دورية أكاديمية
Freshwater salinization syndrome on a continental scale.
| العنوان: | Freshwater salinization syndrome on a continental scale. |
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| المؤلفون: | Kaushal SS; Department of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740; skaushal@umd.edu likensg@caryinstitute.org., Likens GE; Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545; skaushal@umd.edu likensg@caryinstitute.org.; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269., Pace ML; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904., Utz RM; Falk School of Sustainability, Chatham University, Gibsonia, PA 15044., Haq S; Department of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740., Gorman J; Department of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740., Grese M; Department of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740. |
| المصدر: | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A] 2018 Jan 23; Vol. 115 (4), pp. E574-E583. Date of Electronic Publication: 2018 Jan 08. |
| نوع المنشور: | Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. |
| اللغة: | English |
| بيانات الدورية: | Publisher: National Academy of Sciences Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7505876 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1091-6490 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00278424 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Subsets: MEDLINE |
| أسماء مطبوعة: | Original Publication: Washington, DC : National Academy of Sciences |
| مواضيع طبية MeSH: | Salinity* , Water Pollution*, Rivers/*chemistry, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; United States |
| مستخلص: | Salt pollution and human-accelerated weathering are shifting the chemical composition of major ions in fresh water and increasing salinization and alkalinization across North America. We propose a concept, the freshwater salinization syndrome, which links salinization and alkalinization processes. This syndrome manifests as concurrent trends in specific conductance, pH, alkalinity, and base cations. Although individual trends can vary in strength, changes in salinization and alkalinization have affected 37% and 90%, respectively, of the drainage area of the contiguous United States over the past century. Across 232 United States Geological Survey (USGS) monitoring sites, 66% of stream and river sites showed a statistical increase in pH, which often began decades before acid rain regulations. The syndrome is most prominent in the densely populated eastern and midwestern United States, where salinity and alkalinity have increased most rapidly. The syndrome is caused by salt pollution (e.g., road deicers, irrigation runoff, sewage, potash), accelerated weathering and soil cation exchange, mining and resource extraction, and the presence of easily weathered minerals used in agriculture (lime) and urbanization (concrete). Increasing salts with strong bases and carbonates elevate acid neutralizing capacity and pH, and increasing sodium from salt pollution eventually displaces base cations on soil exchange sites, which further increases pH and alkalinization. Symptoms of the syndrome can include: infrastructure corrosion, contaminant mobilization, and variations in coastal ocean acidification caused by increasingly alkaline river inputs. Unless regulated and managed, the freshwater salinization syndrome can have significant impacts on ecosystem services such as safe drinking water, contaminant retention, and biodiversity. Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest. (Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.) |
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| فهرسة مساهمة: | Keywords: anthropocene; carbon cycle; drinking water; emerging contaminants; land use |
| تواريخ الأحداث: | Date Created: 20180110 Date Completed: 20180718 Latest Revision: 20240327 |
| رمز التحديث: | 20240327 |
| مُعرف محوري في PubMed: | PMC5789913 |
| DOI: | 10.1073/pnas.1711234115 |
| PMID: | 29311318 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | MEDLINE |
| تدمد: | 1091-6490 |
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| DOI: | 10.1073/pnas.1711234115 |