دورية أكاديمية
أعرض في EDS

Scabies in infants and children - a narrative review.

التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
العنوان: Scabies in infants and children - a narrative review.
المؤلفون: Chiriac A; Department of Dermatology, Nicolina Medical Center, Iasi, Romania.; Apollonia University, Iasi, Romania.; Romanian Academy, P. Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania., Diaconeasa A; Dermatology Ambulatory Care Center, 'Grigore Alexandrescu' Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, Bucharest, Romania., Miulescu R; Pediatric Hospital, Ploiesti, Romania., Chiriac AE; Department of Dermatology, Nicolina Medical Center, Iasi, Romania.; Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania., Wollina U; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Technical University of Dresden, Friedrichstrasse 41, 01067, Dresden, Germany. uwollina@gmail.com.
المصدر: European journal of pediatrics [Eur J Pediatr] 2024 Jun; Vol. 183 (6), pp. 2527-2536. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Mar 27.
نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Review
اللغة: English
بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Springer Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 7603873 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1432-1076 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03406199 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Eur J Pediatr Subsets: MEDLINE
أسماء مطبوعة: Publication: Berlin : Springer Verlag
Original Publication: Berlin, New York, Springer-Verlag.
مواضيع طبية MeSH: Scabies*/diagnosis , Scabies*/drug therapy , COVID-19*/complications , COVID-19*/epidemiology , COVID-19*/diagnosis, Humans ; Child ; Infant ; Permethrin/therapeutic use ; Ivermectin/therapeutic use ; Insecticides/therapeutic use ; Antiparasitic Agents/therapeutic use ; Child, Preschool
مستخلص: Scabies is a human ectoparasitosis caused by Sarcoptes scabei var. hominis. World-wide around 300 million patients are affected. Infants and children have the highest incidence rates. Poverty and overcrowding are social factors contributing to a higher risk of transmission and treatment failure. The leading symptom of the infestation is itch. Complications are bacterial infections that are responsible for mortality. Diagnosis is clinical. Non-invasive imaging technologies like dermoscopy can be used. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is less sensitive and specific than microscopy of skin scrapings. Treatment of choice is topical permethrin 5%. Ivermectin is the only oral drug FDA-approved for scabies. It should be used in cases non-responsive to topical therapy and in case of high number of infested patients in addition to topical therapy. Pseudo-resistance to treatment is not uncommon. New drugs are on the horizon. What is Known: • Pruritus is the leading symptom causing sleep disturbances and scratching with the risk of secondary bacterial infections. • Treatment failure is related to inappropriate application of topical drugs and asymptomatic family members. What is New: • COVID-19 pandemic and migration are contributing to an increased incidence of scabies. • New compounds to treat scabies are on the horizon.
(© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
التعليقات: Erratum in: Eur J Pediatr. 2024 Apr 20;:. (PMID: 38642104)
References: Beckham SA, Boyd SE, Reynolds S, Willis C, Johnstone M, Mika A, Simerská P, Wijeyewickrema LC, Smith AI, Kemp DJ, Pike RN, Fischer K (2009) Characterization of a serine protease homologous to house dust mite group 3 allergens from the scabies mite sarcoptes scabiei. J Biol Chem 284:34413–34422. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.061911. (PMID: 10.1074/jbc.M109.061911198120302797209)
Walton SF, Currie BJ (2007) Problems in diagnosing scabies, a global disease in human and animal populations. Clin Microbiol Rev 20:268–279. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00042-06. (PMID: 10.1128/CMR.00042-06174288861865595)
Walton SF, Pizzutto S, Slender A, Viberg L, Holt D, Hales BJ, Kemp DJ, Currie BJ, Rolland JM, O’Hehir R (2010) Increased allergic immune response to Sarcoptes scabiei antigens in crusted versus ordinary scabies. Clin Vaccine Immunol 17:1428–1438. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00195-10. (PMID: 10.1128/CVI.00195-10206313342944463)
Shehwana H, Ijaz S, Fatima A, Walton S, Sheikh ZI, Haider W, Naz S (2021) Transcriptome analysis of host inflammatory responses to the ectoparasitic mite sarcoptes scabiei var. Hominis. Front Immunol 12:778840. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1128688. (PMID: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1128688349253538671885)
