Lung cancer remains a major global health problem with high mortality rates. Early diagnosis can significantly improve prognosis. Hence alternative diagnostic platforms facilitating rapid, noninvasive, point-of-care screening are needed. Nanomaterial-assisted electrochemical biosensors present a promising technology. Unique properties of nanomaterials like high electrical conductivity, catalytic activity, and large surface area enhance achieved detection limits and kinetics. Recent works have combined nanomaterials like graphene, metal nanoparticles and conducting polymers with recognition elements like antibodies and aptamers. Considerable progress has focused on improving analytical parameters including sensitivity, linear ranges, reproducibility and response times. Initial embodiments also demonstrate multiplexed detection, microfluidic integration and smartphone connectivity towards viable clinical practice. However considerable efforts on large sample size validation, standardization of testing protocols and viable commercialization pathways integrating regulatory guidelines and reimbursement ecosystem partnerships remain before such lab-on-chip platforms can enter mainstream and guide therapeutic interventions through affordable decentralized personalized monitoring.
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