دورية أكاديمية
A Sex Comparison of the Physical and Physiological Demands of United States Marine Corps Recruit Training.
| العنوان: | A Sex Comparison of the Physical and Physiological Demands of United States Marine Corps Recruit Training. |
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| المؤلفون: | McFadden BA; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.; Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367, USA., Cintineo HP; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.; Department of Kinesiology, Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, MO 63301, USA., Chandler AJ; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA., Mastrofini GF; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA., Vincenty CS; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA., Peterson P; Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA., Lovalekar M; Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA., Nindl BC; Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA., Arent SM; Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. |
| المصدر: | Military medicine [Mil Med] 2024 Jun 26; Vol. 189 (Supplement_2), pp. 74-83. |
| نوع المنشور: | Journal Article |
| اللغة: | English |
| بيانات الدورية: | Publisher: Oxford University Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 2984771R Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1930-613X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00264075 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Mil Med Subsets: MEDLINE |
| أسماء مطبوعة: | Publication: 2018- : Oxford : Oxford University Press Original Publication: Washington, D.C. : Association of Military Surgeons, United States, 1955- |
| مواضيع طبية MeSH: | Military Personnel*/statistics & numerical data, Humans ; Male ; Female ; United States ; Young Adult ; Sex Factors ; Adolescent ; Hydrocortisone/analysis ; Sleep/physiology ; Accelerometry/methods ; Accelerometry/statistics & numerical data ; Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Workload/statistics & numerical data ; Workload/standards ; Workload/psychology ; Adult |
| مستخلص: | Introduction: The U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) recruit training is a 13-week preparatory period for military service men and women. Differences in absolute performance capabilities between sexes may impact physical and physiological responses to the demands of recruit training. The purpose of this study was to monitor U.S. Marine Corps recruits throughout recruit training to comparatively assess workload, sleep, stress, and performance responses in men and women. Materials and Methods: A total of 281 recruits (men = 182 and women = 99; age = 19 ± 2 years) were monitored and tested. Workload, sleep, and stress assessments occurred at week 2, week 7/8, and week 11 of training. Workload (energy expenditure per kg body mass [EEREL], distance [DIS], steps) and sleep (continuity and duration) were tracked over 72-hour periods using wearable accelerometry and heart rate technology. Stress responses were determined through salivary cortisol analyses. Performance testing, consisting of countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) performance relative to body mass, occurred at weeks 2 and 11. Linear mixed models were used to test for sex, time, and sex-by-time interactions (α < .05). Results: On average, recruits covered 13.0 ± 2.7 km/day, expended 3,762 ± 765 calories/day, and slept 6.2 ± 1.1 hours/night. Sex-by-time interactions were found for DIS, steps, sleep duration, cortisol, and CMJREL performance (P < .05). Planned contrasts revealed that men covered more DIS than women at week 7/8 (P < .001). Women experienced greater step counts compared to men at week 11 (P = .004). Women experienced no significant change in sleep duration (P > .05), whereas men increased sleep duration from week 2 to week 7/8 (P = .03). Women experienced greater sleep duration at week 2 (P = .03) and week 11 (P = .02) compared to men. Women exhibited higher cortisol levels than men at week 2 (P < .001) and week 11 (P < .001). Women experienced declines in cortisol at week 7 compared to week 2 (P < .001). Men experienced no changes in cortisol response at any timepoint (P > .05). Both sexes experienced declines in CMJREL from week 2 to week 11 (P > .001). Sex main effects were observed for EEREL, DIS, CMJREL, and IMTPREL (P < .05) with men experiencing greater overall workloads and producing greater strength and power metrics. Sex main effects were also found for sleep continuity and cortisol (P < .05), for which men experienced lower values compared to women. Time main effects were observed for EEREL, DIS, steps, cortisol, CMJREL, and IMTPREL (P < .05). Conclusions: This study not only highlights the known sex differences between men and women but also sheds light on the different physical and physiological responses of each sex to military training. Interestingly, the greatest physical demands incurred earlier in the training cycle. Despite declining workloads, the stress response was maintained throughout the training, which may have implications for adaptation and performance. In addition, average sleep duration fell notably below recommendations for optimizing health and recovery. Effectively monitoring the demands and performance outcomes during recruit training is essential for determining individual fitness capabilities, as well as establishing the effectiveness of a training program. Individual performance assessments and adequately periodized workloads may help to optimize recruit training for both men and women. (© The Association of Military Surgeons of the United States 2024. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site–for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.) |
| معلومات مُعتمدة: | AWD00003104 M95494-20-C-0021 United States Marine Corps Training and Education Command; AWD00003104 M95494-20-C-0021 United States Marine Corps Training and Education Command |
| المشرفين على المادة: | WI4X0X7BPJ (Hydrocortisone) |
| تواريخ الأحداث: | Date Created: 20240626 Date Completed: 20240626 Latest Revision: 20240626 |
| رمز التحديث: | 20240626 |
| DOI: | 10.1093/milmed/usae071 |
| PMID: | 38920031 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | MEDLINE |
| تدمد: | 1930-613X |
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| DOI: | 10.1093/milmed/usae071 |