Bhat SA, Walton SF, Ventura T, Liu X, McCarthy JS, Burgess STG, Mounsey KE (2020) Early immune suppression leads to uncontrolled mite proliferation and potent host inflammatory responses in a porcine model of crusted versus ordinary scabies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14:e0008601. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008601. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008601328866597508399)
Chosidow O (2000) Scabies and pediculosis. Lancet 355:819–826. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(99)09458-1. (PMID: 10.1016/s0140-6736(99)09458-110711939)
Schneider S, Wu J, Tizek L, Ziehfreund S, Zink A (2023) Prevalence of scabies worldwide-An updated systematic literature review in 2022. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 37:1749–1757. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.19167. (PMID: 10.1111/jdv.1916737147907)
Wollina U, Gaber B, Mansour R, Langner D, Hansel G, Koch A (2016) Dermatologic challenges of health care for displaced people. Lessons from a German emergency refugee camp. Our Dermatology Online 7:136–138. https://doi.org/10.7241/ourd.20162.38. (PMID: 10.7241/ourd.20162.38)
Facciolà A, Laganà A, Genovese G, Romeo B, Sidoti S, D’Andrea G, Raco C, Visalli G, DI Pietro A (2023) Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the infectious disease epidemiology. J Prev Med Hyg 64:E274–E282. https://doi.org/10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2023.64.3.2904. (PMID: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2023.64.3.29043812599310730051)
Aždajić MD, Bešlić I, Gašić A, Ferara N, Pedić L, Lugović-Mihić L (2022) Increased scabies incidence at the beginning of the 21st century: what do reports from Europe and the World show? Life (Basel) 12:1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101598. (PMID: 10.3390/life1210159836295033)
Heukelbach J, Feldmeier H (2006) Scabies Lancet 367:1767–1774. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68772-2. (PMID: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68772-216731272)
Banerji A, Canadian P, Society F, Nations, Inuit and Métis Health Committee (2015) Scabies Paediatr Child Health 20:395–402. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/20.7.395. (PMID: 10.1093/pch/20.7.39526527041)
Swe PM, Fischer K (2014) A scabies mite serpin interferes with complement-mediated neutrophil functions and promotes staphylococcal growth. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8:e2928. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002928. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002928249455014063749)
Lynar S, Currie BJ, Baird R (2017) Scabies and mortality. Lancet Infect Dis 17:1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30636-9. (PMID: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30636-929173877)
Bernigaud C, Fischer K, Chosidow O (2020) The management of scabies in the 21st century: past, advances and potentials. Acta Derm Venereol 100:adv00112. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-3468. (PMID: 10.2340/00015555-346832207535)
Boralevi F, Diallo A, Miquel J, Guerin-Moreau M, Bessis D, Chiavérini C, Plantin P, Hubiche T, Maruani A, Lassalle M, Boursault L, Ezzedine K, Groupe de Recherche Clinique en Dermatologie Pédiatrique (2014) Clinical phenotype of scabies by age. Pediatrics 133:e910–e916. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2880. (PMID: 10.1542/peds.2013-288024685953)
Arslan H, Gündüz Ö (2023) Bullous scabies, the light shed on etiopathogenesis and treatment: report of five paediatric cases. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 40:432–436. https://doi.org/10.5114/ada.2023.128976. (PMID: 10.5114/ada.2023.1289763754583110399664)
Good LM, Good TJ, High WA (2011) Infantile acropustulosis in internationally adopted children. J Am Acad Dermatol 65:763–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2010.06.047. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.06.04721632152)
Chinazzo M, Desoubeaux G, Leducq S, Bessis D, Droitcourt C, Mahe E, Goujon E, Bursztejn AC, Phan A, Maruani A, Groupe de Recherche de la Société Française de Dermatologie Pédiatrique (2018) Prevalence of nail scabies: A French prospective multicenter study. J Pediatr 197:154–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.01.038. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.01.03829576324)
