites in real-life conditions. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(5):e112. Horoho S, Musik S, Bryant D, Brooks W, Porter IM. Questioning COVID-19 surface stability and fomite spreading in three aeromedical cases: a case series. Mil Med. 2021;186(7-8):e832-e835. Meister TL, Dreismeier M, Blanco EV, et al. Low risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by fomites-a clinical observational study in highly infectious COVID-19 patients. J Infect Dis. 2022;226(9):1608-1615. Wißmann JE, Kirchhoff L, Brüggemann Y, Todt D, Steinmann J, Steinmann E. Persistence of pathogens on inanimate surfaces: a narrative review. Microorganisms. 2021;9(2):343. Pal R, Bhadada SK. Cash, currency and COVID-19. Postgrad Med J. 2020;96(1137):427-428. Wisniewski TP, Polasik M, Kotkowski R, Moro A. Switching from cash to cashless payments during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. 2021. Ren T, Tang Y. Accelerate the promotion of mobile payments during the COVID-19 epidemic. Innovation. 2020;1(2):100039. Gedik H, Voss TA, Voss A. Money and transmission of bacteria. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2013;2(1):22. Gabriel EM, Coffey A, O'Mahony JM. Investigation into the prevalence, persistence and antibiotic resistance profiles of staphylococci isolated from euro currency. J Appl Microbiol. 2013;115(2):565-571. Kuria J, Wahome R, Jobalamin M, Kariuki S. Profile of bacteria and fungi on money coins. East Afr Med J. 2009;86(4):151-155. Pereira da Fonseca T, Pessôa R, Sanabani S. Molecular analysis of bacterial microbiota on Brazilian currency note surfaces. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(10):13276-13288. Vriesekoop F, Russell C, Alvarez-Mayorga B, et al. Dirty money: an investigation into the hygiene status of some of the world's currencies as obtained from food outlets. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2010;7(12):1497-1502. Girma G, Ketema T, Bacha K. Microbial load and safety of paper currencies from some food vendors in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7(1):843. Uneke CJ, Ogbu O. Potential for parasite and bacteria transmission by paper currency in Nigeria. J Environ Health. 2007;69(9):54-60. Göktaş P, Oktay G. Bacteriological examination of paper money. Mikrobiyol Nul. 1992;26(4):344-348. Kalita M, Palusińska-Szysz M, Turska-Szewczuk A, Wdowiak-Wróbel S, Urbanik-Sypniewska T. Isolation of cultivable microorganisms from polish notes and coins. Polish J Microbiol. 2013;62(3):281-286. Cozorici D, Măciucă R-A, Stancu C, et al. Microbial contamination and survival rate on different types of banknotes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(7):4310. Sarwar A, Ahmad I, Amin A, Saleem MA. Paper currency harbours antibiotic-resistant coliform bacteria and integron integrase. J Appl Microbiol. 2021;130(5):1721-1729. Ofoedu CE, Iwouno JO, Agunwah IM, Obodoechi PZ, Okpala COR, Korzeniowska M. Bacterial contamination of Nigerian currency notes: a comparative analysis of different denominations recovered from local food vendors. PeerJ. 2021;9:e10795. Han AM, Oo KN, Win PP, Han AM, Aye TI. Contamination of currency notes with enteric bacterial pathogens. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res. 1989;7(3/4):92-94. Abia ALK, Ubomba-Jaswa E. Dirty money on holy ground: isolation of potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi on money collected from church offerings. Iran J Publ Health. 2019;48(5):849-857. de Carvalho CCCR, Caramujo MJ. Bacterial diversity assessed by cultivation-based techniques shows predominance of Staphylococccus species on coins collected in Lisbon and Casablanca. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2014;88(No. 1):26-37. Azhar EI, Papadioti A, Bibi F, Ashshi AM, Raoult D, Angelakis E. Pseudomonas saudimassiliensis' sp. nov. a new bacterial species isolated from air samples in the urban environment of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. New Microbes New Infect. 2017;16:43-44. Basavarajappa KG, Rao PN, Suresh K. Study of bacterial, fungal, and parasitic contaminaiton of currency notes in circulation. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2005;48(2):278-279. Prasai T, Yami KD, Joshi DR. Microbial load on paper/polymer currency and coins. Nepal J Sci Technol. 2010;9:105-109. Djouadi LN, Guezlane-Tebibel N, Mansouri K, et al. Multidrug-resistant opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria contaminate Algerian banknotes currency. Polish J Microbiol. 2020;69(4):491-501. Tolba O, Loughrey A, Goldsmith CE, Millar BC, Rooney PJ, Moore JE. Survival of epidemic strains of nosocomial- and community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on coins. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35(No. 5):342-346. Su GLS, Coden C, Cruz A, et al. Bacteriological and parasitological assessment of currencies obtained in selected markets of Metro Manila. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2015;5(6):468-470. Espírito Santo C, Morais PV, Grass G. Isolation and characterization of bacteria resistant to metallic copper surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010;76(5):1341-1348. Chen SC-A, Perfect J, Colombo AL, et al. Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of rare yeast infections: an initiative of the ECMM in cooperation with ISHAM and ASM. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(12):e375-e386. Hoenigl M, Salmanton-García J, Walsh TJ, et al. Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of rare mould infections: an initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology in cooperation with the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology and the American Society for Microbiology. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(8):246. Fontana C, Favaro M. Coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci in human disease. Pet-To-Man Travelling Staphylococci. Elsevier; 2018:25-42. Robert Koch-Institut. “Infektionsepidemiologisches Jahrbuch meldepflichtiger Krankheiten für 2020.” 2020. Popa GL, Popa MI. Salmonella spp. infection-a continuous threat worldwide. Germs. 2021;11(1):88-96. Alwakeel SS, Nasser LA. Bacterial and fungal contamination of Saudi Arabian paper currency and cell phones. Asian J Biolog Sci. 2011;4(7):556-562. |
فهرسة مساهمة: | Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; bacteria; banknotes; coins; fungi; stability; virus |
تواريخ الأحداث: | Date Created: 20231215 Date Completed: 20231218 Latest Revision: 20240110 |
رمز التحديث: | 20240110 |
DOI: | 10.1002/jmv.29312 |
PMID: | 38100621 |
قاعدة البيانات: | MEDLINE |
كن أول من يترك تعليقا!