Foamed cement fly ash is a new type of lightweight construction material that can be combined with a light steel frame to form light-steel skeleton–cement–fly ash foam wallboard (LSSCFAFW). The research on the axial compressive performance of light steel and light concrete composite wallboard is relatively limited. Four pieces of LSSCFAFWs were manufactured, and the impact of stand column quantity and various filler parameters on the LSSCFAFW was investigated. The failure mode of the wallboard and the influence of different parameter variables on its axial compressive performance were obtained through experiments. Moreover, the test results indicated essentially the same damage patterns in terms of stand-column buckling, filler crushing, and self-tapping screw failure. The addition of polypropylene fiber to this wallboard can prevent filler from falling off. The axial compressive performance of the LSSCFAFW demonstrates a direct proportion with the number of columns and cement content, improving as the number of stand columns and the cement content increase. However, the addition of polypropylene fiber to the filler has a minimal effect on the axial compressive performance of this wallboard. Compared to the control group, increasing the number of stand columns, adding 0.4% polypropylene fibers, and increasing the cement dosage to 50% improved the ultimate bearing capacity of the wallboards by 12%, 8%, and 56% respectively. The result of this study can provide references for the research and application of light steel frame to form LSSCFAFW.
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