Goldberg L, Chosidow O, Bernigaud C, Harag S, Richert B (2021) Subungual scraping for the diagnosis of common scabies: a prospective observational study. J Am Acad Dermatol 85:994–996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.08.130. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.08.13033011318)
Finon A, Desoubeaux G, Nadal M, Georgescou G, Baran R, Maruani A (2017) Scabiose De L’appareil unguéal chez Un nourrisson [Scabies of the nail unit in an infant]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 144:356–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annder.2016.09.043. (PMID: 10.1016/j.annder.2016.09.04328063594)
Niode NJ, Adji A, Gazpers S, Kandou RT, Pandaleke H, Trisnowati DM, Tumbelaka C, Donata E, Djaafara FN, Kusuma HI, Rabaan AA, Garout M, Almuthree SA, Alhani HM, Aljeldah M, Albayat H, Alsaeed M, Alfouzan WA, Nainu F, Dhama K, Harapan H, Tallei TE (2022) Crusted scabies, a neglected tropical disease: case series and literature review. Infect Dis Rep 14:479–491. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr14030051. (PMID: 10.3390/idr14030051357357619223105)
Kim KJ, Roh KH, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK (2002) Scabies incognito presenting as urticaria pigmentosa in an infant. Pediatr Dermatol 19(5):409–411. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1470.2002.00115.x. (PMID: 10.1046/j.1525-1470.2002.00115.x12383096)
Nenoff P, Süß A, Schulze I, Meißner L, Fritsch C, Schulz B, Hennig S, Borte M, Zurek M, Ginter-Hanselmayer G (2021) Skabies – Renaissance einer Ektoparasitose: Diagnostik und Therapie – Vorgehen in der Praxis [Scabies-Renaissance of an ectoparasite infection: diagnosis and therapy-how to proceed in practice]. Hautarzt 72:125–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-020-04729-6. (PMID: 10.1007/s00105-020-04729-633346858)
Ueda T, Katsura Y, Sasaki A, Minagawa D, Amoh Y, Shirai K (2021) Gray-edged line sign of scabies burrow. J Dermatol 48:190–198. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.15650. (PMID: 10.1111/1346-8138.1565033063894)
Scanni G (2019) The mite-gallery unit: a new concept for describing scabies through entodermoscopy. Trop Med Infect Dis 4:48. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4010048. (PMID: 10.3390/tropicalmed4010048308847956473440)
Guan Z, Bi T, Li Q (2023) Dermoscopic and reflectance confocal microscopic features of children scabies. Skin Res Technol 29:e13459. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.13459. (PMID: 10.1111/srt.134593775369310483492)
Chavez-Alvarez S, Villarreal-Martinez A, Argenziano G, Ancer-Arellano J, Ocampo-Candiani J (2018) Noodle pattern: a new dermoscopic pattern for crusted scabies (Norwegian scabies). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 32:e46–e47. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14498. (PMID: 10.1111/jdv.1449828758268)
Yürekli A, Muslu İ, Pektaş SD, Alataş ET, Aydoğdu CT, Daşgin D (2023) Using ultraviolet dermoscopy in diagnosing scabies. Exp Dermatol 32:1996–1999. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.14930. (PMID: 10.1111/exd.1493037702268)
Fujimoto M, Sakai H, Watanabe R, Fujimoto M (2024) Glittering trail: feces of scabies indicated by high-power-field dermatoscopy using UV-A light. J Am Acad Dermatol 90:e17–e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2023.05.072. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.05.07237295505)
Yürekli A (2023) A new sign with UV dermoscope in the diagnosis of scabies: ball sign. Skin Res Technol 29:e13336. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.13336. (PMID: 10.1111/srt.133363715822010316462)
Orsini C, Taddeucci P, Bertello M, Cinotti E, Cortonesi G, Rubegni P, Russo F (2023) Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography for the diagnosis of nodular scabies mimicking breast cancer skin metastasis. Int J Dermatol 62:e195–e196. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.16457. (PMID: 10.1111/ijd.1645736250785)
Bezold G, Lange M, Schiener R, Palmedo G, Sander CA, Kerscher M, Peter RU (2001) Hidden scabies: diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction. Br J Dermatol 144:614–618. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04096.x. (PMID: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04096.x11260027)
Hahm JE, Kim CW, Kim SS (2018) The efficacy of a nested polymerase chain reaction in detecting the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene of Sarcoptes Scabiei var. Hominis for diagnosing scabies. Br J Dermatol 179:889–895. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16657. (PMID: 10.1111/bjd.1665729624634)
