Particulate matter (PM) and soot emissions from aviation are a major source of pollution. Reference soot is needed for calibration of optical instruments used for measurements of non-volatile PM (nvPM) from jet engines with average mobility, d ¯ m , and primary particle, d ¯ p , diameters less than 70 and 20 nm , respectively, mass mobility exponent ( D f m ) of 2.5 ± 0.15 , elemental to total carbon ratio (EC/TC) larger than 0.8, and mass absorption cross section (MAC) of 7.46 ± 0.27 m 2 / g at 532 nm . Such particles are difficult to make with gas-fueled soot generators using laminar flames with high temperature particle residence times quite different from those of jet engine combustors. Here, a flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) burner is used to generate soot agglomerates from turbulent flames made by spraying liquid jet fuel. The d ¯ m of FSP-made soot agglomerates is modified from less than 13 to more than 91 nm by changing common process parameters while agglomerates maintain EC/TC > 0.8. The FSP-made soot agglomerates with D f m ~ 2.52 ± 0.2 have effective densities similar to emissions from turbofan and turboshaft engines and M A C = 8.23 and 5.21 ( m 2 / g ) at 532 and 870 nm , respectively, in excellent agreement with recent measurements of nvPM emissions from jet engine turbines.
