دورية أكاديمية
A systematic review of analytical observational studies investigating the association between cardiovascular disease and drinking water hardness.
| العنوان: | A systematic review of analytical observational studies investigating the association between cardiovascular disease and drinking water hardness. |
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| المؤلفون: | Catling LA; School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK., Abubakar I, Lake IR, Swift L, Hunter PR |
| المصدر: | Journal of water and health [J Water Health] 2008 Dec; Vol. 6 (4), pp. 433-42. |
| نوع المنشور: | Comparative Study; Evaluation Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; Systematic Review |
| اللغة: | English |
| بيانات الدورية: | Publisher: IWA Pub Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101185420 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1477-8920 (Print) Linking ISSN: 14778920 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Water Health Subsets: MEDLINE |
| أسماء مطبوعة: | Original Publication: London ; Avenel, NJ : IWA Pub., c2003- |
| مواضيع طبية MeSH: | Calcium/*analysis , Cardiovascular Diseases/*epidemiology , Magnesium/*analysis , Water/*chemistry , Water Supply/*analysis, Adult ; Aged ; Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality ; Case-Control Studies ; Cohort Studies ; Confidence Intervals ; Data Collection ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Drinking ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Risk ; Sex Factors ; Water Softening |
| مستخلص: | The aim of this study is to systematically review and critically assess analytical observational epidemiology studies investigating the association between levels of drinking water hardness and cardiovascular disease. We searched electronic databases and used standardised forms to extract data and assess study quality. Of 2,906 papers identified, 14 met the inclusion criteria (nine case control and five cohort studies). Of the nine case control studies, seven examined both drinking water magnesium and calcium and risk of death from cardiovascular disease. A pooled odds ratio showed a statistically significant inverse association between magnesium and cardiovascular mortality (OR 0.75 (95%CI 0.68, 0.82), p < 0.001). Only two studies reported a statistically significant effect for calcium. Substantial heterogeneity between studies made calculation of a summary estimate for drinking water calcium inappropriate. Of three cohort studies reviewed, two were of good quality. A weak suggestion that soft water was harmful in females and possibly associated with a slightly greater risk of sudden death was reported, but there was no association between water hardness and mortality from stroke or cardiovascular disease. This study found significant evidence of an inverse association between magnesium levels in drinking water and cardiovascular mortality following a meta-analysis of case control studies. Evidence for calcium remains unclear. (Copyright IWA Publishing 2008.) |
| Number of References: | 47 |
| المشرفين على المادة: | 059QF0KO0R (Water) I38ZP9992A (Magnesium) SY7Q814VUP (Calcium) |
| تواريخ الأحداث: | Date Created: 20080411 Date Completed: 20090206 Latest Revision: 20201216 |
| رمز التحديث: | 20231215 |
| DOI: | 10.2166/wh.2008.054 |
| PMID: | 18401109 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | MEDLINE |
Full Text Finder | تدمد: | 1477-8920 |
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| DOI: | 10.2166/wh.2008.054 |