Wong SS, Poon RW, Chau S, Wong SC, To KK, Cheng VC, Fung KS, Yuen KY (2015) Development of conventional and real-time quantitative PCR assays for diagnosis and monitoring of scabies. J Clin Microbiol 53:2095–2102. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00073-15. (PMID: 10.1128/JCM.00073-15259035664473232)
Bae M, Kim JY, Jung J, Cha HH, Jeon NY, Lee HJ, Kim MJ, Chang SE, Kim SH (2020) Diagnostic value of the molecular detection of Sarcoptes scabiei from a skin scraping in patients with suspected scabies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14:e0008229. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008229. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008229322557957164670)
Shoukat Q, Rizvi A, Wahood W, Coetzee S, Wrench A (2023) Sight the mite: a meta-analysis on the diagnosis of scabies. Cureus 15:e34390. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.34390. (PMID: 10.7759/cureus.34390368747209976840)
Engelman D, Yoshizumi J, Hay RJ, Osti M, Micali G, Norton S, Walton S, Boralevi F, Bernigaud C, Bowen AC, Chang AY, Chosidow O, Estrada-Chavez G, Feldmeier H, Ishii N, Lacarrubba F, Mahé A, Maurer T, Mahdi MMA, Murdoch ME, Pariser D, Nair PA, Rehmus W, Romani L, Tilakaratne D, Tuicakau M, Walker SL, Wanat KA, Whitfeld MJ, Yotsu RR, Steer AC, Fuller LC (2020) The 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies Consensus Criteria for the diagnosis of Scabies. Br J Dermatol 183:808–820. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18943. (PMID: 10.1111/bjd.18943320349567687112)
Thornley S, Sundborn G, Engelman D, Roskvist R, Pasay C, Marshall R, Long W, Dugu N, Hopoi N, Moritsuka S, McCarthy J, Morris AJ (2023) Children’s scabies survey indicates high prevalence and misdiagnosis in Auckland educational institutions. J Paediatr Child Health 59:1296–1303. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.16512. (PMID: 10.1111/jpc.1651237920140)
Salavastru CM, Chosidow O, Boffa MJ, Janier M, Tiplica GS (2017) European guideline for the management of scabies. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 31:1248–1253. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14351. (PMID: 10.1111/jdv.1435128639722)
Gershanik J, Boecler B, Ensley H, McCloskey S, George W (1982) The gasping syndrome and benzyl alcohol poisoning. N Engl J Med 307:1384–1388. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198211253072206. (PMID: 10.1056/NEJM1982112530722067133084)
Paasch U, Haustein UF (2001) Behandlung Der Endemischen Skabies Mit Allethrin, Permethrin Und Ivermectin. Evaluation eines behandlungskonzeptes [Treatment of endemic scabies with allethrin, permethrin and ivermectin. Evaluation of a treatment strategy]. Hautarzt 52:31–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001050051258. (PMID: 10.1007/s00105005125811220236)
Lê MS, Richard MA, Baumstarck K, Hesse S, Gaudy-Marqueste C, Grob JJ, Mallet S, le groupe de recherche en dermatologie pédiatrique de la Société Française de Dermatologie (2017) Évaluation des pratiques dans la prise en charge de la gale chez les enfants [Evaluation of practices in the management of scabies in children]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 144:341–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annder.2016.12.008. (PMID: 10.1016/j.annder.2016.12.00828408046)
Rosumeck S, Nast A, Dressler C (2018) Ivermectin and permethrin for treating scabies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD012994. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012994. (PMID: 10.1002/14651858.CD01299429608022)
Ertugrul G, Aktas H (2022) Comparison of sulfur ointment and permethrin treatments in scabies. Dermatol Ther 35:e15897. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15897. (PMID: 10.1111/dth.1589736193643)
Baffa ME, Filippeschi C, Tronconi G, Diociaiuti A, El Hachem M, Oranges T (2024) Sulfur 17% ointment for topical treatment of scabies in children: old but gold. Int J Dermatol 63:e19–e20. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.16898. (PMID: 10.1111/ijd.1689837950367)
Goldust M, Rezaee E, Raghifar R, Hemayat S (2014) Comparing the efficacy of oral ivermectin vs malathion 0.5% lotion for the treatment of scabies. Skinmed 12:284–287 PMID: 25632646. (PMID: 25632646)
Arora P, Rudnicka L, Sar-Pomian M, Wollina U, Jafferany M, Lotti T, Sadoughifar R, Sitkowska Z, Goldust M (2020) Scabies: a comprehensive review and current perspectives. Dermatol Ther 33:e13746. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13746. (PMID: 10.1111/dth.1374632484302)
