دورية أكاديمية
Determinants of menstrual dysfunction in the female athlete triad: A cross-sectional study in Italian athletes.
| العنوان: | Determinants of menstrual dysfunction in the female athlete triad: A cross-sectional study in Italian athletes. |
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| المؤلفون: | Amoruso I; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. Electronic address: irene.amoruso@unipd.it., Fonzo M; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. Electronic address: marco.fonzo@unipd.it., Barro A; Complex Unit of Hygiene and Public Health, Local Health Authority ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, District of Asolo, Treviso, Italy. Electronic address: anna.barro@aulss2.veneto.it., Scardina C; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. Electronic address: claudia.scardina@unipd.it., Titton F; Complex Unit of Psychiatry UOC Psichiatria, Local Health Authority ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, District of Pieve di Soligo, Treviso, Italy. Electronic address: francesca.titton@aulss2.veneto.it., Bertoncello C; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. Electronic address: chiara.bertoncello@unipd.it., Baldovin T; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. Electronic address: tatjana.baldovin@unipd.it. |
| المصدر: | Psychology of sport and exercise [Psychol Sport Exerc] 2024 Jul; Vol. 73, pp. 102653. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 24. |
| نوع المنشور: | Journal Article |
| اللغة: | English |
| بيانات الدورية: | Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 101088724 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1878-5476 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 18785476 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Psychol Sport Exerc Subsets: MEDLINE |
| أسماء مطبوعة: | Original Publication: [Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier |
| مواضيع طبية MeSH: | Female Athlete Triad Syndrome*/epidemiology , Female Athlete Triad Syndrome*/diagnosis , Menstruation Disturbances*/epidemiology , Athletes*/statistics & numerical data, Humans ; Female ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; Italy/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Feeding and Eating Disorders/epidemiology ; Feeding and Eating Disorders/diagnosis |
| مستخلص: | Background: In 1992 the American College of Sports Medicine first described the Female Athlete Triad. The Triad is a metabolic injury involving three distinct clinical traits: low energy availability, with possible eating disorder, low bone mineral density and menstrual dysfunction (MD). Although the estimated prevalence of the Triad is low (1.2 %), single factors are common in female athletes, at all competitive levels and ages. Even though the Triad was described over two decades ago, the interrelation of the three diagnostics components is still debated: additional evidence is required to improve the multidisciplinary treatment approach for this complex condition. MD is one of the first signs of energy impairment. The present study aims at investigating MD determinants and predictors in female athletes, to allow an early diagnosis of the Triad and to implement adequate preventive strategies. Materials and Methods: An original structured questionnaire was composed to detect the presence of MD risk factors. Included participants were active female athletes within reproductive age range (15-40 years old). Anthropometric parameters and training-related factors, possibly affecting the regularity of the menstrual cycle, were investigated. Results: Respondents were 288 female athletes. Among them, 73.3 % were under 25 years of age; 6.6 % resulted underweight; 30.6 % reported to follow a meal plan/diet and 13.9 % declared to be a smoker. Lean sports were practiced by 30.6 % of responders. Body-weight congruence was detected in in 79.9 % of participants, whereas overestimation of body image was found in 16.3 % of athletes. Irregular menstrual cycle, a possible MD predictor, was present in 33.0 % of athletes, with 41.1 % practicing some lean sport (p = 0.007). Also, overestimation of body image suggested an increased risk of menstrual irregularity (p = 0.001). BMI <18.5 or BMI >30 could also act as risk factor, although significance was not fully obtained (p = 0.053). Overall, practice of lean sports and overestimation of body image appeared good determinants of increased menstrual irregularity (AOR 2.02 and 3.83, respectively). Conclusions: Menstrual irregularity in female athletes can be considered an early predictor of MD: risk is further increased in athletes of lean sports and reporting an overestimation of self-perceived body image. Screenings and awareness programs should specifically address female athletes, because of their vulnerable-group profile. In order to define a standardized at-risk profile for Triad onset and sequelae likelihood, evaluation of menstrual regularity should especially be considered, in conjunction with the assessment of other indicators of energy availability (e.g. TEE, lean and fat mass, BMC). Testing for sport-derived stress and disordered eating attitudes is also recommended. Preventive strategy should involve the proactive engagement of sport clubs and periodic competitive sport medical assessment. Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.) |
| فهرسة مساهمة: | Keywords: Female athlete triad; Menstrual dysfunction; Prevention; Risk factors |
| تواريخ الأحداث: | Date Created: 20240426 Date Completed: 20240530 Latest Revision: 20240814 |
| رمز التحديث: | 20240815 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102653 |
| PMID: | 38670325 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | MEDLINE |
Full Text Finder | تدمد: | 1878-5476 |
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| DOI: | 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102653 |