Aussy A, Houivet E, Hébert V, Colas-Cailleux H, Laaengh N, Richard C, Ouvry M, Boulard C, Léger S, Litrowski N, Benichou J, Joly P, investigators from the Normandy Association of Medical Education in Dermatology (2019) Risk factors for treatment failure in scabies: a cohort study. Br J Dermatol 180:888–893. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.17348. (PMID: 10.1111/bjd.1734830376179)
Mbuagbaw L, Sadeghirad B, Morgan RL, Mertz D, Motaghi S, Ghadimi M, Babatunde I, Zani B, Pasumarthi T, Derby M, Kothapudi VN, Palmer NR, Aebischer A, Harder T, Reichert F (2024) Failure of scabies treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol 190:163–173. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjd/ljad308. (PMID: 10.1093/bjd/ljad30837625798)
Meyersburg D, Welponer T, Kaiser A, Selhofer S, Tatarski R, Handisurya A, Bauer JW (2023) Comparison of topical benzyl benzoate vs. oral ivermectin in treating scabies: a randomized study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 37:160–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.18573. (PMID: 10.1111/jdv.1857336097258)
Sharaf M, Antonios S, Mina S, Eliwa K, Rayia DA (2020) The scabicide effect of moxidectin in vitro and in experimental animals: parasitological, histopathological and immunological evaluation. Exp Parasitol 217:107961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107961. (PMID: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.10796132777223)
Singh SK, Jaiswal AK, Kumari S, Gaur RS, Sharma P, Khushboo R, Jaiswal M (2022) Therapeutic effects of oral fluralaner in pet rabbits with severe sarcoptic mange (sarcoptes scabiei). Vet Parasitol 304:109693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109693. (PMID: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.10969335276384)
Romero-Núñez C, Bautista-Gómez LG, Sheinberg G, Martín-Cordero A, Flores-Ortega A, Heredia-Cárdenas R (2020) Efficacy of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime and afoxolaner alone as treatment for sarcoptic mange in naturally infested dogs. Can J Vet Res 84:212–216 PMCID: PMC7301669. (PMID: 328014567301669)
Makigami K, Ohtaki N, Ishii N, Tamashiro T, Yoshida S, Yasumura S (2011) Risk factors for recurrence of scabies: a retrospective study of scabies patients in a long-term care hospital. J Dermatol 38:874–879. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01199.x. (PMID: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01199.x21658115)
Ahmed AE, Jradi H, AlBuraikan DA, ALMuqbil BI, Albaijan MA, Al-Shehri AM, Al-Jahdali H (2019) Rate and factors for scabies recurrence in children in Saudi Arabia: a retrospective study. BMC Pediatr 19:187. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1565-9. (PMID: 10.1186/s12887-019-1565-9311763746556017)
Bernigaud C, Fernando DD, Lu H, Taylor S, Hartel G, Chosidow O, Fischer K (2020) How to eliminate scabies parasites from fomites: a high-throughput ex vivo experimental study. J Am Acad Dermatol 83:241–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.11.069. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.11.06931857110)
Wollina U (2019) Scabies hominis – ein Update Zur Krätze. Ärztebl Sachsen 30:29–33.
Oba MC, Ozkoca D, Basara Sahin R, Kazan DS, Guldiken G, Kara Esen B (2023) Factors affecting topical treatment success in pediatric scabies cases: a cross-sectional study. Dermatol Pract Concept 13:e2023307. https://doi.org/10.5826/dpc.1304a307. (PMID: 10.5826/dpc.1304a3073782385510656171)
Rinaldi F, Chirico R, Trink A, Pinto D (2023) Resistance and pseudo-resistance to permethrin: the importance of controlling scabies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 13:1297337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1297337. (PMID: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.12973373802923710679459)
Sunderkötter C, Feldmeier H, Fölster-Holst R, Geisel B, Klinke-Rehbein S, Nast A, Philipp S, Sachs B, Stingl J, Stoevesandt J, Hamm H (2016) S1 guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of scabies - short version. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 14:1155–1167. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.13130. (PMID: 10.1111/ddg.1313027879074)
فهرسة مساهمة: Keywords: Bacterial infections; Children; Diagnostics; Scabies; Treatment
تواريخ الأحداث: Date Created: 20240327 Date Completed: 20240516 Latest Revision: 20240520
رمز التحديث: 20240520
DOI: 10.1007/s00431-024-05535-1
PMID: 38536458
قاعدة البيانات: MEDLINE
الوصف
تدمد:1432-1076
DOI:10.1007/s00431-024-05535-1